LEC - 19 (SG Parallel Operation)
LEC - 19 (SG Parallel Operation)
Voltage Synchronization
Frequency Synchronization
Phase Sequence Synchronization
Hunting & Speed Drop
Numerical Problems
Synchronization
Method of connecting a stationary alternator to the live infinite
bus-bar.
If a large number of alternators operating in parallel are
connected to a live bus-bar, then this bus bar is called infinite
bus-bar.
Synchronization system can be manual or automatic.
Voltage Synchronization
(1)
(4)
Frequency Synchronization
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(1)
(2)
(i)
If all three lamps get bright and dark together, then the
systems have the same phase sequence. If not, then out
of phase.
(ii)
SG Power
P = S p (f NL f sys)
P = power output of the generator
f NL = no-load frequency of the generator
f sys = operating frequency of the system
Sp = slope of power frequency curve, in KW/Hz or MW/Hz
= MW or KW / (f NL f sys )
Problem # 1
Three synchronous generators are operating in parallel. They are all rated for a
full-load of 3 MW at 0.8 PF lagging. The no-load frequency of generator A is 61
Hz, and its speed drop is 3.4 %. The no-load frequency of generator B is 61.5
Hz, and its speed drop is 3 %. The no-load frequency of generator C is 60.5 Hz,
and its speed drop is 2.6 %.
[a] If a total load consisting of 7 MW is being supplied by this power system,
what will the system frequency be?
[b] How will the power be shared among the three generators?
Solution
[a] System frequency = f sys?
SD = [N NL N FL ] x 100 / N FL = [f NL f FL ] x 100 / f FL
SD = [f NL f FL ] x 100 / f FL
f FL = f NL / (1+SD)
f FL, A = f NL, A / (1+SD)
= 61 Hz / (1+0.034) = 58.94 Hz
f FL, B = f NL, B / (1+SD)
= 61.5 Hz / (1+0.03) = 59.71 Hz
f FL, C = f NL, C / (1+SD)
= 60.5 Hz / (1+0.026) = 58.97 Hz
S P, A = 3 MW / (61 - 58.94) Hz = 1.45 MW / Hz
S P, B = 3 MW / (61.5 59.71) Hz = 1.67 MW / Hz
S P, C = 3 MW / (60.5 - 58.97) Hz = 1.96 MW / Hz
The total load is 7 MW, therefore the system frequency is:
P LOAD = SP, A (f NL, A f SYS ) + SP, B (f NL, B f SYS ) + SP, C (f NL, C f SYS )
Problem # 2
Two synchronous generators connected in parallel supply a load. Generator 1
has a no-load frequency of 61.5 Hz and a slope sp 1 of 1 MW / Hz. Generator 2
has no-load frequency of 61.0 Hz and slope sp 2 of 1 MW / Hz. The two
generators are supplying a real total load of 2.5 MW at 0.8 PF lagging.
(1) At what frequency is this system operating, and how much power is
supplied by each of the two generators?
(2) Suppose an additional 1 MW load were attached to this power system.
What would be the new system frequency be, and how much power
would G 1 and G 2 supply now?
(3) What will the system frequency and generator powers be if the governor
set points on G2 are increased by 0.5 Hz?
Solution
(1) System frequency = f sys =? P1 and P2 =?
Total P load = P1 + P2
= sp1 (f NL1 f sys ) + sp 2 (f NL2 f sys )
2.5 MW = 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz - f sys ) + 1 MW/Hz [61 - f sys )
= 122.5 MW (2MW/Hz) f sys
(2MW/Hz) f sys = 120 MW
f sys = 60 Hz
Power supplied by G1 = P1 = sp 1 (f NL1 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz 60 Hz) = 1.5 MW
Power supplied by G2 = P1 = sp 2 (f NL2 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61 Hz 60 Hz) = 1 MW
(2) When the load is increased by 1 MW, then the total load becomes
3.5 MW. The new system frequency is given by
Total P load = sp 1 (f NL1 f sys ) + sp2 (f NL2 f sys )
3.5 MW = 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz - f sys ) + 1 MW/Hz [61 - f sys )
= 122.5 MW (2MW/Hz) f sys
(2MW/Hz) f sys = 119 MW , f sys = 59.5 Hz
Power supplied by G1 = P1 = sp1 (f NL1 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz 59.5 Hz)
= 2 MW
Power supplied by G2 = P1 = sp 2 (f NL2 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61 Hz 59.5 Hz)
= 1.5 MW
(3) If the no-load governor set points of G2 are increased by 0.5 Hz (f
61.5 Hz) , then the new system frequency is given by
NL2