Seminar Report

On

Wind Power Smoothing Using Super

Capacitor
A Report Submitted to RASHTRASANT TUKDOJI MAHARAJ NAGPUR
UNIVERSITY in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of
Degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electrical Engineering
(2016-2017)

Submitted By
Mohammad Rashid Raza

Under The Guidance Of

Prof. Najma Siddiqui

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering (ACET)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ANJUMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY,
SADAR, NAGPUR -440 001

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

ANJUMAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY,
SADAR, NAGPUR -440 001

Certificate
This is to certify that the Seminar Report on Wind Power
Smoothing Using Super Capacitor has been duly submitted by the
following students of 7th Semester, Electrical Engineering towards the
Partial fulfillment of the curriculum of Seventh Semester as Prescribed by
Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur for the academic
year 2016-2017 under my guidance.

Submitted By
Mohammad Rashid Raza

Under The Guidance Of

Prof. Najma Siddiqui

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering (ACET)

Contents
Sr. No

Name

Abstract

Introduction

How Electricity Generated Using

Wind

Induction generator (IG)

Super Capacitor

Use of Super Capacitor and

STATCOM

Working of STATCOM

Voltage Source Converter

Block diagram

10

Simulation Diagram

Page
No.

11

Conclusion

12

References

Abstract
The main theme of this project is smoothing of wind power using super capacitor due
to variation in penetration of wind .The quality of wind power has become a major concern in
stability of power grid because of wind speed oscillation power fluctuation a resulted a major
problem. The paper studies advantages of integration of super capacitor to wind turbine
system. The system is stimulated using MATLAB a grid Induction Generator (IG) based
direct drive variable speed wind turbine with a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)
is investigated to achieve uninterrupted operation of wind farms during grid disturbances.
The wind energy system will be able to maintain uninterrupted operation during grid faults or
disturbances. The control strategies for the wind energy conversion system and STATCOM
with super-capacitor are implemented in Matlab/Simpower. The proposed control strategy for
super capacitor based STATCOM effectively reduces the level of voltage sag, enhance the
low voltage/fault ride through capability of the wind farm and mitigate the power quality
issue at the point of common coupling (PCC). Results show that the STATCOM with supercapacitor energy storage can enhance the dynamic performance of the direct drive wind
Energy System.

Introduction
Now a day we are experiencing an increasing demand for electrical energy. Many
energy agencies have taken several proactive steps in-order to increasing the of renewable
energy sources. Since they have more benefits than non-renewable. But renewable energy
sources come with high initial cost. And even renewable energy sources faces many technical
challenges, including power quality reliability, safety and protection load management grid
interconnection and control, new regulation and grid operation economics Renewable energy
source such as wind energy are available as long as there is wind. And this energy is abundant
in nature and the power generation from this source is pollution free .The main problem faced
in wind energy is the fluctuation in power due to variation in wind speed. Wind energy cannot
be dispatched as same as other power sources. Here in this paper there is application of super
capacitor in wind turbine which is used for variable speeds. Even application of super
capacitor is increasing in industries wind energy is growing rapidly due to technology
innovation and power electronic device cost reduction. The cost of wind energy has been
reduced to4.5 cents/kWh onshore and 5 cents/kWh off shore . Global wind energy council
statics shows that wind power capacity will reach just under 500 GW by the end of . The
wind is variable in nature, which produces a continuous variable output power. Intermittent
nature of wind introduces voltage sags, swells, flickers and hannonics. Integrating large
amount of wind power into existing power system presents technical challenges, which
requires consideration of voltage and frequency regulation, stability, power quality problems
Mechanical switch capacitor (MSC) bank and tap changer transformers (TCs) are used for
power system stability and quality issue. These devices improve power factor of wind farm
but no strong influence on other power system issues. Moreover they add additional stress on
wind turbine shaft Shunt Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) devices such as
synchronous static compensators (STATCOMs) has the ability to improve the voltage quality
with its fast response capability, accurate reactive power compensation and voltage control
Recent development in power electronic devices and application specific ICs and DSP system
enables the introduction of low cost and faster ST A TCOMs. The use of pennanent-magnet
synchronous generator is a prime choice for variable speed wind turbines The advantages of
variable speed wind turbines are greater annual energy capture than that of fixed speed
technology, active and reactive power control is easily achieved with the PWM inverter, there
is less mechanical stress, and no flicker problem Gearbox which couples wind turbine with
generator increase losses, higher cost of the unit, and increase faults due to rotating
mechanical parts. The reliability of the variable speed wind turbine can be improved
significantly by using direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (IG). Because of
self-excitation property, PMSG provides high power factor and high efficiency
This paper investigates the application of ST ATCOM with IG based variable speed wind
turbine for uninterrupted operation during grid disturbances. Super-capacitor based energy
storage and ST ACOM are used to enhance the perfonnance of the direct drive wind energy
system.

Electrical Energy Generated from wind

Wind
power is
the
use
of air
flow through wind
turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity. Wind power, as
an alternative to burning fossil, is plentiful, renewable, widely
distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse emissions during operation,
consumes no water, and uses little land. [2] The net effects on the
environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable
power sources.
Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are
connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an
inexpensive source of electricity, competitive with or in many places
cheaper than coal or gas plants offshore wind is steadier and stronger
than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction
and maintenance costs are considerably higher. Small onshore wind farms
can feed some energy into the grid or provide electricity to isolated offgrid locations
Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year
to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales. It is
therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a
reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region increases, a
need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant conventional
production can occur Power management techniques such as having
excess capacity, geographically distributed turbines, backing sources,
sufficient hydroelectric power, exporting and importing power to
neighboring areas, using vehicle-to-grid strategies or reducing demand
when wind production is low, can in many cases overcome these
problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the electricity network
to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur
Induction generators, which were often used for wind power projects in
the
1980s
and
1990s,
require reactive
power for
excitation so substations used in wind-power collection systems include
substantial capacitor banks for power factor correction. Different types of
wind turbine generators behave differently during transmission grid
disturbances, so extensive modeling of the dynamic electromechanical
characteristics of a new wind farm is required by transmission system
operators to ensure predictable stable behavior during system faults. In
particular, induction generators cannot support the system voltage during
faults, unlike steam or hydro turbine-driven synchronous generators.
Today these generators aren't used any more in modern turbines.
Instead today most turbines use variable speed generators combined with
partial- or full-scale power converter between the turbine generator and

the collector system, which generally have more desirable properties for
grid interconnection and have Low voltage ride through-capabilities.
[37]
Modern concepts use either doubly fed machines with partial-scale
converters or squirrel-cage induction generators or synchronous
generators (both permanently and electrically excited) with full scale
converters.[38]
Transmission systems operators will supply a wind farm developer
with a grid code to specify the requirements for interconnection to the
transmission
grid.
This
will
include power
factor,
constancy
of frequency and dynamic behavior of the wind farm turbines during a
system fault

Induction Generator (IG)

Fig. Block diagram of Induction Generator

A induction generator is a generator where the excitation field is
provided by a permanent magnet instead of a coil. The term synchronous
refers here to the fact that the rotor and magnetic field rotate with the
same speed, because the magnetic field is generated through a shaft
mounted permanent magnet mechanism and current is induced into the
stationary armature
Synchronous generators are the majority source of commercial
electrical energy. They are commonly used to convert the mechanical
power
output
of steam
turbines, gas
turbines, reciprocating
engines and hydro turbines into electrical power for the grid. Some
designs of Wind turbines also use this generator type. In the majority of
designs the rotating assembly in the center of the generatorthe
"rotor"contains the magnet, and the "stator" is the stationary armature
that is electrically connected to a load. As shown in the diagram above,
the perpendicular component of the stator field affects the torque while
the parallel component affects the voltage. The load supplied by the
generator determines the voltage. If the load is inductive, then the angle
between the rotar and stator fields will be greater than 90 degrees which
corresponds to an increased generator voltage. This is known as an
overexcited generator. The opposite is true for a generator supplying a
capacitive load which is known as an underexcited generator. A set of
three conductors make up the armature winding in standard utility
equipment, constituting three phases of a power circuitthat correspond
to the three wires we are accustomed to see on transmission lines. The
phases are wound such that they are 120 degrees apart spatially on the

stator, providing for a uniform force or torque on the generator rotor. The
uniformity of the torque arises because the magnetic fields resulting from
the induced currents in the three conductors of the armature winding
combine spatially in such a way as to resemble the magnetic field of a
single, rotating magnet. This stator magnetic field or "stator field" appears
as a steady rotating field and spins at the same frequency as the rotor
when the rotor contains a single dipole magnetic field. The two fields
move in "synchronicity" and maintain a fixed position relative to each
other as they spin.
They are known as synchronous generators because f, the
frequency of the induced voltage in the stator (armature conductors)
conventionally measured in hertz, is directly proportional to RPM, the
rotation rate of the rotor usually given in revolutions per minute (or
angular speed). If the rotor windings are arranged in such a way as to
produce the effect of more than two magnetic poles, then each physical
revolution of the rotor results in more magnetic poles moving past the
armature windings. Each passing of a north and south pole corresponds to
a complete "cycle" of a magnet field oscillation. Therefore, the constant of
proportionality is where P is the number of magnetic rotor poles (almost
always an even number), and the factor of 120 comes from 60 seconds
per minute and two poles in a single magnet; The power in the prime
mover is a function of RPM and torque. where is mechanical power in
Watts, is the torque with units of , and RPM is the rotations per minute
which is multiplied by a factor of to give units of . By increasing the
torque on the prime mover, a larger electrical power output can be
generated.
Induction generator do not require a DC supply for the excitation
circuit, nor do they have slip rings and contact brushes. The future
economics of IG as they are sometimes called is now largely controlled by
China as they have the global monopoly on neodymium material used to
make the most powerful and also the most desirable types of magnets
used today. The flux density of high performance permanent magnets is
limited giving China an unfair advantage in setting the global price. A key
disadvantage in IG is that the air gap flux is not controllable, so the
voltage of the machine cannot be easily regulated. A persistent magnetic
field imposes safety issues during assembly, field service or repair. High
performance permanent magnets, themselves, have structural and
thermal issues. Torque current MMF vectorially combines with the
persistent flux of permanent magnets, which leads to higher air-gap flux
density and eventually, core saturation. In this induction alternators the
speed is directly proportional to the output voltage of the alternator.

Super Capacitor
A super-capacitor (SC) (sometimes ultra capacitor, formerly electric
double-layer
capacitor (EDLC))
is
a
high-capacity electrochemical
capacitor with capacitance values much higher than other capacitors (but
lower voltage limits) that bridge the gap between electrolytic
capacitors and rechargeable batteries. They typically store 10 to 100
times more energy per unit volume or mass than electrolytic capacitors,
can accept and deliver charge much faster than batteries, and tolerate
many more charge and discharge cycles than rechargeable.
Super capacitors are used in applications requiring many rapid
charge/discharge cycles rather than long term compact energy storage:
within cars, buses, trains, cranes and elevators, where they are used
for regenerative braking, short-term energy storage or burst-mode power
delivery. Smaller units are used as memory backup for static randomaccess memory (SRAM).
Super capacitors do not use the conventional solid dielectric of ordinary
capacitors.
They
use electrostatic double-layer
capacitance or electrochemical pseudo capacitance or a combination of
both instead:
Electrostatic
double-layer
capacitors
use carbon electrodes or
derivatives with much higher electrostatic double-layer capacitance
than electrochemical pseudo capacitance, achieving separation of
charge in a Helmholtz double layer at the interface between the
surface of a conductive electrode and an electrolyte. The separation of
charge is of the order of a few angstroms (0.30.8 nm), much smaller
than in a conventional capacitor.

Electrochemical pseudo capacitors use metal oxide or conducting

polymer electrodes with a high amount of electrochemical pseudo
capacitance.
Pseudo
capacitance
is
achieved
by Faradic electron charge-transfer with red ox, intercalation or electro
sorption.

Hybrid capacitors, such as the lithium-ion capacitor, use electrodes

with differing characteristics: one exhibiting mostly electrostatic
capacitance and the other mostly electrochemical capacitance.
Supercapacitors are constructed with two metal foils (current collectors),
each coated with an electrode material such as activated carbon, which
serve as the power connection between the electrode material and the
external terminals of the capacitor. Specifically to the electrode material is
its very large surface area. In this example the activated carbon is
electrochemically etched, so that the surface of the material is about a
factor 100,000 larger than the smooth surface. The electrodes are kept
apart by an ion-permeable membrane (separator) used as an insulator to
protect the electrodes against short circuits. This construction is

subsequently rolled or folded into a cylindrical or rectangular shape and

can be stacked in an aluminum can or an adaptable rectangular housing.
Then the cell is impregnated with a liquid or viscous electrolyte of organic
or aqueous type. The electrolyte, an ionic conductor, enters the pores of
the electrodes and serves as the conductive connection between the
electrodes across the separator. Finally the housing is hermetically sealed
to ensure stable behavior over the specified lifetime

Advantages of Super-capacitor
Provide peak power and backup power
Extend battery run time and battery life
Reduce battery size, weight and cost
Enable low/high temperature operation
Improve load balancing when used in parallel with a battery
Provide energy storage and source balancing when used with energy
harvesters
Minimize space requirements
High power available.
High power density.
No special charging or voltage detection circuits required.
Can be charged and discharged in seconds.
Can not be overcharged.
Long cycle life of more than 500,000 cycles.
No chemical actions.
Operating temperature range (-50-70 )
10 to12 year life
Low impedance
Environment friendly

Smoothing Wind Energy System Using Super

Capacitor and Statcom Energy Storage
Wind power is one of the fastest growing renewable energy, but wind speed variations
inevitably lead to wind power fluctuations that limit the applicability of wind power in the
near future. The problems of power quality caused by windpower fluctuations can not be
ignored while the level of wind power penetration reaches higher. Integration of energy
storage system (ESS) into the wind power can suppress wind power fluctuation. Different
energy storage technologies have been proposed but have not been widely adopted by
industry due to the cost. Smoothing long-term wind power fluctuation requires large capacity
of energy storage which implies huge additional expense to the wind farm. Research has
proved that power system is more sensitive to the medium frequency wind power fluctuation
(0.01Hz~1Hz). Short-term energy storage is enough to the fluctuation of this frequency
range, which means more benefits but less cost for wind power generation. Super-Capacitor
Energy Storage (SCES) has advantages on high power density, long circle life, maintenancefree and is environmentally safe that make it a good candidate for this application. Nowadays,
SCES technology has been commercial in the field of short-term energy storage. It is mainly
used to solve power quality problems, such as reducing voltage flicker, current harmonic
elimination, compensation of pulsating load and uninterrupted power supply , but relatively
less research has been done on wind power smoothing. However, Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage system (SMES) and Battery Energy
Storage System (BESS) have been researched on short-term wind power fluctuation
smoothing, super-capacitor stack with less auxiliary equipment, is more stable and convenient
than superconducting magnet, besides it has longer circle life and less maintenance
comparing to battery. The ESS in wind power generation can be either configured as
aggregated unit that serves the whole wind farm, or distributed unit that is installed in each
wind turbine generator (WTG). As smoothing effect due to spatial distribution of WTGs
makes the total wind farm power less fluctuant than individual WTG powers, the aggregated
ESS has sperior performance to the distributed ESS of the same total capacity. This paper
focuses on the application of an aggregated SCES for smoothing the medium frequency wind
power fluctuation and the wind farm terminal voltage can be also maintained by SCES. A
modified SCES controller, which is based on active and reactive power decoupled control,
double-loop control of bidirectional buck-boost converter and super-capacitor voltage
management, is proposed. The control strategy of the aggregated SCES is verified by
simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC.
The wind turbine system. In this system after the wind turbine, there is a PMSG. The
wind turbine is directly connected to the PMSG. This technology (direct driven) is developed
recently. However, the PMSG can be connected to the turbine via the gearbox as well. The
output of the PMSG is rectified using a PWM rectifier. The super capacitor is connected to
the dc link via a booster. Usually, the super capacitors are in low voltage. However, it is
possible to use super capacitors in series with limited number. The wind turbine system is
connected to the grid using a PWM inverter. A booster inductor is used between the grid and
inverter to filter out the harmonics of the inverter. This system offers a variety of control
parameters which will be discussed in the control section.

Working of STATCOM

Fig. block diagram working of STATCOM

A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), also known as a static synchronous

condenser (STATCON), is a regulating device used on alternating current electricity
transmission networks. It is based on a power electronics voltage-source converter and can
act as either a source or sink of reactive AC power to an electricity network. If connected to a
source of power it can also provide active AC power. It is a member of the FACTS family of
devices. It is inherently modular and electable Usually a STATCOM is installed to support
electricity networks that have a poor power factor and often poor voltage regulation. There
are however, other uses, the most common use is for voltage stability. A STATCOM is a
voltage source converter (VSC)-based device, with the voltage source behind a reactor. The
voltage source is created from a DCcapacitor and therefore a STATCOM has very little active
power capability. However, its active power capability can be increased if a suitable energy
storage device is connected across the DC capacitor. The reactive power at the terminals of
the STATCOM depends on the amplitude of the voltage source. For example, if the terminal
voltage of the VSC is higher than the AC voltage at the point of connection, the STATCOM
generates reactive current; conversely, when the amplitude of the voltage source is lower than
the AC voltage, it absorbs reactive power. The response time of a STATCOM is shorter than
that of a static VAR compensator (SVC), mainly due to the fast switching times provided by
the IGBTs of the voltage source converter. The STATCOM also provides better reactive
power support at low AC voltages than an SVC, since the reactive power from a STATCOM
decreases linearly with the AC voltage (as the current can be maintained at the rated value
even down to low AC voltage).

A static VAR compensator can also be used for voltage stability. However, a
STATCOM has better characteristics than an SVC. When the system voltage drops
sufficiently to force the STATCOM output current to its ceiling, its maximum reactive output
current will not be affected by the voltage magnitude. Therefore, it exhibits constant current
characteristics when the voltage is low under the limit. In contrast the SVC's reactive output
is proportional to the square of the voltage magnitude. This makes the provided reactive
power decrease rapidly when voltage decreases, thus reducing its stability. In addition, the
speed of response of a STATCOM is faster than that of an SVC and the harmonic emission is
lower, however STATCOMs typically exhibit higher losses and may be more expensive than
SVCs, so the (older) SVC technology is still widespread.

Statcom Consist of Three Main Component

Voltage Source Converter
Capacitor Bank
Coupling Transformer
Dc source
Coupling transformer is regulating or step up transformer which step up the converter output
voltage 415 to the system voltage its working like a flywheel charges and discharges
according to the system voltage.

Statcom operates in three modes of operation

Capacitive mode of operation

Inductive mode of operation
Idle condition

Voltage Source Converter / Voltage source Inverter

Discussion of FACTS Controller concepts in Chapter 1 conveyed that
the voltagesourced converter is the building block of STATCOM, SSSC,
UPFC, IpFC, and some other Controllers. Therefore, this converter is
generically discussed in this chapter. It was explained in Chapter 2 that
the so-called conventional thyristor device has only the turn-on control; its
turn-off depends on the current coming to zero as per circuit and system
conditions. Devices such as the Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO), Integrated
Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), MOS Turn-off rhyristor (MTo), and Integrated
Gate-Commutated Thyristors (IGCT), and similar devices have turn-on and
turn-off capability. These devices (referred to as turn-off devices) are more
expensive and have higher losses than the thyristors without turn-off
capability; however, turn-off devices enable converter concepts that can
have significant overall system cost and performance advantages. These
advantages in principle result from the converters, which are selfcommutating as against the line-commutating converters. Compared to
the self-commutating converter, the line-commutating converter must
have an ac source connected to the converter, it consumes reactive
power, and suffers from occasional commutation failures in the inverter
mode of operation. Therefore, unless a converter is required to function in
the two lagging-current quadrants only (consuming reactive power while
converting active power), converters applicable to FACTS Controllers
would be of the self-commutating type. There are two basic categories of
selfcommutating converters: Current-sourced converters in which direct
and the power reversal takes place through Voltage-sourced converters in
which the dc and the power reversal takes place through current always
has one polarity, reversal of dc voltage polarity. voltage always has one
polarity, reversal of dc current polarity. Conventional thyristor-based
converters, being without turn-off capability, can only be current-sourced
converters, whereas turn-off device-based converters can be of either
type.

Fig. Voltage source Converter

For reasons of economics and performance, voltage-sourced converters
are

often

preferred

over

current-sourced

converters

for

FACTS

applications, and in this chapter various self-commutating voltage-sourced

converter concepts, which form the basis of several FACTS Controllers, will
be discussed. Since the direct current in a voltage-sourced converter flows
in either direction, the converter valves have to be bidirectional, and also,
since the dc voltage does not reverse, the turn-off devices need not have
reverse voltage capability; Such turn-off devices are known as asymmetric
turn-off devices. Thus, a voltage-sourced converter valve is made up of an
asymmetric turn-off device such as a GTO [as shown in Figure with a
parallel diode connected in reverse. Some turn-off devices, such as the
IGBTs and IGCTs, may have a parallel reverse diode built in as part of a
complete integrated device suitable for voltage-sourced converters.
However, for high power converters, provision of separate diodes is
advantageous. In reality, there would be several turn-off device-diode
units in series for high-voltage applications. In general, the symbol of one
turn-off device with one parallel diode, as shown in Figure 3.1(a), will
represent a valve of appropriate voltage and current rating required for
the converter. Within the category of voltage-sourced converters, there
are also a wide variety of converter concepts. The ones relevant to FACTS
Controllers are described in this chapter. There are some converter
topologies that are suitable for supplying and consuming reactive power
only and not for converting active power; they are not discussed in this
chapter.

Block Diagram

Simulation Diagram

A] Simulation Result
(At normal condition)

Fig. A(i) Turbine Output

Fig. A(ii) Voltage & Current (B25) output

Fig. A(iii) STATCOM output

B] Simulation Result
(Output results after increasing value of capacitance)

Fig. B(i) Turbine Output

Fig. B(ii) Voltage & Current (B25) output

Fig. B(iii) STATCOM output

Conclusion
A direct drive IG based variable speed wind turbine with STACOM
and super-capacitor based energy storage is investigated in this report. To
enhance the dynamic performance of the wind energy system, STATCOM
with super-capacitor energy storage is used. Results show that the
STATCOM with super-capacitor energy storage can enhance the dynamic
performance of the direct drive wind energy system. With reactive power
support from STATCOM, it is possible to maintain grid voltage at PCC well
above the wind turbine trip voltage during grid faults and improve the
capability of wind turbine.

References
Narain G. Hingorani, Laszlo Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS
[Voltage source converter-67]
M.M. Chowdhury, Member of IEEE 2012
Goutham B. K. L. Ratnakar, Shri Harsha
International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT)
Vol-4, Issue-3, May 2015