Implementation Guide

October 2009

Acknowledgement
This guide is based on the lessons learned through DAF pilot projects and early exemplars. Were
very grateful to those groups for sharing their experiences with us to help refine the methodology
and assist future users. They were:
-

Cuna Ekmekcioglu and Robin Rice, University of Edinburgh

Neil Jerrome and Jonathan Breeze, Imperial College London
Stephen Grace and Gareth Knight, Kings College London
Panayiota Polydoratou and Martin Moyle, University College London
Harry Gibbs and Teresa McGowan, University of Southampton
Luis Martinez-Uribe, University of Oxford
Alex Ball, University of Bath (part of DAF development team)
Sam Searle, Monash University

Were also indebted to the JISC, which has supported this research.

CONTENTS
BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................... 3

WHY USE DAF? ................................................................................................................... 4

HOW TO USE DAF?.............................................................................................................. 5
PLANNING THE SURVEY: STAGE 1........................................................................................ 6

INFORMATION COLLECTING EXERCISE STAGES 2 & 3......................................................... 7

STAGE 4 / NEXT STEPS......................................................................................................... 9
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES .......................................................................................................10
EDINBURGH DATA AUDIT IMPLEMENTATION: ONLINE QUESTIONNAIRE ...................................................10
IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON DAF SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE .................................................................12
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON QUESTIONNAIRE ...............................................................................17
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON GENERIC INTERVIEW SCHEDULE............................................................25
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD INTERVIEW FRAMEWORK ..............................................................................32
UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW DIGITAL PRESERVATION STUDY: INTERVIEW TEMPLATE ......................................35

BACKGROUND
What is DAF?
The Data Asset Framework is a set of methods to:
- find out what data assets are being created and held within institutions;
- explore how those data are stored, managed, shared and reused;
- identify any risks e.g. misuse, data loss or irretrievability;
- learn about researchers attitudes towards data creation and sharing;
- suggest ways to improve ongoing data management.
Originally called the Data Audit Framework, the tool is being renamed in light of user feedback. Some
pilots found the term audit could be off-putting to researchers and misrepresented the survey process,
which focuses more on uncovering researchers data needs and concerns than auditing assets.
Who is DAF for?
DAF was created for Higher Education Institutions to help them take stock of data holdings and ensure
appropriate data management practices were in place. It is a useful tool to engage researchers in data
curation and to scope their data management requirements. It can also be applied in non-HEI contexts
to investigate or build on existing approaches to information management.
The DAF methodology is written for information professionals. It is envisaged the person undertaking a
survey would have either a qualification in library, archive or information management, or significant
experience working with data. Such skills are needed to understand the information lifecycle and
identify risks in existing research workflows and data management practices.
The DAF survey process should involve a variety of stakeholders, for example senior managers,
University services such as IT support or repositories, and most importantly researchers.
SENIOR MANGEMENT /
RESEARCHERS

RESEARCH FUNDERS

- provide curation infrastructure,

guidance and support services
- policies / impetus for curation

There are many

stakeholders in the
curation lifecycle with
overlapping roles and
responsibilities. Good
data management
requires collaboration
across these groups.
To understand current
practices and identify
service gaps or areas
for improvement, data
surveys should engage
with the whole range of
people involved.

create research data

add context / meaning to data
undertake early data management
provide access to data
reuse data

REPOSITORY /
DATA LIBRARIANS /
ARCHIVISTS

help researchers select data

ingest data to repository
curate and preserve data
facilitate access and reuse
(including metadata creation)

IT SERVICES

- provide storage
- offer technical support

WHY USE DAF?

What are the benefits?
Stakeholder

Role

Benefits

Information Undertaking DAF surveys

professionals

- Opportunity to engage with users to build relationships:

data interviews are a good outreach opportunity
- Find out what kinds of support researchers require
- Identify content that could be ingested into the
Institutional Repository / research outputs archive
- Identify opportunities for data sharing
- Raise awareness of good practice to ensure information
and data are well-managed within the institution

Researchers

Participating in surveys by
providing information on
data and working practices

- Provide a forum to raise concerns and needs

- Opportunity to find out about existing data support
- Help shape future services to ensure the support
required to curate data effectively is available
- Increased awareness of good data management
practice to help with future grant proposals
- Enable compliance with publishers requirements e.g.
keeping data accessible for validation purposes
- Learn how to select and manage data for the long-term
so you can find and understand what you need

Senior
managers /
strategists

Providing high-level
support or the impetus for
improving data curation

- Undertake service gap analysis to identify duplication of

effort and ensure optimum use of existing resources
- Acknowledge and mitigate risks associated with data
loss, irretrievability or mismanagement
- Assist information strategy development
- Identify data assets that enhance research status and
ensure their value is realised through access and reuse
- Increase awareness of data to promote collaboration
and interdisciplinary research
- To meet expectations such as the OECD principles on
public access to funded research

Encouraging participation
Ensuring researcher participation is crucial for success as they create the data and take many decisions
affecting long-term curation and reuse. It helps to make the benefits of taking part clear. Some
methods used by pilot studies to encourage participation were:
-

Using local advocates such as IT technicians or research

support, to encourage others to take part
Obtaining senior management endorsement
Motivations such as prizes for completing questionnaires
Attending staff meetings to explain the survey aims and
understand researcher expectations / needs
Determining approach and coverage with researchers a
researcher-led approach was felt to be more sustainable

TIP
Framing data interviews in
terms of information asked
for by Research Councils in
data management plans will
provide a tangible benefit to
participating researchers
they know what to write on
the next grant proposal.

HOW TO USE DAF?

DAF methodology
The DAF model suggests an incremental, four-step approach to undertaking data surveys. These stages
can be applied flexibly to suit the specific context and needs. Depending on the survey aims you may
wish to focus efforts more in one area than another, or conduct the main stages in a different order.
-

Stage 1 is for planning, defining the purpose and scope of

the survey and conducting preliminary research.
Stage 2 is about identifying what data assets exist
and classifying them to determine where to focus
efforts for more in-depth analysis.
Stage 3 is where the information life cycle
is considered to understand researchers
workflows and identify weaknesses in
data creation and curation practices.
Stage 4 pulls together the
information collected and
provides recommendations
for improving data
management.

Practical implementation
The DAF methodology is designed to be flexible so you can customise the
approach. The pilot studies did this in a number of ways, for example:

TIP
An internal researcher e.g.
a PhD student, may be wellplaced to undertake the
survey. They often have
access to the data, have a
disciplinary understanding
and know the researchers.

Tailoring the metadata collected

Additional details from the extended metadata set, such as data size, retention period and desired
retrieval speeds, may be important, for example, if youre planning to develop a repository.
Similarly, subject-specific metadata may be called for. Defining the purpose of the survey early on
is crucial as this will help to define what information you need to collect to fulfil your aims.

Focusing more on the assessment stage rather than creating inventories

Many HEIs are at the early stages of developing infrastructure for data curation, so scoping
requirements through interviews with researchers may be more appropriate at first than creating
inventories to take stock of data holdings. Identifying data was found to be more valuable in cases
where repositories were in place or planned, as the information could be used to prompt deposit.
Users may wish to invert stages 2 & 3 to complete data interviews as a requirements gathering /
scoping exercise, before going on to identify data.

Rethinking classification
Some pilots encountered challenges when classifying data as the process is based on value
judgements. The criteria, however, do not need to be expressed in terms of value. The
classification could be more directly linked to the survey aim (e.g. basing it on the potential for
deposit in a repository building exercise) or reflect other approaches such as risk-analysis.

The four stage descriptions that follow focus on practical implementation lessons noted by the pilot
studies. More detailed descriptions of each survey stage with activities that may be relevant are
available in the DAF methodology.

PLANNING THE SURVEY: STAGE 1

Planning
Preparing as much as possible in advance helps to make sure the data survey runs smoothly. One key
aspect to cover is when the survey should take place arrange a convenient time for the survey so its
easy for people to participate. Pilot studies found that participation was affected by annual leave,
exam board meetings, fieldwork and other major commitments.
Elapsed time between meetings, questionnaires and interviews can be significant. Wherever possible
conduct background research in advance and set up appointments to speak with researchers early on
in the process to ensure the survey runs smoothly. Collecting information is very time consuming,
particularly in interviews, so having a clear aim and tight focus is crucial.

Defining aims
Being clear about the aims of the data survey from the outset helps to define the scope. It also means
you can provide clarity for researchers about what will be achieved and the benefits of taking part.
There were many aims behind pilot project data surveys, including:

Scoping researchers requirements to inform the development of new systems

Performing service gap analysis to see where services should be developed / brought together
Capacity planning exercises to inform future storage needs
Responding to identified issues e.g. improving archiving workflow

The information you decide to collect and the approach you adopt to do
so will vary according to the surveys underlying aims. It may be worth
looking at the customisations on page 4 to consider how you will tweak
the approach to meet your context and researcher needs.

Setting the scope

With so much data being created and used by researchers, the pilot
projects found it crucial to scope surveys tightly to ensure it was feasible
to meet survey aims. Some approaches used that may be of help are:

TIP
An initial meeting with
researchers or the Head
of Department is a useful
way to find out what
they want and to set the
aims and scope of the
survey to meet this.

Limiting the time period being covered e.g. only data from the last three years
Excluding certain types of data e.g. forensic archaeology data due to sensitivities
Focusing on certain research groups or staff e.g. full-time academics not fellows
Selecting examples of each type of data or project
Working with projects at different stages of the lifecycle
Snowball sampling e.g. interviewing research group leaders then others as directed

You may wish to review the scope mid-survey in light of how the information exercise is progressing or
new needs that arise, so it is useful to adopt a flexible approach.

INFORMATION COLLECTING EXERCISE STAGES 2 & 3

From the aim and scope defined at the planning stage you should have a clear idea about the kind of
information you want to collect. The next phase of the survey is to undertake this work. This is covered
by stages 2 and 3. These stages overlap significantly so theyll be discussed collectively here. Some
pilots found it useful to run them concurrently.
Collecting information
There are various ways to collect information in data surveys. The pilot
studies found a combination of approaches worked best. Questionnaires
were found to be the most useful means of collecting basic contributions
from a wide range of stakeholders, while interviews were useful for more
detailed, qualitative information on data management and user needs.

TIP
Questionnaires are a
useful way to identify
researchers willing to
participate in more
detailed interviews.

Desk-based research
Good to collate background information
 Remote access to data may not be granted
Research articles often provided details of  Hard to understand local filing / naming systems
how the data were created
Questionnaires or wiki for researchers to fill in
Good for collecting basic overview
 Response rate can be low due to survey fatigue
Allows wide participation
best if pushed by internal advocate
Wiki approach lets researchers adapt survey  Need to make sure software meets your needs
to add fields relevant to them
Bristol Online Surveys found to work best
Interviews
Provide high quality information
 Requires significant input from researchers
Can develop questions to tease out points
 Can be hard to schedule
Help gauge awareness of data issues
 Very time consuming can be useful to have two
surveyors: one to interview, one to note-take

The DAF online tool is a place where information collected on data assets can be stored and shared. It
mirrors the four stage approach and provides survey forms for completion. These could be filled in by
the survey organisers or participating researchers multiple logins with different levels of access can
be assigned. Basic analysis tools are provided, and import and export facilities are planned.
Creating an inventory of data
Stage 2 is intended as a quick mapping exercise to get a feel for the volume and types of data being
held. Pilots found it was not feasible to be comprehensive, so scoping decisions are key. Suggested
metadata fields focus on identifying data (name and description), recording the location of data
and/or information about them (reference), and noting who - if anyone - is responsible for managing
the data (asset manager). The other aspect covered here is a classification to restrict the amount of
data being considered in greater detail at the next stage. Some pilots found it useful to collect
additional information early on, as seen in the example questionnaires at the end of the guide.
Before completing the inventory youll need to define what you mean by data assets. Will this include
software, non-digital items such as lab notebooks that are integral for interpretation, or third-party
data for which you do not have curatorial control? The definition has varied in pilot surveys depending
on what is important for the discipline being surveyed. Most have viewed data as encompassing:
numerical data, statistics, output from experimental equipment, survey results,
interview transcripts, databases, images or audiovisual files, amongst other things

The level of granularity to adopt also needs to be defined. Are assets recorded as single files, as
datasets, or in terms of collections or projects? The answer will vary in each case depending on the
scope set to ensure that meeting the survey aims is feasible. Pilots did not always encounter welldocumented, homogenous datasets - often there were just ad hoc collections of data and resources
used to support particular research, which could be difficult to interpret or group.
Ensuring the sustainability of the inventory was raised as a concern in some pilot studies. The
inventory could be used to start active data management, for example as a prompt to deposit in
repositories. Embedding the inventory in the work of the department so it becomes a local data
tracking and management tool was suggested. Using wikis and encouraging a researcher-led survey, as
was done with climate change researchers at Monash University, could be a useful way to achieve this.

Classifying data
The DAF methodology suggests data is classified in order to restrict the scope when moving from the
wide, shallow inventory to the more detailed assessment of data management. In practice this was not
always feasible or necessary; pilot studies found inventories were often representative samples rather
than comprehensive registers, so the scope did not need to be restricted.
Some criteria for classifying data suggested by pilots that may be of use were:
National Science Foundation data categories1
Risk-assessment e.g. data most at risk of loss or cases with penalties for misuse
Institutional responsibility e.g. not third party data where HEI does not have curatorial control
Potential return e.g. if data could be ingested into repository for data sharing

Data interviews
Interviews were found to be the best way to elicit information on how data
are being managed as there was an opportunity to build rapport with the
researcher and gauge their understanding of potential issues. Simply asking
pertinent questions was found to be useful to raise awareness of good
curation practice, as it made people reflect on their approach to data
management more critically.

TIP
The data lifecycle model
was found to be a useful
way to frame interviews,
as activities were familiar
to researchers. It helped
to introduce the range of
stakeholders too. (see p1)

Interviews were sometimes used to gather all the information for stages 2 and 3
at once. One approach used was:
1. going through the interviewees personal drives (and, where appropriate, shared drives) to
determine which collections of data constituted data assets;
2. recording names, descriptions, statements of responsibility and locations;
3. discussing the importance of the asset in terms of current and future research;
4. recording additional information about file formats, software requirements, derived reports/
papers, dates of creation and update, etc.;
5. discussing how the interviewee managed the data.
Example interview frameworks used by the pilot studies are available at the end of the guide.

NSF, Long-Lived Digital Data Collections Enabling Research and Education in the 21st Century, Appendix D. Digital Data Collections by
Categories. http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2005/nsb0540/nsb0540_11.pdf

STAGE 4 / NEXT STEPS

Reporting
The final stage is to collate findings and report back with recommendations on how data management
practices could be improved. The findings from the pilot implementations were broadly aligned and
echoed the conclusions of other case studies conducted recently, such as those done by the UKRDS. As
the data landscape was found to be common across institutions and research areas, the issues and
recommendations below may help inform your survey. More discussion on findings from early DAF
audits can be found in an IJDC paper.2
Common data issues faced include:
Poor naming and filing systems so retrieval is a challenge;
Lack of storage space meaning researchers revert to using external hard drives and laptops;
No active transfer of data on staff retirement / departure meaning legacy material is lost,
mismanaged or remains on the server unused;
Limited data archiving facilities, so researchers often have to maintain their research outputs;
Growing requirements e.g. from publishers and RCs that researcher feel ill-equipped to meet.
Recommendations made in pilot studies included:
Guidance on creating data and metadata/documentation to enable retrieval and reuse;
Training and advisory support to help researchers adopt best practice through the lifecycle;
Assistance with composing data management plans and carrying out suggested actions;
Implementing data policies that clarify roles and responsibilities;
Support on selecting data for the long-term so only that which is needed is kept;
Additional storage when capacity is insufficient or to support different needs i.e. active data
store and offline storage for archiving.

Where to go next?
Further information on using DAF is offered through the DCC. We can provide guidance on how the
methodology has been implemented in different contexts and run training courses for those wishing
to conduct data surveys. If you would like more information, get in touch with us at: [email protected]
Example questionnaires and interview frameworks from DAF exemplars are provided in the pages that
follow. If you would like to repurpose these please acknowledge the source institutions as noted.
Additional information on the lessons learned by the DAF exemplars, for which these questionnaires
and interviews were developed, is available in their final project reports available on the DAF website.

Ball, Alexander, Ekmekcioglu, Cuna & Jones, Sarah, The Data Audit Framework: a first step in the data management challenge in the
International Journal of Digital Curation, Vol 3, No.2, 2008, available at: http://www.ijdc.net/index.php/ijdc/article/viewFile/91/62

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

Edinburgh Data Audit Implementation: Online questionnaire

Section I. Personal details
1. Full name
2. Academic role
3. Research group or research active area
Section II. Details of your research and research data
Please describe here your most recent research project and provide information on the data
generated or used in this research project by answering the questions below.
4. Project details
5. Description of the data
6. Ownership: who owns the data?
7. Characteristics of the data (select all that apply)
a. Observational
b. Experimental
c. Reference
d. Derived
e. Simulated
f. Not Applicable
8. Data types (select all that apply)
a. Data automatically generated from or by computer programs
b. Data collected from sensors or instruments (including questionnaires)
c. Images, scans or x-rays
d. Websites
e. MS Word files
f. Excel sheets
g. SPSS files
h. Digital audio files
i. Digital video files
j. Fieldwork data
k. Laboratory notes
l. Photo collection
m. Video tapes
n. Audio tapes
o. Slides
p. Text corpus
q. Documents or reports
r. Patient records
s. Other (please specify):
9. Size of the data
10. Importance of the data
a. Vital
b. Important
c. Vital

10

11. Retention period

a. Only over the project period
b. Up to 5 years
c. Up to 10 years
d. More than 10 years
e. Don't know
12. How frequently do you update your data over the project period?
a. Never
b. Daily
c. Weekly
d. Monthly
e. Annually
f. Don't know
13. Is your data backed up regularly?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don't know
If it is, where is it backed up? (Select all that apply)
a. School server
b. Storage area network
c. DVDs
d. CDs
e. USB/Flash drives
f. External hard drives
g. Tapes
h. Third party (including commercial data storage)
i. Don't know
j. Other (please specify):
14. Do you currently have a formal Research Data Management Plan in place in your school/centre?
a. Yes
b. No
c. Don't know
15. Who is currently responsible for managing the data? (select all that apply)
a. Research project manager
b. Designated person on project
c. External project partners
d. IT staff within your school, centre or research institute
e. Research assistant
f. Yourself
g. National data centre or data archive
h. Nobody
i. Don't know
j. Other (please specify):

PRACTICAL EXAMPLES

11

Imperial College London DAF Survey Questionnaire

Welcome Note
The purpose of this survey is to build a better understanding of research data held in your
Department, to inform strategic planning for data management at Imperial College and to help inform
the wider UK data management community.
This survey consists of 15 questions split across two pages and should take no more than 20 minutes
to complete.
To start the survey, click the continue button below.

Section/Question
About You
1. Please enter your full name
2. Please confirm your research role

Mandatory
Y/N
N
Y

Available Responses

Free text
Senior Researcher
Principal Investigator
Research Assistant
Research Technician
Research Support
Research Student
Other (please specify)

General Data Management

For the purpose of this section you should consider the term 'electronic research data' to include all data
associated with your projects - this may include numerical data produced by computational experiments,
output from experimental equipment, images or audio created from experimental data or data gathered as
part of the project or even data collected from surveys relating to the project.
3. Which of the following categories best
Y (Multi
Experimental
describes the electronic data created
Answer)
Simulated
in your field of research?
Observational
Derived
Reference
Other (please specify)
4. In what way is your electronic research
N
Free text
data important to your Research
Group or Department?
5. Please estimate how much electronic
Y
< 1 GB
research data you currently
1 - 50 GB
hold/maintain?
50 - 100 GB
100- 500 GB
500 GB - 1 TB
1 - 50 TB's
50 - 100 TB's
> 100 TB's
Don't know

12

6. Who is responsible for managing your

electronic research data?

7. Please confirm where your electronic

research data is primarily stored?

8. Is your data backed up regularly?

a. If yes, how frequently is it

backed up?

b. What data tends to be backed

up?

c. Where is it backed up?

9. Do you currently have a data

management plan for your research
data (for example, data preservation
policy, record management policy,
data disposal strategy)?

Y (Multi
answer)

Y (Multi
answer)

Y -subject to
8

Y - subject
to 8

Y (multi

answer)
subject to 8

Yourself
Research Project Manager
Research Assistant
Research Technician
PhD Student
Other Designated person in Research
Group
Departmental IT Officer
Central ICT
Local Data Centre
National data centre / data archive
International data centre / data archive
Don't know
No one
Other (please specify)
Hard disk drive of instrument/sensor
which generates data
Hard disk drive of PC
External hard drive
Local server
ICT server
Third party
CD/DVD
USB/Flash drive
Other (please specify)
Yes
No
Don't know
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Ad hoc
Don't know
Other (please specify)
Everything
Data critical to project
Data required for publication
Don't know
CD / DVD
USB/Flash Drive
External Hard Drive
Tape
Local server
ICT server
Third party
Other (please specify)
Yes
No

13

a. If yes, what was the main

driver for developing your
strategy?

Y (multi
answer) subject to 9

b. If no, please confirm why

Y (multi
answer) subject to 9

10. Do you currently allow others to

access your research data?
a. If yes, who to?

b. If no, what access issues are of

concern to you?

11. Have you ever been asked to make

your electronic research data openly
available outside of a publication (e.g.
required by project funder)?
a. If yes, please supply high level
details

Y
Y (multi
answer)
subject to
10

Y (multi
answer)
subject to
10
Y

Y subject
to 11

Research requirement to
access/analyse/annotate others' data
Requirement of project funder
Size of project team (i.e. multiple data
creators)
Volume of data associated with project
Complexity of data associated with project
(e.g. multiple formats)
Absence of College data management
policy
Other (please specify)
Not required / appropriate to field of
research or research group
Not required by project funder
Time and effort required
Lack of training / expertise within research
group
Lack of local support / guidance (e.g.
Central Library, ICT)
Absence of College data management
policy
Don't know
Other (please specify)
Yes
No
Students / Colleagues in Department
Students / Colleagues within Imperial
Research Group
Other Institutions
As supporting evidence to publication
General public
Other (please specify)
Confidentiality /IPR
Commercial value of data
Possible misinterpretation of data
Time/effort required
Other (please specify)
Yes
No

Free text

14

Your Data Assets

In this section we would like you to provide details of electronic research data you consider critical to
your own work or that of your Research Group/Department.
For example, if a Research Council were to ask you to safeguard your data for future re-use or if you were to
leave College, what data should be preserved? Alternatively, please provide examples of data which you
consider critical to your own work or that of your Research Group/Department. Including datasets and
information systems that:
- are still being created or added to;
- are used on frequent basis in the course of your work;
- underpin scientific replication e.g. revalidation;
- play a pivotal role in ongoing research;
- or are being used to provide services to external clients and partners
12. Please provide the following high level information for each data asset
Question
Mandatory Available Responses
Y/N
a) Brief Description
N
Free text
b) Principle Data Type
N
Raw data generated by
program
Raw data from instrument
Images, scans or x-rays
Digital audio
Digital video
Database (e.g. MySQL,
Oracle )
Text document (e.g. Word,
PDF)
Spreadsheet (e.g. Excel)
Other proprietary format
Software
Lab notes
Patient data
Other
c) Effort Associated with Creation of data
N
Hours
Days
Weeks
Months
Years
Other
d) Planned Retention Period
N
< 1 year
1 - 2 years
2 - 5 years
5 - 10 years
10 - 20 years
20 - 100 years
100+ years
Indefinitely
Don't know
Other

15

e) Frequency of Use

f)

Estimated final Size of Data

13. Are any of your 'critical' research data

assets stored in a proprietary format?
a. If yes, please confirm format
b. Please also confirm what sort
of services you would like to
see offered by College to
guarantee access to this data
in the future?
14. Please confirm if you would be willing
to participate in a short follow-up
interview to this survey?
a. If yes - and you have not
already done so in question 1 please supply your name so
that we can contact you.
15. Do you have any comments regarding
this survey?

N
Y subject
to 13
Y subject
to 13

Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Yearly
Reference Only
Other
< 1 GB
1 - 50 GB
50 - 100 GB
100- 500 GB
500 GB - 1 TB
Multiple TB's

Yes
No
Free text
Free text

Yes
No

Y subject
to 14

Free text

Free text

Final Page
Thank you for completing this survey, your contribution is very much appreciated.
If you have any questions relating to this survey or if you would like to contribute to the formation of a
research data management strategy, please click the 'Contact Us' button at the bottom of this screen.

16

University of Southampton Questionnaire

You may re-use or adapt this documentation for research or private study with acknowledgement to
McGowan, T. & Gibbs, T. A. (2009) Southampton Data Survey: Our Experiences & Lessons Learned
[unpublished]. University of Southampton: UK.

Welcome to the Research Data Survey questionnaire

Thank you for participating in this survey which aims to find out about research data held by staff in
the School of Social Sciences and improve our understanding of the data management processes you
employ.
For the purpose of this study 'research data' is data that you currently hold that has been collected
and/or used in the course of your research at the University of Southampton. Research data can be
primary data collected by you or your research group or secondary data provided by a third party. It
may be quantitative or qualitative e.g. survey results, interview transcripts, databases compiled from
documentary sources, images or audiovisual files.
Data that you 'currently hold' is all the research data that you currently store anywhere. For
example, in your 'My Documents' folder, on the shared 'R' drive, a PC or laptop, on portable media such
as CDs or memory sticks, or on paper.
It would help us greatly if you respond to this questionnaire even if you do not currently hold any
research data (you will only be required to answer 2 questions).
The questionnaire is a maximum of 25 questions and should take no more than 10 minutes to
complete.

Thank you for your time.

Participant consent form

Please read the following statements carefully before agreeing to take part in this study;
I have read and understood the participant information sheet (attached to the email in which you
received this link).
I understand that;

All results from this study will be anonymous. Information extracted from this questionnaire
and any subsequent interview will not, under any circumstances, contain names or identifying
characteristics of participants.
I am free to withdraw from this study at any time without penalty.
I am free to decline to answer particular questions.
Whether I participate or not there will be no effect on my progress in employment in any way.

I consent to take part in this study on the terms described above;  Yes  No
[IF NO, GO TO END]

17

1.

Do you currently hold any research data?

 Yes
 No [GO TO END]

2.

Thinking about the primary data you hold, what type of data is it? [Please select all that apply]
 I don't hold any primary data [GO TO QUESTION 4]
 Cross sectional survey data
 Longitudinal survey data
 Interview/focus group transcripts
 Database compiled from documentary sources
 Image files
 Audio files
 Audio-visual files
 Other
If other, please specify

3.

Who funded the collection of the primary data you hold? [Please select all that apply]
 ESRC
 EU-EDULINK
 Leverhulme Trust
 Nuffield Foundation
 UK Government department
 Wellcome Trust
 Other
If other, please specify

18

4.

Thinking about the secondary data you hold, who collected this data? [Please select all that apply]
 I don't hold any secondary data [GO TO QUESTION 6]
 Datastream (Thomson Reuters)
 Eurostat
 International Labour Organization (ILO)
 Measure DHS
 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
 Office for National Statistics (ONS)
 US Census Bureau
 World Bank
 World Health Organization (WHO)
 Other
If other, please specify

5.

What type of secondary data is it? [Please select all that apply]
 Cross sectional survey data
 Longitudinal survey data
 Interview/focus group transcripts
 Database compiled from documentary sources
 Image files
 Audio files
 Audio-visual files
 Macro-economic time series data
 Stock market data
 Company level data
 Other
If other, please specify

6.

The remaining questions relate to all the data you currently hold, both primary and secondary;
When using or creating this data, did you collaborate with anyone else?
 Yes
 No [GO TO QUESTION 9]

19

7.

How did you share data when you were collaborating? [Please select all that apply]
 By emailing files to colleagues
 Using a shared storage facility
 Using portable storage such as CDs, DVDs, memory sticks etc
 Other
If other, please specify

8.

Did you encounter any practical problems when you were collaborating? [Please select all that
apply]
 No
 Finding suitable shared storage space
 Lack of file naming conventions made it difficult to identify files
 Lack of version control caused confusion
 Legal issues arising from international transfer of data
 Problems establishing ownership of data
 Other
If other, please specify

9.

Where do you store your data (excluding back up copies)? [Please select all that apply]
 On paper
 My Documents
 Shared drive (R-drive)
 Hard drive of office PC
 Hard drive of laptop PC
 Memory stick/USB/Flash drive
 CD/DVD
 External hard drive
 Other
If other, please specify

20

10. Have you ever experienced any problems storing your research data due to the size of the files?
 Yes
 No [GO TO QUESTION 12]

what problems
11. How did you overcome these storage problems? [Please select all that apply]





Requested additional storage space from iSolutions

Purchased an external hard drive
Saved to portable media
Other

If other, please specify

12. Is the data that you currently hold backed up anywhere?

 Yes, all of it is
 Yes, some of it is
 No, none of it is [GO TO QUESTION 14]

13. Where do you back up your data?











On paper
My Documents
Shared drive (R drive)
Hard drive of office PC
Hard drive of laptop PC
Memory stick/USB/Flash drive
CD/DVD
External hard drive
Other

If other, please specify;

21

14. Do you deposit your data with a data service, such as the UK Data Archive?
 Yes, all of it [GO TO QUESTION 20]
 Yes, some of it
 No, none of it
If yes, please tell us which service/s you deposit with;

15. Do you think that any of your data needs to be preserved by the University for your own use or
that of others?
 Yes
 No [GO TO QUESTION 17]

16. If you would like someone from the University Library to contact you about preserving your data
please enter your name below;

17. Thinking about your data that is not deposited with a data service, could any of this data be reused by others?
 Yes, all of it could be re-used [GO TO QUESTION 20]
 Yes, some of it could be re-used
 No, none of it could be re-used

22

18. Thinking about your data that can't be re-used or shared, please tell us why [Please select all that
apply];
 Confidentiality or data protection issues
 Licence agreements prohibit sharing
 The data is not fully documented
 The data is in a format that is no longer widely readable [IF SELECTED GO TO QUESTION 19,
OTHERWISE GO TO QUESTION 20]
 Other
If other, please specify;

19. Please provide brief details of the data you have that is no longer widely readable (e.g. what
software/hardware the data is on, its age etc);

20. Would you like to receive any additional support with managing your data? [Please select all that
apply]
 Training
 Written guidance
 Help with writing data management plans for research bids
 Additional personal storage
 Additional shared storage
 None
 Other
If other, please specify

23

21. Which Division do you work in?








Economics
Gerontology
Politics and International Relations
Sociology and Social Policy
Social Statistics
Social Work Studies

22. Would you be prepared to participate in a follow up interview to explore data management
issues in more depth (max. 1 hr)?
 Yes
 No
If yes, please provide your name and email address so that we can contact you;

23. If you would like to expand on any of your above answers or make further comment, please do so
here;

24

University of Southampton Generic Interview Schedule

You may re-use or adapt this documentation for research or private study with acknowledgement to
McGowan, T. & Gibbs, T. A. (2009) Southampton Data Survey: Our Experiences & Lessons Learned
[unpublished]. University of Southampton: UK.

Introduction

INTRODUCE
My name is Teresa McGowan and this is Harry Gibbs. Harry is the School of Social Sciences librarian
and I am a research assistant here in the School.
RESEARCH
We are working together on a project funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC). JISC
has developed a framework methodology aimed at helping institutions find out what research data
they hold, where its located and who is responsible for it. We are using an adaptation of that
framework today to test its usefulness and to help the School of Social Sciences find out more about
data management and what can be done to aid staff in the use and management of their data.
THANKS
Thank you for agreeing to take part in this interview. Based on the information that we receive we will
produce two reports, one for JISC simply discussing how we used and modified their framework, and a
second for the University which we hope will be used to improve data management in the school.

RECORDING AND CONFIDENTIALITY

We would like to record our discussion as it is so difficult to write down everything that is said, and we
dont want to miss anything. What you say in this interview will be anonymous your names will not
be recorded on the transcripts and only me, Harry and one transcriber will have access to the
recording and notes. No reports or publications that are produced will identify you in any way.

WANT TO KNOW
Thank-you for taking part in the questionnaire, the purpose of this interview is to find out more about
the data you hold that has been collected or used in the course of your research at this University and
your experience of managing this data. There are no right or wrong answers, we are just interested
in what you have done and how you did it.
We want this to be more like a discussion than a question and answer session. We have a list of x
things we are interested in but it is important to us that you tell us about what is important to you.
If there is anything I ask that you dont understand please tell us and we can explain further. If there is
anything you want to ask us you can do that too. (If they ask questions that anticipate later
discussions, ask if its OK to leave it until later)

Do we have your permission to proceed?

(Record some thoughts about participants, body language etc)

25

Discussion Guide

Could you please tell us a bit about your area of research?

We can see from the questionnaire that you hold xxx data, please could you give
us some more details about the xxx data that you compiled from documents?

Name of Interviewee
[interviewees name]

Tick

Metadata Heading
ID
Author
Owner(s)
Source
Purpose
Title
Description
Subject
Geographical
coverage
Time period covered
Date of collection

Data Holdings
Primary Data

Secondary Data

[list of primary data types held by

individual, as reported in
questionnaire]

[list of secondary data types held

by individual, as reported in
questionnaire]

Notes
A unique identification assigned by the research team
Person, group or organisation responsible for the
intellectual content of the dataset
Current legal owner(s) of the dataset
The source(s) of the information found in the data asset
Reason why the asset was created, intended user
communities or source of funding / original project title
Official name of the data asset, with additional or
alternative titles or acronyms if they exist
A description of the information contained in the data
asset and its spatial, temporal or subject coverage
Data topics and keywords describing the subject matter of
the data
The countries, regions, cities etc covered in the data
The date (or date range) covered by the data
The date (or date range) on which the data was collected
26

Sample size &

description
Current location
Format
Size
Restrictions
Documentation
available
Retention period

(for social surveys this will often be the same as the time
period covered)
The number of individuals surveyed and characteristics
Path or www address where the data can be found
Physical formats of dataset, including file format
information
Size of the data in Mb/Gb
Access restrictions placed on user of secondary data or
restrictions owner would place on reuse of primary data
Documentation that is available (e.g. user manuals, code
books), including references to its location
Planned retention period for the data & ideal retention
period

As I am sure you are aware, increasingly funding bodies want researchers to

include a data management or data sharing plan in the funding application. Have
you ever experienced this?

OR

TO THOSE WHO ASKED FOR HELP WRITING DATA MANAGEMENT PLANS:

3

Can you tell us about your experience of data management or data sharing
plans?

Prompts
YES

Tick

Which funder?
How did you find this experience?
How did it influence your actual data management/data
sharing?

NO

What do you think about in terms of data at the bid

writing stage?
How far did planning influence your actual practice? (Did it
go to plan?)

27

TO COLLABORATORS:

In the questionnaire you mentioned you had some problems collaborating, could you
tell us some more about this?
OR
Please can you tell us about one experience of collaborating?
Problems collaborating
[name]

[list of problems reported in questionnaire]

Prompts
Who, what
where?

Tick

Who with?
Where were they geographically?
How many of you were sharing?

Sharing methods;

What did you do?

What methods did you use to share?

How did you deal

with;

version control
file naming conventions
legal issues transferring data
How was ownership decided?

Confidential data?

Have you ever shared confidential data?

How did you do it?

OR
4

TO NON COLLABORATORS:

How do you deal with the day-to-day management of data?

Prompts

Tick

Version control
File naming system

28

5 BACK UP
You told us you use xxx methods to store and back up data, can you tell us why you
chose these methods?

Storage location
Main
[name]

What affects your choices?

[list of main storage methods

reported in questionnaire]

Prompts
Anticipated lifespan

Back up
[list of back up methods
reported in questionnaire]

Tick

Importance
Confidentiality
Physical space
Have you ever experienced any Data loss
problems with;
Old formats
File size

AND

TO THOSE WHO DO NOT BACK UP ALL DATA

You said you dont back up all your data, can you explain to us why
you dont?

29

6 You mentioned that you had data storage problems and [list of problems reported in
questionnaire], can you tell us a bit more about what happened?
Tick
Was the unforeseen expense a problem for the project?
Did the problem affect the project due to lost time?

7 In the questionnaire you said you did not have anything that should be preserved by
the university, do you have anything that you think should be preserved by yourself
or anyone else?

YES
Could you tell us about it?

Prompts
How could it be best preserved?

Tick

Why should it be preserved?

Who should preserve it?
For how long?
NO
Why doesnt it need
preserving?

Already preserved?
(BY UKDA)
Data not reusable [why?]
Time
Money

OR

You mentioned in the questionnaire that you have something that you think the
university should preserve for the future, could you tell us about it now?

Prompts
How could it be best preserved?

Tick

Why should it be preserved?

Who should preserve it?
For how long?

30

What support is available to you to help you manage your data?

OR

8 In the questionnaire you said you would like some additional support in carrying out
data management, what support is available to you now?

Prompt

Tick

How sufficient is it?

How would you like data management support to look in an ideal
world?

9 (Summarise whats been said, then;) Is there anything you can think of I havent
asked or anything you wanted to say that has not been covered?

INVITE HARRY TO ASK ANY QUESTIONS ON ANYTHING SHE WOULD LIKE TO FOLLOW
UP/CLARIFY

Closure

Thank-you for allowing us to talk to you today, it has been very interesting to
listen to your views. We will email you to let you know when the results are
available.
Thanks again for coming today, we are very grateful for your help.

31

University of Oxford Interview Framework

The following framework is based on the interview frameworks developed for the IBVRE3 and eIUS4
projects with some changes to adjust it to the aim and objectives of this scoping study.

Introduction
Give brief introduction to the Scoping Digital Repositories Services for Research Data Management
including overall aim and objectives. Provide an overview of the questions that will follow and remind
the interviewee about the nature of the semi-structured interview, the intention of taking notes,
record the interview (with permission) and to publish findings.

Interview
1. Could you briefly explain your area of research and the types of research questions, with examples,
that you try to answer?

2. I am interested in learning more about the research tasks that involve some form of data
management that you carry out in order to help you move forward with your research agenda. Im
interested in doing this by going through one of your research projects in the context of a generic
research life-cycle, from funding application, data collection/processing, all the way to publishing, in
order to understand to what extent the following elements fit in your average working day.

a. The funding application increasingly funding agencies require data management and data
sharing plans as part of the funding application.
-

When applying for funding how do you decide that new data will need to be collected
and how do you go about providing a plan for this?

With this question I want to learn more about how researchers think about data at this stage, why
they decide that data needs to be collected, how they ensure that this data has not been created
already and how they go about making data management plans.

3
4

The integrative biology virtual research environment project :http://www.vre.ox.ac.uk/ibvre/

The e-Infrastructure use cases and service usage models http://www.eius.ac.uk/

32

b. Data collection
-

Could you please explain what sorts of data (primary, secondary, experimental,
simulation) you collect and provide details about the process of collection?

In this part my aim is to engage in conversation to find out about data collection methods, types of data
produced, the instruments and software used to do this and whether the data could be helpful to
others. I will also ask about secondary data to find out where and how are found and accessed. Finally I
will explore why the collection of data happens in the way described (is it a discipline or departmental
common practice?)

c. Processing of data
-

Once the data have been collected could you describe how they get processed i.e. how
they get annotated, where are they stored, what security measures are taken to
preserve confidentiality or integrity, etc?

Here I want to make sure that I understand how annotation/storage/backup/manipulation/analysis/collaboration happens. Again, I will explore why the processing of data
happens in the way described (is it discipline or departmental common practice?)

d. Publishing the publication of the research outputs is the end of this generic research life-cycle,
what happens with the data after this i.e. they get published or deposited somewhere, you need to
destroy the data, etc?

In this part of the life cycle I want to find out whether deposit in an archive occurs and if not I will
attempt to find out the reasons that stop researchers doing so (data needs to be destroyed, does
not want to share initially or at all, no place to deposit, etc) and where will the data be stored.

33

3. How are researchers supported either at local or institutional level for carrying out all the
management of data required?

With this question I will attempt to figure out how support for data management across the generic
life cycle occurs (researchers help each other at local level, departmental guidelines, etc).

4. What are your challenges and worries when managing research data and what services would help
you do this work more effectively?

With this question I will attempt to get a top 3 requirements for services that would be most useful to
researchers.

5. Is there anything else that you would like to add?

De-Brief

6. How do you think the interview went?

7. What are the benefits you believe you get from participating?

8. Could you suggest anyone you know that could participate in these interviews?

34

University of Glasgow digital preservation study5: interview template

It is expected interviews will take between 30 mins - 1 hour. Ideally these would be recorded then
transcribed, with the text sent back for approval. An overview of the topics to be discussed will be
circulated in advance to allow the interviewee to prepare ideas.

At the start of the interview, details of the preservation study and explanation of terms will be
provided. Scoping interviews will be semi-structured to allow free-flowing discussion. The
questions provided below are indicative of the topics that may be discussed. Each interview will
cover five themes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

what digital material is being created;

how this is being created and maintained;
any issues that have been encountered;
the future for the units electronic records;
requirements for support and services.

Scope of digital holdings

A general discussion will begin by asking interviewees to describe their day-to-day work with
regard to electronic records i.e. what they create and use, their attitude towards digital material,
how central electronic records are to their work

What electronic records do you create?

What type (docs, emails, databases) and formats are these files?
What software do you use? Is that general to the department?
How much digital material do you currently create / hold? Is this growing?
Are these files yours or do they belong to a wider group or to the institution?
Who owns the IPR of the electronic records you create?
How crucial are these files? could you continue work if they were lost?

Working practices
Discuss what happens in terms of digital curation i.e. creating, maintaining and preserving
electronic records. Are there set procedures? What role does each person play
Individual
How do you create electronic records? naming conventions, filing rules
Where you store files? Do you back them up or is this done centrally?
How do you manage digital files e.g. do you sort through and weed them?
What happens in terms of email? Do you save or print certain messages?
Do you work differently on research projects due to funding body requirements?
Departmental
Are there departmental guidelines, policies or procedures you follow?
Who is responsible for digital material? What role does each person play?
What happens in terms of legacy material i.e. files created by former staff?
Do you know when, how and what is backed up centrally?
Who can access electronic material? How is this controlled? Explain restrictions
5

See: http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/hatii/research/digitalpreservationpolicystudy

35

Digital preservation issues

Continue discussion to ascertain whether any issues have been encountered when creating and
using electronic material to identify areas where practices could improve

Have you ever lost digital files or found it hard to find the right ones?
Are there version control issues when working with colleagues?
Is it difficult to understand other peoples systems on the shared drive?
Have you struggled to use older files? e.g. obsolete format, outdated disk
Do you have enough storage space? If not, where do you keep material?

Future life of electronic records

Discuss what happens in the future i.e. how can these files continue to be accessed and used (if
appropriate), do they need to be preserved, if so, for how long
Access
Could your electronic material be reused or repurposed by others?
Are there any sensitivity or confidentiality restrictions?
Would other people understand your material - is it documented?
Preservation
Does all digital material or just a subset need to be preserved in the long-term?
Who would know what to keep and for how long? Who makes the decision?
Is there a place where your digital material can be preserved?

Service requirements
Ask where the interviewee currently gets advice and support and what else s/he would like to see
provided by the University. Key thing is to gauge desire for preservation policy, suggested coverage
and any supplementary support needed to implement it.

Have you used the records management service, archive or Enlighten? Are you aware of
what these services can offer?
Where do you currently get advice and support?
What would help you create and manage your electronic files better?
Who should be responsible for / fund digital preservation?
Would you welcome a University wide policy on digital preservation? If so, what should it
cover?

36