Data Visualization Using R & ggplot2

Karthik Ram
October 6, 2013

Some housekeeping

Install some packages

install.packages("ggplot2", dependencies = TRUE)
install.packages("plyr")
install.packages("ggthemes")
install.packages("reshape2")
install.packages("gridExtra")

Section 1
Why ggplot2?

Why ggplot2?

More elegant & compact code than with base graphics

More aesthetically pleasing defaults than lattice

Very powerful for exploratory data analysis

Why ggplot2?

gg is for grammar of graphics (term by Lee Wilkinson)

A set of terms that defines the basic components of a plot

Used to produce figures using coherant, consistant syntax

Why ggplot2?

Supports a continuum of expertise:

Easy to get started, plenty of power for complex figures

Section 2
The Grammar

Some terminology

data

Must be a data.frame

Gets pulled into the ggplot() object

The iris dataset

head(iris)
##
##
##
##
##
##
##

1
2
3
4
5
6

Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species

5.1
3.5
1.4
0.2 setosa
4.9
3.0
1.4
0.2 setosa
4.7
3.2
1.3
0.2 setosa
4.6
3.1
1.5
0.2 setosa
5.0
3.6
1.4
0.2 setosa
5.4
3.9
1.7
0.4 setosa

plyr and reshape are key for using R

These two packages are the swiss army knives of R.

I plyr
1. ddply (data frame to data frame ply)
1.1 split
1.2 apply
1.3 combine

2. llply (list to list ply)

3. join

plyr
iris[1:2, ]
##
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 1
5.1
3.5
1.4
0.2 setosa
## 2
4.9
3.0
1.4
0.2 setosa
# Note the use of the . function to allow Species to be used
# without quoting
ddply(iris, .(Species), summarize,
mean.Sep.Wid = mean(Sepal.Width, na.rm = TRUE))
##
Species mean.Sep.Wid
## 1
setosa
3.428
## 2 versicolor
2.770
## 3 virginica
2.974

plyr and reshape are key for using R

These two packages are the swiss army knives of R.

I reshape
1. melt
2. dcast (data frame output)
3. acast (vector/matrix/array output)

reshape2

iris[1:2, ]
##
Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
## 1
5.1
3.5
1.4
0.2 setosa
## 2
4.9
3.0
1.4
0.2 setosa
df <- melt(iris, id.vars = "Species")
df[1:2, ]
##
Species
variable value
## 1 setosa Sepal.Length
5.1
## 2 setosa Sepal.Length
4.9

reshape2
df[1:2, ]
##
Species
variable value
## 1 setosa Sepal.Length
5.1
## 2 setosa Sepal.Length
4.9
dcast(df, Species variable, mean)
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##

Species Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length

1
setosa
5.006
3.428
1.462
2 versicolor
5.936
2.770
4.260
3 virginica
6.588
2.974
5.552
Petal.Width
1
0.246
2
1.326
3
2.026

Section 3
Aesthetics

Some terminology

data

aesthetics

How your data are represented visually

I

a.k.a. mapping

which data on the x

which data on the y

but also: color,

size, shape, transparency

Lets try an example

myplot <- ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width))

summary(myplot)
## data: Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, Petal.Length,
##
Petal.Width, Species [150x5]
## mapping: x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width
## faceting: facet_null()

Section 4
Geoms

Some terminology

data

The geometric objects in the plot

aesthetics

points, lines, polygons, etc

geometry

shortcut functions: geom point(),

geom bar(), geom line()

Basic structure

ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width))

+ geom_point()
myplot <- ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width))
myplot + geom_point()

Specify the data and variables inside the ggplot function.

Anything else that goes in here becomes a global setting.

Then add layers: geometric objects, statistical models, and

facets.

Quick note

Never use qplot - short for quick plot.

Youll end up unlearning and relearning a good bit.

Lets try an example

ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
geom_point()
4.5

4.0

Sepal.Width

3.0

2.0

2.5

3.5

Sepal.Length

Changing the aesthetics of a geom:

Increase the size of points
ggplot(data = iris, aes(x = Sepal.Length, y = Sepal.Width)) +
geom_point(size = 3)
4.5

4.0

Sepal.Width

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

Sepal.Length

Changing the aesthetics of a geom:

Add some color
ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +
geom_point(size = 3)
4.5

Sepal.Width

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

Species
setosa
versicolor
virginica

Sepal.Length

Changing the aesthetics of a geom:

Differentiate points by shape
ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +
geom_point(aes(shape = Species), size = 3)
# Why aes(shape = Species)?
4.5

Sepal.Width

4.0

3.5

3.0

Species
setosa

versicolor
virginica

2.5

2.0
5

Sepal.Length

Exercise 1
# Make a small sample of the diamonds dataset
d2 <- diamonds[sample(1:dim(diamonds)[1], 1000), ]

Then generate this plot below.

price

15000

10000

5000

carat

color

Section 5
Stats

Some terminology

data

aesthetics

geometry

stats

Statistical transformations and data

summary

All geoms have associated default stats, and

vice versa

e.g. binning for a histogram or fitting a

linear model

Built-in stat example: Boxplots

See ?geom boxplot for list of options
library(MASS)
ggplot(birthwt, aes(factor(race), bwt)) + geom_boxplot()

5000

bwt

4000

3000

2000

1000

factor(race)

Built-in stat example: Boxplots

myplot <- ggplot(birthwt, aes(factor(race), bwt)) + geom_boxplot()

summary(myplot)
##
##
##
##
##
##
##
##

data: low, age, lwt, race, smoke, ptl, ht, ui, ftv,
bwt [189x10]
mapping: x = factor(race), y = bwt
faceting: facet_null()
----------------------------------geom_boxplot: outlier.colour = black, outlier.shape = 16, outlier.size =
stat_boxplot:
position_dodge: (width = NULL, height = NULL)

Section 6
Facets

Some terminology

data

Subsetting data to make lattice plots

aesthetics

Really powerful

geometry

stats

facets

Faceting: single column, multiple rows

Species
versicolor

Sepal.Length

virginica

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0

setosa

Sepal.Width

ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +

geom_point() +
facet_grid(Species .)

setosa

versicolor

virginica

Faceting: single row, multiple columns

ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +
geom_point() +
facet_grid(. Species)

setosa

4.5

Sepal.Width

4.0
3.5
3.0

2.5

2.0

versicolor virginica

5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8

Sepal.Length

Species

setosa

versicolor

virginica

or just wrap your facets

ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +
geom_point() +
facet_wrap( Species) # notice lack of .

setosa

4.5

Sepal.Width

4.0
3.5
3.0

2.5

2.0

versicolor virginica

5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8 5 6 7 8

Sepal.Length

Species

setosa

versicolor

virginica

Section 7
Scales

Some terminology

data

aesthetics

geometry

stats

facets

scales

Control the mapping from data to

aesthetics

Often used for adjusting color mapping

Colors

aes(color = variable) # mapping

color <- "black" # setting
# Or add it as a scale
scale_fill_manual(values = c("color1", "color2"))

The RColorBrewer package

library(RColorBrewer)
display.brewer.all()

Using a color brewer palette

df <- melt(iris, id.vars = "Species")
ggplot(df, aes(Species, value, fill = variable)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge") +
scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Set1")

6
variable

value

Sepal.Length
Sepal.Width

Petal.Length
Petal.Width
2

0
setosa

versicolor

Species

virginica

Manual color scale

Species
versicolor

Sepal.Length

virginica

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0

setosa

Sepal.Width

ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +

geom_point() +
facet_grid(Species .) +
scale_color_manual(values = c("red", "green", "blue"))

setosa

versicolor

virginica

Refer to a color chart for beautful visualizations

http://tools.medialab.sciences-po.fr/iwanthue/

Adding a continuous scale to an axis

library(MASS)
ggplot(birthwt, aes(factor(race), bwt)) +
geom_boxplot(width = .2) +
scale_y_continuous(labels = (paste0(1:4, " Kg")),
breaks = seq(1000, 4000, by = 1000))

bwt

4 Kg

3 Kg

2 Kg

1 Kg

factor(race)

Commonly used scales

scale_fill_discrete(); scale_colour_discrete()
scale_fill_hue(); scale_color_hue()
scale_fill_manual(); scale_color_manual()
scale_fill_brewer(); scale_color_brewer()
scale_linetype(); scale_shape_manual()

Section 8
Coordinates

Some terminology

data

Not going to cover this in detail

aesthetics

e.g. polar coordinate plots

geometry

stats

facets

scales

coordinates

Section 9
Putting it all together with more examples

Section 10
Histograms

See ?geom histogram for list of options

h <- ggplot(faithful, aes(x = waiting))
h + geom_histogram(binwidth = 30, colour = "black")

count

150

100

50

0
0

50

100

waiting

150

h <- ggplot(faithful, aes(x = waiting))

h + geom_histogram(binwidth = 8, fill = "steelblue",
colour = "black")

count

60

40

20

0
30

50

70

waiting

90

Section 11
Line plots

## Error:

cannot change working directory

climate <- read.csv("data/climate.csv", header = T)

ggplot(climate, aes(Year, Anomaly10y)) +
geom_line()

Anomaly10y

0.5

0.0

1920

1950

1980

Year

climate <- read.csv(text =

RCurl::getURL(https://raw.github.com/karthikram/ggplot-lecture/master/climate.csv))

We can also plot confidence regions

ggplot(climate, aes(Year, Anomaly10y)) +
geom_ribbon(aes(ymin = Anomaly10y - Unc10y,
ymax = Anomaly10y + Unc10y),
fill = "blue", alpha = .1) +
geom_line(color = "steelblue")

Anomaly10y

0.5

0.0

1920

1950

Year

1980

Exercise 2
Modify the previous plot and change it such that there are
three lines instead of one with a confidence band.

0.5

Anomaly10y

0.0

1920

1950

Year

1980

Section 12
Bar plots

ggplot(iris, aes(Species, Sepal.Length)) +

geom_bar(stat = "identity")

Sepal.Length

300

200

100

0
setosa

versicolor

Species

virginica

df <- melt(iris, id.vars = "Species")

ggplot(df, aes(Species, value, fill = variable)) +
geom_bar(stat = "identity")

750

value

variable
Sepal.Length

500

Sepal.Width
Petal.Length
Petal.Width
250

0
setosa

versicolor

Species

virginica

ggplot(df, aes(Species, value, fill = variable)) +

geom_bar(stat = "identity", position = "dodge")

6
variable

value

Sepal.Length
Sepal.Width

Petal.Length
Petal.Width
2

0
setosa

versicolor

Species

Whats going on with the y axis?

virginica

ggplot(df, aes(Species, value, fill = variable)) +

geom_bar(stat = "identity", position="dodge", color="black")

6
variable

value

Sepal.Length
Sepal.Width

Petal.Length
Petal.Width
2

0
setosa

versicolor

Species

virginica

Exercise 3
Using the d2 dataset you created earlier, generate this plot below.
Take a quick look at the data first to see if it needs to be binned.

75
cut

count

Fair
Good

50

Very Good
Premium
Ideal

25

0
I1

SI2

SI1

VS2

VS1

clarity

VVS2 VVS1

IF

Exercise 4
I

Using the climate dataset, create a new variable called sign.

Make it logical (true/false) based on the sign of Anomaly10y.

Plot a bar plot and use sign variable as the fill.

Anomaly10y

0.5
sign
FALSE
TRUE

0.0

1920

1950

Year

1980

Section 13
Density Plots

Density plots
ggplot(faithful, aes(waiting)) + geom_density()

density

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00
50

60

70

waiting

80

90

Density plots
ggplot(faithful, aes(waiting)) +
geom_density(fill = "blue", alpha = 0.1)

density

0.03

0.02

0.01

0.00
50

60

70

waiting

80

90

ggplot(faithful, aes(waiting)) +
geom_line(stat = "density")

density

0.03

0.02

0.01

50

60

70

waiting

80

90

Section 14
Adding smoothers

ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +

geom_point(aes(shape = Species), size = 3) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm")
4.5

Sepal.Width

4.0

3.5

3.0

Species
setosa

versicolor
virginica

2.5

2.0
5

Sepal.Length

ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +

geom_point(aes(shape = Species), size = 3) +
geom_smooth(method = "lm") +
facet_grid(. Species)
setosa

4.5

versicolor

virginica

Sepal.Width

4.0

3.5

3.0

Species
setosa

versicolor
virginica

2.5

2.0
5

Sepal.Length

Section 15
Themes

Adding themes

Themes are a great way to define custom plots.

+theme()
# see ?theme() for more options

A themed plot

ggplot(iris, aes(Sepal.Length, Sepal.Width, color = Species)) +

geom_point(size = 1.2, shape = 16) +
facet_wrap( Species) +
theme(legend.key = element_rect(fill = NA),
legend.position = "bottom",
strip.background = element_rect(fill = NA),
axis.title.y = element_text(angle = 0))

Adding themes

setosa

4.5

versicolor

virginica

4.0
3.5

Sepal.Width

3.0

2.5

2.0

5 6 7 8

5 6 7 8

5 6 7 8

Sepal.Length
Species

setosa

versicolor

virginica

ggthemes library

install.packages("ggthemes")
library(ggthemes)
# Then add one of these themes to your plot
+theme_stata()
+theme_excel()
+theme_wsj()
+theme_solarized()

Section 16
Create functions to automate your plotting

Write functions for day to day plots

my_custom_plot <- function(df, title = "", ...) {

ggplot(df, ...) +
ggtitle(title) +
whatever_geoms() +
theme(...)
}

Then just call your function to generate a plot. Its a lot easier to
fix one function that do it over and over for many plots
plot1 <- my_custom_plot(dataset1, title = "Figure 1")

Section 17
Publication quality figures

If the plot is on your screen

ggsave("/path/to/figure/filename.png")

If your plot is assigned to an object

ggsave(plot1, file = "/path/to/figure/filename.png")

Specify a size
ggsave(file = "/path/to/figure/filename.png", width = 6,
height =4)

or any format (pdf, png, eps, svg, jpg)

ggsave(file = "/path/to/figure/filename.eps")
ggsave(file = "/path/to/figure/filename.jpg")
ggsave(file = "/path/to/figure/filename.pdf")

Further help
I

Youve just scratched the surface with ggplot2.

Practice

Read the docs (either locally in R or at

http://docs.ggplot2.org/current/)

Work together