3.

1 INTRODUCTION
Let us observe the situation.
Hasini wants to distribute chocolates to her classmates on her birthday. Her father brought
a box of 125 chocolates. There are 25 students in her class.
She decided to distribute all the
chocolates such that each one would get equal
number of chocolates. First, she thought of
giving 2 chocolates each but found that some
chocolates were remaining. Then again she tried
of giving 3 each, but again some chocolates
were remaining. Finally, she thought of giving 5
chocolates each. Now, she found that no
chocolates were remaining.
Is there a way of coming directly to the
answer? Think. Of course she can divide 125
by 25. In previous classes you have become
familiar with rules which tell us whether a given
number is divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 10. In
this chapter we will recollect these tests. Further,
we will also discover the rules of divisibility for
4, 8 and 11.

3.2 DIVISIBILITY RULE

Let us consider 29. When you divide 29 by 4, it leaves remainder 1 and gives quotient 7.
Can you say that 29 is completely divisible by 4? Why?
Find the quotient and remainder when 24 is divided by 4?
Is 24 completely divisible by 4? Why?
So, we see that a number is completely divisible by another number, when it leaves zero as
remainder.
The process of checking whether a number is divisible by a given number or not without
actual division is called divisibility rule for that number.
Let us review the tests of divisibility studied in the previous classes.

28

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

CHAPTER - 3

Playing with Numbers

3.2.1 Divisibility by 2
Let us look at the number chart given below.
Number Chart
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

Now cross all the multiples of 2. Do you see any pattern in the ones place of these numbers?
These numbers have only the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 in the ones place. Looking at there observations
we can say that a number is divisible by 2 if it has any of the digits 0,2,4,6 or 8 in it's ones
place.

DO THIS
Are 953, 9534, 900, 452 divisibile by 2? Also check by actual division.

3.2.2 Divisibility by 3
Now encircle all the multiples of 3. You must have encircled numbers like 21, 27, 36, 54 etc.
Do you see any pattern in the ones place of these numbers. No! Because numbers with the same
digit in ones place may or may not be divisible by 3. For example both 27 and 37 have 7 in ones
place. Are they both divisible by 3?
Let us now add the digits of 21, 36, 54, 63, 72, 117
2+1=3
5 + 4 = ______
7 + 2 = ______
3+6=
_____
6 + 3 = ______ 1 + 1 + 7 = ______
All these sums are divisible by 3.
Thus we can say that if the sum of the digits is a multiple of 3, then the number is
divisible by 3. Check this rule for other circled numbers.

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

DO THIS
Check whether the following numbers are divisible by 3?
i.

45986

ii.

36129

iii.

7874

3.2.3 Divisibility by 6
Put a cross on the numbers which are multiples of 6 in the number chart.
Do you notice anything special about them.
Yes, they are divisible by both 2 and 3.
If a number is divisible by both 2 and 3 then it is also divisible by 6 .

TRY THESE
1.
2.

Is 7224 divisible by 6? Why?

Give two examples of 4 digit numbers which are divisible by 6.

3.

Can you give an example of a number which is divisible by 6 but not by 2 and 3. Why?

3.2.4 Divisibility by 9
Put a

(box) on the numbers which are multiples of 9 in the number chart.

Now try to find a pattern or rule for checking the divisibility of 9. (Hint : Sum of digits)
Sum of digits in these numbers are also divisible by 9.
For example If we take 81, 8 + 1 = 9 similarly 99, 9 + 9 = 18 divisible by 9.
A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 9.

DO THIS
1.
2.

Test whether 9846 is divisible by 9?

Without actual division, find whether 8998794 is divisible by 9?

3.

Check whether 786 is divisible by both 3 and 9?

3.2.5 Divisibility by 5
Are all the numbers 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 divisible by 5?
Is 53 divisible by 5? Why?
Can you say that all the numbers with zero and five at ones place is divisible by 5?
Consider the numbers 5785, 6021, 1000, 101010, 9005. Guess which are divisible by 5
and verify by actual division.

30

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.2.6 Divisibility by 10
Mark all the numbers divisible by 10.
What do you notice?
1.
2.

All of them have 0 at their ones place.

All of them are divisible by both 5 and 2.

EXERCISE - 3.1
1.

Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2, by 3 and by 6?

(i) 321729
(ii) 197232
(iii) 972132
(iv) 1790184
(v) 312792

2.

(vi) 800552

(vii) 4335

(viii) 726352

Determine which of the following numbers are divisible by 5 and by 10.

25, 125, 250, 1250, 10205, 70985, 45880
Check whether the numbers that are divisible by 10 are also divisible by2 and 5.

3.

Fill the table using divisibility test for 3 and 9.

Number

Sum of the digits in the number

Divisible by

72

................................................................

197
4689

................................................................
................................................................

79875
988974

................................................................
9 + 8 + 8 + 9 + 7 + 4 = 45

Yes

Yes

4.

Make 3 different 3 digit numbers using 1, 9 and 8, where each digit can be used only once.
Check which of these numbers is divisible by 9.

5.

Which numbers among 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 divides 12345 exactly?

Write 12345 in reverse order and test now which numbers divide it exactly?

6.

Write different 2 digit numbers using digits 3, 4 and 5. Check whether these numbers are
divisible by 2, 3, 5, 6 and 9?

7.

Write the smallest digit and the greatest possible digit in the blank space of each of the
following numbers so that the number formed is divisible by 3.
i.
__ 6724
ii.
4765__ 2
iii.
7221__ 5

8.

Find the smallest number that must be added to 123, so that it becomes exactly divisible
by 5?

9.

Find the smallest number that has to be subtracted from 256, so that it becomes exactly
divisible by 10?

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.3 FACTORS
We have studied the divisibility and discovered tests of divisibility for 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 10.
Now we will learn the concepts of factors.
Let us observe a situation:
Devi has 6 coins with her. She wants to arrange them in columns in such a way that each
column has the same number of coins. She arranges them in many ways using all the 6 coins.
Case (i)
1 coin in each column
number of columns = 6
Total number of coins = 1 6 = 6
Case (ii)

Case (iii)

2 coins in each column

Number of columns = 3
Total number of coins = 2 3 = 6
3 coins in each column
Number of columns = 2
Total number of coins = 3 2 = 6

Case (iv)

6 coins in each column

Number of column = 1

Total number of coins = 6 1 = 6

These are the only possible arrangements using all the 6 coins.
From these arrangements, Devi observes that 6 can be written as a product of two numbers
in different ways as
6=16
6=23
6=32
6=61
From 6 = 2 3 it can be said that 2 and 3 exactly divide 6. So, 2 and 3 are factors of 6.
From the other product 6 = 1 6, thus 6 and 1 are also factors of 6.
1, 2, 3 and 6 are the only factors of 6.
A number which divides the other number exactly is called a factor of that number. In
other words, every number is completely divisible by its factors. Here 1, 2, 3 and 6 are all factors
of 6. Similarly 1 and 19 are factors of 19. Number 5 is not a factor of 16. Why?
Observe the following table:
Number
12

Factors
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

18
20

1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20

24

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

From the above table we can notice that;

1.
32

1 is a factor of every number and is the smallest of all factors.

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

2.
3.

Every number is a factor of itself and is the greatest of its factors.

Every factor is less than or equal to the given number.

4.

Number of factors of a given number are countable.

DO THIS
1.
2.
3.

Find the factor of 80.

Do all the factors of a given number divide the number exactly? Find the
factors of 28 and verify by division.
3 is a factor of 15 and 24. Is 3 a factor of their difference also?

3.4 PRIME

AND

COMPOSITE NUMBERS

Let us observe the number of factors of a few numbers as shown below:

Number

Factors

Number of Factors

1
2

1
1, 2

1
2*

3
4

1, 3
1, 2, 4

2*
3

5
6

1, 5
1, 2, 3, 6

2*
4

1, 7

2*

From the table say which numbers have only two factors?
There are four numbers 2, 3, 5 and 7, having exactly two factors (shown with*)
i.e. 1 and the number itself. These numbers whose only factors are 1 and the number itself
are called prime numbers.
Which numbers have more than two factors?
Numbers having more than two factors like 4, 6 and so on are called composite numbers.
Give 5 examples of composite numbers greater than 10.
Which number has only one factor?
The number 1 has only one factor (i.e. itself) so, 1 is neither prime nor composite.

TRY THESE
1.
2.

What is the smallest Prime number?

What is the smallest composite number?

3.
4.

What is the smallest odd composite number?

Give 5 odd and 5 even composite numbers?

5.

Is 1 prime or composite and why?

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

Without actually checking the factors of a number, we can find prime numbers from 1 to
100 with an easy method. This method was given by the Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes, in
the third century BC. Let us see the method. List all the numbers from 1 to 100, as shown below:
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

Step-1: Cross out 1 because it is neither prime nor composite.

Step-2: Encircle 2, cross out all the other multiples of 2, i.e. 4, 6, 8 and so on.
Step-3: You will find that the next uncrossed number is 3. Encircle 3 and cross out all the other
multiples of 3.
Step-4: The next uncrossed number is 5. Encircle 5 and cross out all the other multiples of 5.
Step-5: Continue this process till all the numbers in the list are either encircled or crossed out.
All the encircled numbers are prime numbers. All the crossed out numbers, other than
1 are composite numbers.

TRY THESE
1.
2.

Can you guess a prime number which when on reversing its digits,
gives another prime number? (Hint : Take a 2 digit prime number)
You know 311 is a prime number. Can you find the other two prime
numbers just by rearranging the digits?

3.4.1 Co-prime
Observe the numbers 3 and 8.
The factors of 3 are 1 and 3
The factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8
The common factor for both 3 and 8 is 1 only.
34

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

Thus, the numbers which have only 1 as the common factor are called co-primes or
relatively prime. Write two pairs of co-primes, by finding the common factor.
Example-1.
Solution:

Consider two co-prime numbers 4 and 5. Are both of them prime numbers?
No, 4 is not a prime. Only 5 is a prime.

We can say that "Only two primes are co-primes but all the co-primes need
not be primes."

Twin primes
Twin primes are prime numbers that differ from each other by two e.g. (3, 5), (5, 7),
(11, 13), (41, 43) etc.
Are all twin primes relatively prime? Discuss

DO THIS
From the following numbers identify different pairs of co-primes
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10

EXERCISE - 3.2
1.
2.

Write all the factors of the following numbers.

i.
36
ii.
23 iii.
96 iv.

115

Which of the following pairs are co-prime?

i.
18 and 35
ii.
216 and 215
iii.

30 and 415

iv.

17 and 68

3.

What is the greatest prime number between 1 and 20?

4.

Find the prime and composite numbers between 10 and 30?

5.

The numbers 17 and 71 are prime numbers. Both these numbers have same digits 1 and 7.
Find 2 more such pairs of prime numbers below 100?

6.

Write three pairs of twin primes below 20?

7.

Write two prime numbers whose product is 35?

8.

Express 36 as the sum of two odd primes?

9.

Write seven consecutive composite numbers less than 100.

10.

Express 53 as the sum of three primes?

11.

Write two prime numbers whose difference is 10?

12.

Write three pairs of prime numbers less than 20 whose sum is divisible by 5?

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.5 PRIME FACTORIZATION

When a number is expressed as a product of its factors, we say that the number has been
factorized. The process of finding the factors is called factorization.
There may be several ways in which a number can be factorized. For example, the number
24 can be factorized as:
i)
24 = 1 24
ii)
24 = 2 12
iii) 24 = 3 8
iv)
24 = 4 6
v)
24 = 2 2 2 3
In (ii) and (iii) one factor is prime, and the other factor is a composite number. In (iv) both
the factors are composite numbers. However in (v) all the factors are prime numbers. In (i) one
factor is composite.
Factorization of the type (v), where all the factors are prime numbers, is known as prime
factorization.
Thus, in prime factorization, the factors obtained can not be further
factorized.
2 42
3.5.1 Methods of Prime Factorization
3 21
1.
Division Method : Prime factorisation of 42 using division method we
7 7
proceed as follow:
1
Start dividing by the least prime factor. Continue division till the resulting
number to be divided is 1.
Prime factorisation of 42 is 2 3 7
2.
Factor Tree Method : We can find the prime factorization of 60 by drawing a factor tree.
To find the prime factorization of 60 using factor tree method, we proceed as follow:
Step-1: Express 60 as a product of two numbers.
60
Step-2: Factorise 4 and 15 further, since they are
15
4
composite numbers.
Step-3: Continue till all the factors are prime numbers.
2
2
3
5
Prime factorisation of 60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 5

DO THIS
1.

Write the prime factors of 28 and 36 through division method.

2.

Write the prime factors of 42 by factor tree method.

EXERCISE - 3.3
1.Write the missing numbers in the factor tree for 90?
i.

90

ii.

90
10

30

9
10

2
36

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

?
?

2.
3.

Factorise 84 by division method?

Write the greatest 4 digit number and express it in the form of it's prime factors?

4.

I am the smallest number, having four different prime factors. Can you find me?

3.6 COMMON FACTORS

Observe the following table:
12

18

1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12

1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18

Number
Factors of the number

Common factors of 12 and 18 are 1, 2, 3 and 6

Common factors are those numbers which are factors of all the given numbers.
Now find common factor of 20 and 24.

3.6.1 Highest Common Factor (HCF)

From the above table we found that common factors of 12 and 18 are 1, 2, 3 and 6.
What is the highest of these common factors? It is 6. So we can say that the Highest
Common Factor (HCF) of 12 and 18 is 6.
The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more given numbers is the highest (or
greatest) of their common factors. It is also called as Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)

3.6.2 Method of finding HCF

1.

Thus

Prime Factorisation Method

The HCF of 12, 30 and 36 can also be found by prime factorisation as follows:
2 12
2 6

2
3

30
15

3 36
3 12

3 3
1

5
1

2 4
2 2

12 = 2 3 2
30 = 2 3 5

36 = 2 3 2 3
The common factor of 12, 30 and 36 is 2 x 3 = 6.
Hence, HCF of 12, 30 and 36 is 6.

DO THIS
Find the HCF of 12, 16 and 28

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

2.

HCF by Continued Division Method

This method of division was invented by the famous Greek mathematician Euclid. Divide
the larger number by the smaller and then divide the previous divisor by the remainder until
the remainder is 0. The last divisor is the HCF of the numbers.

Example-2.
Solution:

Find the HCF of 56 and 64

56) 64 (1
-56
Last divisor 8) 56 ( 7
-56
Remainder 0

Last divisor is 8 when remainder becomes 0. Thus, HCF of 56 and 64 is 8.

This method is useful to find the HCF of larger numbers.
Example-3.
Solution:

Find the HCF of 40, 56 and 60.

Step-1: First find the HCF of any two numbers. Let us find the HCF of 40 and 56.
40) 56 (1
-40
Remainder 16) 40 (2
-32
8) 16 (2

Last Divisor

-16
0

Remainder
HCF of 40 and 56 is 8.

Step-2: Then, find the HCF of the third number and the HCF of first two numbers.
Let us find the HCF of 60 and 8.
8) 60 (7
Last Divisor

-56
4) 8 (2

Remainder

-8
0

HCF of 8 and 60 is 4.
Step-3: This number is the HCF of the given three numbers.
Thus HCF of 40, 56 and 60 is 4.

38

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

DO THIS
Find the HCF of 28, 35 and 49.

THINK DISCUSS

AND

WRITE

What is the HCF of any two

(i) Consecutive numbers?
(ii) Consecutive even numbers?
(iii) Consecutive odd numbers?
What do you observe? Discuss with your friends.
Example-4. Two tankers contain 850 litres and 680 litres of kerosene oil, respectively. Find
the maximum capacity of a container which can measure the kerosene oil of both the
tankers when used an exact number of times.
Solution: The required container has to measure both the tankers in a way that the count is an
exact number of times. So its capacity must be an exact divisor of the capacities of
both the tankers. Moreover this capacity should be maximum. Thus the maximum
capacity of such a container will be the HCF of 850 and 680. The HCF of 850 and
680 is 170.
Therefore, maximum capacity of the required container is 170 litres. It will fill the
first container in 5 and the second in 4 refills.

EXERCISE - 3.4
1.

Find the HCF of the following numbers by prime factorisation and continued division
method?
i.
iii.

2.
3.

4.

18, 27, 36
10, 35, 40

ii.
iv.

106, 159, 265

32, 64, 96, 128

Find the largest number which is a factor of each of the numbers 504, 792 and 1080?
The length, breadth and height of a room are 12m, 15m and 18m respectively.
Determine the longest tape which can measure all the three dimensions of the room
exactly?
HCF of co-prime numbers 4 and 15 was found as follows by factorisation:
4 = 2 x 2 and 15 = 3 x 5 Since there is no common prime factor, HCF of 4 and 15 is
0. Is the answer correct? If not, what is the correct HCF?

3.7 COMMON MULTIPLES

The multiples of 4 and 6 are
Multiples of 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, ....., ....., .....
Multiples of 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, ....., ....., .....
Common multiples of both 4 and 6 = 12, 24, 36, ....., ....., .....
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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.7.1 Least common Multiple (LCM)

Common multiples of both 4 and 6 are 12, 24, 36, ....., ....., .....
Least of them is 12.
That means 12 is the lowest among the common multiples of both 4 and 6.
Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of 4 and 6 is 12
Example-5. Two bells ring together. If the bells ring at every 3 minutes and 4 minutes respectively.
After what interval of time will they ring together again?
Solution:
First bell rings after every 3 minutes.
i.e. First bell rings at 3 min, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, ....., ..... (multiples of 3)
Second bell rings after every 4 minutes.
i.e., Second bell rings at 4 min, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, ....., ....., (multiples of 4)
both bells ring together after 12 min., 24 min, ....., ...., (common multiples of
both 3 and 4)
Least of them (LCM) is 12 min. That means after 12 minutes they ring together again.
Thus, we can say that
The least common multiple of two or more given numbers is the lowest (or smallest
or least) of their common multiples.
Instead of writing all the common multiples of the given numbers every time to identify the
least one of them, we can just find the LCM of those numbers directly.

3.7.2 Methods of Finding LCM

1.

Prime Factorization Method

The LCM of 36 and 60 can be found by prime factorization method as follows:-

Step-1: Express each number as a product of prime factors.

Factors of 36 = 2 2 3 3
Factors of 60 = 2 2 3 5
Step-2:Take the common factors of both:
223
Step-3:Take the extra factors of both 36 and 60 i.e. 3 and 5.
Step-4:LCM is found by the product of all common prime factors of two numbers and extra
prime factors of both.
Hence, the LCM of 36 and 60 = (2 2 3) 3 5 = 180

TRY THIS
1.

Find LCM of
i.
iv.

3, 4
10, 30

What do you observe?

40

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

ii.
v.

10, 11
4, 12, 24

iii.
vi.

5, 6, 7
3, 12

If one of the two given numbers is a multiple of the other, then the greater number is the
LCM of the given numbers.
2.

Division Method
To find the LCM of 24 and 90:

Step-1: Arrange the given numbers in a row.

Step-2: Then divide by a least prime number which divides at least two of the given numbers and
carry forward the numbers which are not divisible by that number if any.
Step-3: Repeat the process till no numbers have a common factor other than 1.
Step-4: LCM is the product of the divisors and the remaining numbers.
Thus, the LCM of 24 and 90 is 2 3 4 15 = 360
Example-6.
Solution:

2
3

Find the LCM of 21, 35 and 42.

7
21, 35, 42
3

24, 90
12, 45
4, 15

3, 5, 6
1, 5, 2

Thus, the LCM of 21, 35 and 42 is 7 3 5 2 = 210

THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE

When will the LCM of two or more numbers be their own product?

EXERCISE - 3.5
1.

Find the LCM of the following numbers by prime factorisation method.

i. 12 and 15
iv. 18 and 27

ii. 15 and 25
v. 48, 56 and 72

iii. 14 and 21
vi. 26, 14 and 91.

2.

Find the LCM of the following numbers by division method.

i. 84, 112, 196
ii. 102, 119, 153
iii. 45, 99, 132, 165

3.

Find the smallest number which when added to 5 is exactly divisible by 12, 14 and
18.

4.

Find the greatest 3 digit number which when divided by 75, 45 and 60 leaves:
i.

no remainder

ii.

the remainder 4 in each case.

5.

Three measuring tapes are 64 cm., 72 cm. and 96 cm. What is the least length that can be
measured by any of the tapes exactly?

6.

What is the capacity of the largest vessel which can empty the oil from three vessels
containing 32 litres, 24 litres and 48 litres an exact number of times?

7.

Prasad and Raju met in the market on 1st of this month. Prasad goes to the market
every 3rd day and Raju goes every 4th day. On what day of the month will they meet
again?

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.8 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LCM AND HCF

Consider the numbers 18 and 27.
Factors of 18 = 2 3 3; Factors of 27 = 3 3 3
LCM of 18 and 27
HCF of 18 and 27

is 3 3 3 2 = 54
is 3 3 = 9

LCM HCF = 54 9 = 486

Product of 18 and 27 = 18 27 = 486
What do you notice?
We see that
Product of LCM and HCF of the two numbers = Product of the two numbers.
Example 7. Find the LCM of 8 and 12 and then find their HCF using the above relation
Solution: LCM of 8 and 12 = 2 3 4 = 24
We know, LCM HCF = product of the two numbers
HCF

Product of the two numbers

LCM

8 ! 12
=4
24

8, 12
2, 3

Hence, HCF of 8 and 12 = 4

THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE

What is the LCM and HCF of twin-prime numbers?

EXERCISE - 3.6
1.

Find the LCM and HCF of the following numbers?

i.
15, 24
ii.
8, 25
iii.

12, 48

Check their relationship.

2.

If the LCM of two numbers is 290 and their product is 7250, what will be its HCF?

3.

The product of two numbers is 3276. If their HCF is 6, find their LCM?

4.

The HCF of two numbers is 6 and their LCM is 36. If one of the numbers is 12, find the
other?

42

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.9 DIVISIBILITY RULES FOR 4, 8 AND 11

We have learnt the divisibility rules for 2, 3, 5, 6, 9 and 10. Now, let us discover
the divisibility rule for 4, 8 and 11.

3.9.1 Divisibility Rule for 4

Observe the pattern
Number
100

Can be written as
100

Whether divisible by 4?
Yes

600
1000

6 100
10 100

Yes
Yes

10000
100000

100 100
1000 100

Yes
Yes

From the above table, we can observe that 100 is divisible by four. Here 600, 1000, 10000,
100000 can be expressed as a multiple of 100. So, these numbers are also divisible by 4.
You know that all even numbers are divisible by 2.
Are all even numbers also divisible by 4?
Let us verify.
126 is an even number divisible by 2. Is 126 divisible by 4?
126 can be written as 126 = 100 + 26
you know that 100 is divisible by 4. But 26 is not divisible by 4.
Hence, we can say that all even numbers are not necessarily divisible by 4.
You already know that odd numbers are not divisible by 4.
For example consider 76532
76532 can be written as 70000 + 6000 + 500 + 30 + 2. You know that 100, 1000, 10000
are multiples of 100, and 100 is divisible by 4. So we need not test them every time. So, it is
enough to test the last two digits of the given number i.e. 32. Is 32 divisible by 4? Yes. It is divisible
by 4. Hence, we can say that 76532 is also divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by its last two digits (i.e. tens and ones)
is divisible by 4.
Note: This rule works for number greater than hundred. For smaller numbers (1 or 2 digit
numbers) we have to do actual division.
Example-8.

Verify whether 56496 is divisible by 4?

Solution:
56496 = 50000 + 6000 + 400 + 96
We already know that 50000, 6000, 400 are all multiples of 100, they are completely
divisible by 4.
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We need to test whether 96 (the last two digits) is divisible by 4 or not.

96 is divisible by 4.
So, the given number 56496 is also divisible by 4

DO THIS
1. Is 100000 divisible by 4? Why?
2. Give an example of a 2 digit number that is divisible by 2 but not divisible by 4?

3.9.2 Divisibility Rule for 8

We have learnt the divisiblity rule for 4. It is based on expanding the number. Since 10 is
not divisible by 4 so we consider 100 and any number greater then 100 can be written as multiple
of 100, so if the last two digits are divisible by four it will be divisible by 4. Similarly since 10 is not
divisible by 8, we think of 100.
Is 100 divisible by 8?

No

Is 1000 divisible by 8?

Yes

We know that any number greater than 1000 can be written as something added to multiple
of 1000. For example 4825 = 4 x 1000 + 825.
Thus we can say that if last three digits of a number is divisible by 8 then the number will be
divisible by 8. Let us see an exampleExample-9.

Verify whether 93624 is divisible by 8?

Solution:

93624 = 90000 + 3000 + 600 + 20 + 4

We know that 1000 is divisible by 8.

Here, 90000 and 3000 are multiples of 1000, they are certainly divisible by 8.
So, it is enough to test the divisibility of the last three digits of the number.
Is 624 divisible by 8? yes.
Hence, the given number 93624 is also divisible by 8.
A number with 4 or more digits is divisible by 8, if the number formed by its last three
digits is divisible by 8. The divisibility for numbers with 1, 2 or 3 digits by 8 has to be
checked by actual division.

DO THIS
1.

Is 76104 divisible by 8?

2.

Write the numbers that are divisible by 8 & lie between 100 and 200?

44

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.9.3 Divisibility Rule for 11

Fill the blanks and complete the table
Number

Sum of the digits Sum of the digits Difference

at odd places
at even places
(from the right)
(from the right)

Is the given
number divisible by 11

8+9+9+9=35

Yes

29843
90002
80927
19091908

0+1+0+1=2

35-2=33

83568
What do you observe from the table?
We observe that in each case the difference is either 0 or divisible by 11. All these numbers
are also divisible by 11.
For the number 83568, the difference is 12 which is not divisible by 11. The number 83568
is also not divisible by 11.
A given number is divisible by 11, if the difference between the sum of the digits at odd
places and the sum of the digits at even places (from the right) is either 0 or divisible by 11.
Example-10.

Is 6535 divisible by 11?

Solutioin: Sum of the digits at odd places = 5 + 5 = 10

Sum of the digits at even places = 3 + 6 = 9
Their difference = 10 - 9 = 1
Is 1 divisible by 11? No
So, 6535 is not divisible by 11.
Example-11.

Is 1221 divisible by 11?

Solution: Sum of the digits at odd places = 1 + 2 = 3

Sum of the digits at even places = 2 + 1 = 3
There difference = 3 - 3 = 0
So, 1221 is divisible by 11.

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

Try this
1221 is a polyndrome number, which on reversing their digits gives
the same number. Thus, every polyndrome number with even number
of digits, is always divisible by 11.
Write a polyndrome number of 6 digits.

EXERCISE - 3.7
1.

Which of the following numbers are divisible by 4?

i.
iv.

2.

572
1,700

ii.
v.

21,084
2150

iii.

14,560

Test whether the following numbers are divisible by 8?

i.
9774
ii.
5,31,048 iii.
5500

3.

iv.
6136
v.
4152
Check whether the following numbers are divisible by 11?

4.

i.
859484
ii.
10824
iii.
20801
Verify whether the following numbers are divisible by 4 and by 8?

5.

i.
2104
ii.
726352
iii.
1800
Find the smallest number that must be added to 289279, so that it is divisible by 8?

6.

Find the smallest number that can be subtracted from 1965, so that it becomes divisible
by 4?

7.
8.

Write all the possible numbers between 1000 and 1100, that are divisible by 11?
Write the nearest number to 1240 which is divisible by 11?

9.

Write the nearest number to 105 which is divisible by 4?

WHAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED?

1.
2.

46

We have discussed multiples, divisors, factors and have seen how to identify factors and
multiples.
We have discussed the following:
i.
ii.

A factor of a number is an exact divisor of that number.

Every number is a factor of itself. 1 is a factor of every number.

iii.
iv.

Every factor of a number is less than or equal to the given number.

Every number is a multiple of each of its factors.

v.
vi.

Every multiple of a given number is greater than or equal to that number.

Every number is a multiple of itself.

PLAYING WITH NUMBERS

3.

We have learnt that:

i.
The number other than 1, with only factors namely 1 and the number itself, is a prime
number. Numbers that have more than two factors are called composite numbers.
Number 1 is neither prime nor composite.
ii.
The number 2 is the smallest prime number and is even. Every prime number other
than 2 is odd.
iii.
Two numbers with only 1 as a common factor are called co-prime numbers.
iv.

4.

v.
A number divisible by two co-prime numbers is divisible by their product also.
We have discussed how we can find just by looking at a number, whether it is divisible by
small numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 11. We have explored the relationship between digits of
the numbers and their divisibility by different numbers.
i.
Divisibility by 2, 5 and 10 can be seen by just the last digit.
ii.
iii.

5.
6.

If a number is divisible by another number then it is divisible by each of the factors of

that number.

Divisibility by 3 and 9 is checked by finding the sum of all digits.

Divisibility by 4 and 8 is checked by the last 2 and 3 digits respectively.

iv.
Divisibility of 11 is checked by comparing the sum of digits at odd and even places.
We have discovered that if two numbers are divisible by a number then their sum and
difference are also divisible by that number.
We have learnt that:
i.

The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two or more given numbers is the highest
of their common factors.

ii.

The Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) of two or more given numbers is the lowest
of their common multiples.

7.

If one of the two given numbers is a multiple of the other, then the greater number will be
their LCM.

8.

Relationship between LCM and HCF

LCM HCF = Product of the two numbers.

Dattathreya Ramachandra Kaprekar (India)

1905 - 1986 AD
He is a teacher, who played with numbers.
6174 is known as Kaprekar's constant.
He generated demlo numbers and self numbers.

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PLAYING WITH NUMBERS