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LEC - 19 (SG Parallel Operation)

The document discusses parallel operation of synchronous generators (SGs). Key points: 1) SGs must meet conditions for parallel operation like identical voltage, frequency, and phase sequence to avoid issues like circulating currents. 2) Synchronization is required to connect SGs to the bus bar and involves matching the voltage, frequency, and phase of the incoming generator. 3) Factors like load changes, field current changes, and differences in governor settings can cause hunting or variations in speed and frequency that reduce stability of parallel operation. Proper synchronization and controls are needed for reliable power sharing between SGs.

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116 views9 pages

LEC - 19 (SG Parallel Operation)

The document discusses parallel operation of synchronous generators (SGs). Key points: 1) SGs must meet conditions for parallel operation like identical voltage, frequency, and phase sequence to avoid issues like circulating currents. 2) Synchronization is required to connect SGs to the bus bar and involves matching the voltage, frequency, and phase of the incoming generator. 3) Factors like load changes, field current changes, and differences in governor settings can cause hunting or variations in speed and frequency that reduce stability of parallel operation. Proper synchronization and controls are needed for reliable power sharing between SGs.

Uploaded by

HassaanUmar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Parallel Operation of SGs

Voltage Synchronization
Frequency Synchronization
Phase Sequence Synchronization
Hunting & Speed Drop
Numerical Problems

Need of Parallel Operation


1) To meet load requirements.
2) Continuity of the service.
3) Easy maintenance and repair.
4) Efficiency improvement.

Conditions for parallel operation


1) Identical Voltage Requirement.
2) Identical Frequency Requirement.
3)

Identical Phase Sequence.

Synchronization
Method of connecting a stationary alternator to the live infinite
bus-bar.
If a large number of alternators operating in parallel are
connected to a live bus-bar, then this bus bar is called infinite
bus-bar.
Synchronization system can be manual or automatic.

Voltage Synchronization
(1)

Rotate incoming alternator rotor with prime mover and


excite its field with exciter to generate AC voltage.
(2) Measure voltage of incoming alternator with voltmeters.
(3) Adjust voltage of incoming alternator with its excitation
according to equation, EA

(4)

Do not adjust voltage with Ns; Adjustment with Ns will


change the frequency.
(5) If voltages are not synchronized, then circulating current
will flow which causes copper losses.

Frequency Synchronization

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

(5)

Synchroscope (motor driven device) is used to


synchronize frequency of bus-bar and incoming generator.
Motor field is energized with bus-bar supply and rotor with
alternator supply.
Pointer of synchroscope is attached to motor rotor.
If alternator runs fast, then pointer moves to clockwise
direction showing the higher frequency of the alternator.
Now adjust the fuel of prime mover to synchronize the
frequency with that of bus-bar.
If the alternator runs slowly, then the pointer moves to anticlock wise direction which shows the lower frequency of
the alternator. Now adjust the frequency. If the pointer is at
12 O clock position, then the alternator frequency is
synchronized with the bus-bar frequency.

Phase Sequence Synchronization

(1)

Phase sequence ensures that the phase voltages of both


the alternators (G1 & G2) attain maximum and minimum
values at the same time. If phase sequence is different,
then huge current will flow.

(2)

In order to find the phase sequence and in-phase, use the


three lamps method as shown in the figure.

(i)

If all three lamps get bright and dark together, then the
systems have the same phase sequence. If not, then out
of phase.

(ii)

If all the lamps go out, then the voltage difference


between them is zero and the system is in phase.

Hunting: Any variation of rotor speed from syn. speed.


Causes of Hunting:
1) Due to sudden change in load.
2) Due to sudden change in field current.
Effects of Hunting:
1) Hunting increases the chance of loosing synchronism.
2) Hunting causes the variations in the supply voltage.
3) Huge mechanical stresses may be developed in rotor shaft.
4) Machine loss increases during hunting.
Reduction of Hunting: Use damper windings.

Speed Drop of Prime Mover


SD = [N NL N FL] x 100 / N FL
SD = [f NL f FL] x 100 / f FL
Generally, SD = 2 to 4 %.

SG Power
P = S p (f NL f sys)
P = power output of the generator
f NL = no-load frequency of the generator
f sys = operating frequency of the system
Sp = slope of power frequency curve, in KW/Hz or MW/Hz
= MW or KW / (f NL f sys )

Problem # 1
Three synchronous generators are operating in parallel. They are all rated for a
full-load of 3 MW at 0.8 PF lagging. The no-load frequency of generator A is 61
Hz, and its speed drop is 3.4 %. The no-load frequency of generator B is 61.5
Hz, and its speed drop is 3 %. The no-load frequency of generator C is 60.5 Hz,
and its speed drop is 2.6 %.
[a] If a total load consisting of 7 MW is being supplied by this power system,
what will the system frequency be?
[b] How will the power be shared among the three generators?
Solution
[a] System frequency = f sys?
SD = [N NL N FL ] x 100 / N FL = [f NL f FL ] x 100 / f FL
SD = [f NL f FL ] x 100 / f FL

f FL = f NL / (1+SD)
f FL, A = f NL, A / (1+SD)
= 61 Hz / (1+0.034) = 58.94 Hz
f FL, B = f NL, B / (1+SD)
= 61.5 Hz / (1+0.03) = 59.71 Hz
f FL, C = f NL, C / (1+SD)
= 60.5 Hz / (1+0.026) = 58.97 Hz
S P, A = 3 MW / (61 - 58.94) Hz = 1.45 MW / Hz
S P, B = 3 MW / (61.5 59.71) Hz = 1.67 MW / Hz
S P, C = 3 MW / (60.5 - 58.97) Hz = 1.96 MW / Hz
The total load is 7 MW, therefore the system frequency is:
P LOAD = SP, A (f NL, A f SYS ) + SP, B (f NL, B f SYS ) + SP, C (f NL, C f SYS )

7 MW = 1.45 MW / Hz (61 Hz f SYS ) + 1.67 MW / Hz (61.5 Hz f SYS )


+1.96 MW / Hz (60.5 Hz f SYS )
7 MW = 88.45 MW 1.45 f SYS + 102.71 MW 1.67 f SYS
+ 118.58 MW 1.96 f SYS
7 MW = 309.74MW 5.08 f SYS
f SYS = 59.59 Hz
[b] Power supplied by each generator is given by
P A = SP, A (f NL, A f SYS ) = 2.0 MW
P B = SP, B (f NL, B f SYS) = 3.2 MW
P C = SP, C (f NL, C f SYS) = 1.8 MW

Problem # 2
Two synchronous generators connected in parallel supply a load. Generator 1
has a no-load frequency of 61.5 Hz and a slope sp 1 of 1 MW / Hz. Generator 2
has no-load frequency of 61.0 Hz and slope sp 2 of 1 MW / Hz. The two
generators are supplying a real total load of 2.5 MW at 0.8 PF lagging.
(1) At what frequency is this system operating, and how much power is
supplied by each of the two generators?
(2) Suppose an additional 1 MW load were attached to this power system.
What would be the new system frequency be, and how much power
would G 1 and G 2 supply now?
(3) What will the system frequency and generator powers be if the governor
set points on G2 are increased by 0.5 Hz?

Solution
(1) System frequency = f sys =? P1 and P2 =?
Total P load = P1 + P2
= sp1 (f NL1 f sys ) + sp 2 (f NL2 f sys )
2.5 MW = 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz - f sys ) + 1 MW/Hz [61 - f sys )
= 122.5 MW (2MW/Hz) f sys
(2MW/Hz) f sys = 120 MW
f sys = 60 Hz
Power supplied by G1 = P1 = sp 1 (f NL1 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz 60 Hz) = 1.5 MW
Power supplied by G2 = P1 = sp 2 (f NL2 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61 Hz 60 Hz) = 1 MW

(2) When the load is increased by 1 MW, then the total load becomes
3.5 MW. The new system frequency is given by
Total P load = sp 1 (f NL1 f sys ) + sp2 (f NL2 f sys )
3.5 MW = 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz - f sys ) + 1 MW/Hz [61 - f sys )
= 122.5 MW (2MW/Hz) f sys
(2MW/Hz) f sys = 119 MW , f sys = 59.5 Hz
Power supplied by G1 = P1 = sp1 (f NL1 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz 59.5 Hz)
= 2 MW
Power supplied by G2 = P1 = sp 2 (f NL2 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61 Hz 59.5 Hz)
= 1.5 MW
(3) If the no-load governor set points of G2 are increased by 0.5 Hz (f
61.5 Hz) , then the new system frequency is given by

NL2

Total P load = sp 1 (f NL1 f sys ) + sp2 (f NL2 f sys )


3.5 MW = 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz - f sys ) + 1 MW/Hz [61.5 - f sys )
= 123 MW (2MW/Hz) f sys
(2MW/Hz) f sys = 119.5 MW
f sys = 59.75 Hz
Power supplied by G1 = P1 = sp1 (f NL1 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz 59.75 Hz)
= 1.75 MW
Power supplied by G2 = P1 = sp 2 (f NL2 f sys )
= 1 MW/Hz [61.5 Hz 59.75 Hz)
= 1.75 MW

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