Engineering Design and Graphics:

Engineer 1C03
Visualizing Orthographic Projections,
Degrees of Freedom and Constraints
Dr. Colin P. McDonald, PhD
Week 3: January 20th 24th

3D Printer Demo
o Starting January 27th, the EPIC lab will be holding 3D
Printer demonstrations for students enrolled in 1C03
o The demonstration will allow you to experience how the
3D printers work, and even have a chance to print off your
own model!
To come in for demonstration, you will first need to book a time slot

o There are 20 bookings per 1hr time slot

http://www.supersaas.com/schedule/epic1c03/Epic_Lab_De
mostrations
Bookings run Monday Friday from 1:30pm to 5:30pm,
unless otherwise posted (refer to website for availability)
Bookings will be available until Friday February 14 th
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3D Printer Demo
o Booking Instructions
Refer to the announcement on Avenue

o Purpose of printer demos:

Learn about the 3D printers and how they function
Print your own 3D model
Earn a 1% bonus to your final grade!

o In order to receive the bonus mark, you must:

Sign up for one of the printer demos (you cant just show up)
Attend the printer demonstration you booked
Correctly determine the smallest feature size that can be
successfully printed

3D Printer Demo
o Why do we care about smallest feature size?
Its important to determine the printers limitations, which
will be useful for your group project
o How will we actually quantify smallest feature?
Scale down your model to determine how small the
computer model of a feature can be (e.g., gear tooth) and
still successfully print

Recall: Orthographic Projections

o Orthographic Projection: means of representing a
three-dimensional object in two dimensions
Parallel projection
All projection lines are orthogonal in projection plane
Two types: Axonometric, Multiview

Visualization

Visualization Surfaces, Edges, and

Corners
o Visualization process of interpreting a sketch in
a logical way to piece together a clear idea of the
whole object
o Interpret the 3D solid of a multi-view sketch
o Interpret the multi-view sketch of a 3D object

o To correctly interpret multi-view projections:

o Consider elements that make up most solids (surfaces)
o Surfaces form boundaries of solid objects
o Plane (flat) Surface may be bound by straight lines,
curves or combination thereof
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Views of Surfaces
o Plane surface always projects either on edge or as
a surface
o It can never appear larger than its true size

o Terms for describing a surfaces orientation to the

plane of projection:
Normal

Inclined

Oblique

Views of Surfaces Normal Surface

o Parallel to plane of projection
o Appears as true size/shape
Surface in one view, edge in adjacent views

Multiview Drawing

Views of Surfaces Normal Surface

o Parallel to plane of projection
o Appears as true size/shape
Surface in one view, edge in adjacent views
Actual
shape

Actual
shape

Top View of Object

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Views of Surfaces Inclined Surface

o Perpendicular to one plane of projection and
inclined in adjacent planes
o Appears foreshortened in two views, edge in third
Actual
shape Foreshortened

Top View of Object

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Views of Surfaces Inclined Surface

o Perpendicular to one plane of projection and
inclined in adjacent planes
o Appears foreshortened in two views, edge in third
Actual
Foreshortened shape

Auxiliary View of Object

(projection plane parallel to
the inclined surface)

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Views of Surfaces Oblique Surface

o Tipped to all principle planes of projection
o Not parallel or perpendicular in any standard view
Will only appear as a surface in 3 standard views

Multiview Drawing

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Views of Edges
o Defined by the intersection of two plane surfaces
o Shows as straight line in drawing
o Edge appearance depends on orientation
o Perpendicular to plane of projection appears as a
point
o Parallel to plane of projection shows its true length
o An edge in any other orientation appears
foreshortened

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Reading a Drawing and Creating Views

with Certain Information

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Reading a Drawing
o Visualize the object shown by the three views:

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Reading a Drawing
o No lines are curved object
is made of plane surfaces

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Reading a Drawing
o No lines are curved object
is made of plane surfaces
o L-shaped surface must be
showing on edge in Front
view
o Because we see its shape in
top view and because its
angled in front view, it must
be an inclined surface
o Appears foreshortened in side
view (appearing L-shaped)

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Reading a Drawing
o Top portion is rectangularshaped surface
o No triangular shapes appear in
other views
o Surface must be on edge in
adjacent views

o Based on projection lines,

the highlighted surface must
be the line of the triangle

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Reading a Drawing
o Trapezoidal-shaped surface
is identified next
o No trapezoids in the top or
side views
o Surface must be on edge in
adjacent views

o Based on projection lines,

the highlighted surface must
be the line of the trapezoid

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Reading a Drawing
o Final Result:
o Who got the object shown?

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Standards and View Projections

Conventions

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Standards
o CSA (Canadian Standards Association): only subtle
differences from the ANSI standards
Sheet sizes, line types, projection, and dimensioning are the
same
It is not supported by Solid Edge

o ANSI (American National Standards Institute): we will be

using ANSI conventions for all sketches and drawings
o ISO (International Organization for Standardization):
distinctly different from the CSA and ANSI standards

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View Projection Conventions

o Third-Angle Projection used primarily in US
and Canada (CSA and ANSI drawings)
o First-Angle Projection used primarily in
Europe and Asia (ISO drawings only)
o Confusing the two projections can result in
manufacturing errors
o We will focus on third-angle projection only
o Beneficial to understand both methods
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Third-Angle Projection
o Can be thought of as looking at an object through a
window (refer to the Glass Box example)
o Setting horizontal and
vertical planes of
projection on the topfront edge of glass box
o Object is placed below
the horizontal plane and
behind the vertical plane
o Object is projected onto
glass walls of the box
o i.e., folds into page
Fig. 4.22 Third-angle projection.

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First-Angle Projection
o Projection plane is placed behind the object
o Object is placed above
horizontal plane and in
front of vertical plane
o Object is projected onto
glass walls of the box,
but behind the object
o Folds out from page

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Comparing Projection Methods

o Biggest difference is in how the planes of the
glass box are unfolded
o First-angle right-side view is to left; top view is on bottom

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Comparing Projection Methods

o International projection symbols have been developed to
distinguish between first-angle and third-angle
projections on drawings

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Degrees of Freedom and Constraints

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Degrees of Freedom
o When we start to define our
solid models, we begin in 2D
with profiles
o These 2D profiles must be
completely defined, otherwise
changes to our design may
have unknown results
o To fully define a profile, we
define all degrees of freedom

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Degrees of Freedom
o What is degrees of freedom (DOF)?
In mechanics, DOF is the number of independent
parameters that define its configuration

o Example:
How many DOF does the following dot have, if it
is required to remain on this page (2D), at the
location shown?

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Degrees of Freedom for Common 2D

Elements
Element
DOFs Example
Line Segment 4
Position (x, y), length, angle or two
positions
Circle
3
Centre (x, y), diameter
Circular Arc 5
Centre (x, y), radius, start angle, end
angle
Ellipse
5
Centre (x, y), major diameter, minor
diameter, angle
Please take note, we will also consider DOF in 3D and those DOF are used to
arrange rigid bodies in free space. 3D-DOF is a different discussion and it should not
be confused with this topic of 2D-DOF
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Constraints
o Constraints are logical operations performed on a profile
(or solid model in 3D) to define its position
In Engineering Design, we often need to know how design changes
will affect overall design
This is accomplished using constraints

o A given element always has the same number of degrees

of freedom regardless of how it is specified
For example, a line segment can be defined using either: 1) starting
and ending coordinates, or 2) starting coordinates, an angle, and a
length

o In Autodesk Inventor, geometric constraints are

automatically applied to the entity at the time of its creation
However, you can manually apply these constraints
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Geometric Constraints
o Twelve types of geometric constraints
Perpendicular constraint: makes selected line segment
normal to another line segment
Parallel constraint: makes selected line segments parallel
Coincidental constraint: makes two points (or a point and
curve) coincident
Concentric constraint: forces two curves to share the same
center point
Collinear constraint: forces two line segments (or elliptical
axes) to be placed in the same line
Horizontal constraint: forces line segments to become
horizontal
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Geometric Constraints
o Twelve types of geometric constraints
Vertical constraint: forces line segments to become vertical
Tangent: makes selected line segment or curve tangent to
another curve
Equal: forces selected line segments to become equal in
length
Smooth: adds a smooth constraint between a spline and
other entity
Fix: fixes selected point or curve to a particular location
Symmetric: forces the selected entities to become
symmetrical about a sketched line segment

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Constraints Example
This is a constraint table for a 100 x 100 mm profile which defines all DOFs
Relationship or Dimension

DOFs Removed

DOFs Remaining
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Lock (at high point)

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Length (of line 1)

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Horizontal (on line 1)

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Connect (between lines 1 & 2)

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Equal (lengths of lines 1 & 2)

Perpendicular (between lines 1 & 2)

Connect (between lines 2 & 3)

Equal (lengths of lines 2 & 3)

Perpendicular (between lines 2 & 3)

Connect (between lines 3 & 4)

Equal (lengths of lines 3 & 4)

Perpendicular (between lines 3 & 4)

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Total DOF Equation

o For a profile, the total degrees of freedom is the sum of the
degrees of freedom of all its elements (lines, arcs, ellipses, etc.)
o Degrees of freedom are constrained by using relationships and
dimensions
o Use Eq. (1) to calculate the degrees of freedom of a profile:

Where:

Eq. (1)

n is the number of degrees of freedom of your profile

l, c, ca, e, and ea are the number of line segments, circles,
circular arcs, ellipses, and elliptical arcs in your profile,
respectively
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Total DOF Remaining

o To fully constrain your profile, fix all degrees of freedom in
your profile with dimensions and relationships
To calculate the number of unfixed degrees of freedom in your
profile, use Eq. (2)

+2

Eq. (2)

Where:
nu is the number of unfixed degrees of freedom
d, rc, rcc, ri, rhv, rl, r, r, rt, and re are the number of dimensions,
connect relationships, concentric relationships, intersect
relationships, horizontal/vertical relationships, collinear
relationships, perpendicular relationships, parallel relationships,
tangent relationships, and equal relationships on your profile

o This equation becomes invalid when redundant

relationships are used

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Rigid Bodies in Free Space

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Rigid Bodies in Free Space

o We will now start to consider three dimensional
assemblies, or rigid bodies in free space
o Similar to the 2D approach, we must apply
constraints; however, we must be careful not to
mix the two
o Q: How many degrees of freedom does a rigid
body in free space have?
o Q: Name the DOF

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DOF of Rigid Bodies in Free Space

o To specify the location and orientation of a rigid body,
one needs to constrain six degrees of freedom
A degree of freedom is a parameter or number

o Any part created in a modeling program is a rigid body

o The six degrees of freedom of a rigid body are:
Translation along the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis
Rotation about the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis

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Summary
o
o
o
o
o
o

Visualization
Views of Edges and Surfaces
Reading and Visualizing a Drawing
Degrees of Freedom
Constraints
Rigid Bodies in Free Space

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