SOLID MECHANICS II

BMCS 3333

Yield Criteria
-Failure Analysis -

Introduction

Failures overview
There are various mode of failures :
Fracture mechanic
Fatigue
Impact
Structure instability (buckling)

Introduction
Failures overview
There are various type mode of failures :
Fracture mechanic
-study of the propagation of cracks in materials.
analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack
-characterize the material's resistance to fracture.
-important tool in improving the mechanical performance
of materials and components.

Introduction
Failures overview
Fatigue
-structural damage from repeated loading
-must consider in the design of all structure and
machine component that are subjected to repeated
loading.
The majority of engineering failures are caused by
fatigue.
Fatigue failure is defined as the tendency of a
material to fracture by means of progressive brittle
cracking under repeated alternating or cyclic
stresses of an intensity considerably below the
normal strength.
A good example of fatigue failure
is breaking a thin steel rod or
wire with your hands after
bending it back and forth several
times in the same place

Introduction
Failures overview

Impact
ditakrifkan sebagai aplikasi relatif secara tiba-tiba antara
dua jasad pada tempoh yang sangat singkat .
Daya hentaman yang disertakan oleh pantulan
penghantaran dan gelombang tekanan yang
bermula pada titik sentuhan dipengaruhi oleh
bentuk, dimensi spesimen dan keadaan bebanan
defined as the application of relatively abruptly between two bodies in a very short period . Impact force supplied by reflections
transmission and pressure waves starting at the point of contact is influenced by shape , dimensions of the specimen and loading
conditions

Impact (mechanics), a high force or shock

(mechanics) over a short time period
Structure instability (buckling)

Introduction
Few example of failures:

Structural failure

Introduction

Structural failure

Introduction

Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapsed

Introduction

Structural support for spherical storage tank collapse

Introduction

Coal stacking belt failure, in Pennsylvania.

Introduction

Hydrogen embrittlement fracture surface of a bolt showing

multiple initiation sites. The fastener was one of eight body
bolts in a high pressure pump that failed after years in
atmospheric service.

Introduction

A natural gas pipeline in Venezuela ruptured next to a major

highway in September, 1993. The subsequent gas jet ignition
resulted in an inferno that killed at least 50 people.

Introduction

The Heverill Fire Department aerial ladder failure. Structural

failure of a ladder is not at all an uncommon event. Failure can
result from poor design, use of inferior/low grade material,
fabrication methods, or from a phenomenon called fatigue.

Introduction

Tay Bridge disaster

(1879), in Scotland.

During a violent storm on the

evening of 28 December 1879,
the centre section of the bridge,
known as the "High Girders",
collapsed, taking with it a train
that was running on its single
track. More than 75 lives were
lost.

Introduction

SS AMERICA - Queen of the American Merchant

Marine. Designed and constructed at the zenith of
transatlantic passenger ship service in the late 1930s.

Introduction

Due to hurricane-strength winds and mountainous waves continued

to pound the hapless. Over 55 years since first being riveted together
- suffered a total fracture (1994); the result of metal fatigue.

Introduction
Example : In Malaysia

Stadium negeri at Trengganu

Bukit antarabangsa
Highland tower

Impact and fatigue damage on wheel

Introduction
Loading Types:
Static load
-static forces that are relatively constant for an extended time.
example tension or compression.
Dynamic load
are usually unstable or moving loads.These dynamic loads may
involve considerations such as impact, momentum & vibration,
Thermal
occurs when a thermal gradient causes different parts of an object
to expand by different amounts. This differential related to stress or
of strain. At some point, this stress can exceed the strength of the
material, causing a crack.
Cyclic Load
a structure can lead to fatigue damage, cumulative damage, or
failure. These loads can be repeated loadings on a structure or can
be due to vibration

Introduction
Static or static load : sometimes a load is assumed to be
static when it is known that some variation is to be
expected.

Introduction
Mode of Failure
Ductile/mulur Material

Brittle/rapuh Material

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Failure Analysis
Ductile Material

Fail after yield point which

are cause by slipping

Maximum Shear Stress

Theory Tresca yield criterion
Maximum Distortion Energy
Theory von-Mises

Brittle Material

Suddenly fracture with no

apparent yielding

Maximum Normal Stress

Theory - Rankine
Mohrs Failure Criterion

Theories of Failure for Ductile Material

Ductile material gives large tensile strain
before fracture. Failure is specified by the
initiation of yielding.
Ductile failure can be defined when
slipping occurs between the crystals that
compose material. This slipping is due to
the shear stress.
The edges of the planes of slipping appear
at the surface of the strip referred to as
Luders lines.
Example of ductile material: steels and aluminum

Luders lines - 450

to the strip axis

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress

Failure of a machine component subjected to
uniaxial stress is directly predicted from an
equivalent tensile test.
Failure of a machine component subjected to
plane stress cannot be directly predicted from
the uniaxial state of stress in a tensile test
specimen.
It is convenient to determine the principal
stresses and to base the failure criteria on the
corresponding biaxial stress state.
Failure criteria are based on the mechanism of
failure. Allows comparison of the failure
conditions for a uniaxial stress test and biaxial
component loading.

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress

Tresca Yield Criterion
Maximum shearing stress criteria:
(Henri Tresca, 1868)
Structural component is safe as long as
/max. shear-stress theory
the maximum shearing stress is less
-used to predict the failure
than the maximum shearing stress in a
Stress of a ductile material
subjected any type of loading tensile test specimen at yield, i.e.,
max Y

Y
2

For a and b with the same sign,

max

a
2

or

b
2

Y
2

For a and b with opposite signs,

max

a b
2

Y
2

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Example:

xy = 80 MPa
x = 140 MPa

For the state of stress shown, determine the

maximum shearing stress when:
a) y = 20 MPa
b) y = 140 MPa

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Solution:

20

80

180

-20
140

o = 0

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Example

If the material yields in uniaxial simple tension at a stress y = 210 MPa,

investigate whether it will yield according to the maximum shear stress
criteria (tresca criteria) for both cases (a) max = 100 MPa and (b) max =
110 MPa ?
Tresca criteria,
Yielding when

max Y
Thus,

Y
or
2

For case (a), max = 100 MPa < 210 /2 = 105 Not yielding.
For case (b), max = 110 MPa > 210 /2 = 105 Yielding
occurs.

 Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress

Maximum-Distortion/Von-Mises CRITERIA

VON MISES STRESS

* Maximum normal stress theory

Shape/Angular/shear distortion
*shape change
*volume dont change
Volume distortion
*shape dont change
*volume change
Distortion energy theory culprit behind failure is distortion-> inter-moleculer change

(in simple tension test ->2= 3=0 , 1= y)

Failure according to Distortion Energy theory

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress

Since maximum-distortion energy theory

requires ud = (ud)Y ,
then for the case of plane or biaxial stress,
we have: (3=0)

12 1 2 2 2 Y 2

Yield Criteria for Ductile Materials Under Plane Stress

Maximum distortion energy criteria (von
Mises):

Structural component is safe as long as

the distortion energy per unit volume is
less than that occurring in a tensile test
specimen at yield.

u d uY

vonMises Y
Maximum distortion energy criteria (von
Mises):
Where

vonMises a2 a b b2 Y

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Example:

168 MPa

The state of plane stress shown occurs in a machine component made of

a steel with y = 210. Using the maximum distortion energy criterion
(Von mises criterion) determine whether yield occurs when:
(a) xy = 42 MPa
(b) xy = 84 MPa
(c) xy = 98 MPa
If yields does not occur, determine the corresponding factor of safety.

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Solution:
168 MPa

42 MPa

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Example:

A steel pipe has inner diameter of 60 mm and outer diameter of

80 mm. It is subjected to a torsional moment of 8 kNm and a
bending moment of 3.5 kNm.
By using maximum-distortion-energy theory, determine whether
the steel pipe will fail or not? (Given that Y = 250 MPa).

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Solution:
Torsional and bending moments are uniform throughout the pipes
length.
At arbitrary section a-a, loadings produce the stress distributions
shown.

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

By inspection, points A and B subjected to same state of critical
stress.

A
A

8000 N m 0.04 m
Tc

116.4 MPa
4
4
J 2 0.04 m 0.03 m

3500 N m 0.04 m
Mc

101.9 MPa
4
4
I
4 0.04 m 0.03 m

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

avg

0 101.9

50.9 MPa
2
= 127.1

1 50.9 127.1 76.2 MPa

2 50.9 127.1 178.0 MPa

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Using maximum distortion energy criterion (von mises),

2
1

1 2 2

76.22 76.2178.0 178.02

= 226 MPa < y

Since criterion is met, material within

the pipe will not yield (fail) according
to the maximum-distortion-energy
theory.

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Example: Page 459 (7.83)

Solution:

Yield Criteria Failure Analysis

Solution:

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Brittle materials fail suddenly
through rupture or fracture in a tensile
test. Tend to fail suddenly by fracture
with no apparent yielding

Stress-strain diagram for brittle

materials are similar in both
tension and compression

The failure condition is characterized

by the ultimate strength U.
Maximum normal stress criteria
(Rankine):
Structural component is safe as long as
the maximum normal stress is less than
the ultimate strength of a tensile test
specimen.
a U
b U

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Mohrs Failure Criterion

-Some brittle materials the tension and compression
properties are different. Criterion based use
Mohr's Circle may use to predict failure of the
material. Develop by Otto Mohr.
-To apply it, performs three test. A uniaxial tensile
test and uniaxial compressive test are used to
determine the ultimate tensile (ult)t and compressive
stress (ult)c . Torsion test is performed to determine
the ultimate shear stress ult of material.

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Mohrs Criterion

Circle A , 1 = 2 = 0, 3 = - (ult)c
Circle B, 1 = (ult)t ,2 = 3 = 0
Circle C, pure shear stress condition
caused by ult
These 3 circles are contained in a
failure envelope indicated by the
extrapolated curve that is drawn
tangent to all three circles.

A compression
B tensile
C - torsion

If a plane stress condition at a

point is represented by a circle that
is contained within the envelope,
the material is said not to fail.
Otherwise the failure occur.

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

All intermediate stress states fall into one of the four categories in the
following table. Each case defines the maximum allowable values for the
two principal stresses to avoid failure.

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Mohrs Criterion

Also can represent this criterion on a graph

of principal stress 1 and 2 (3 = 0)
Failure occur when the absolute value of
either one of the principal stresses reaches
a value equal to or greater than (ult)t or
(ult)c or in general, if the state of stress at
a point is defined by the stress coordinate
(1 , 2 ) which is plotted on the boundary
or outside the shade area.

Either of the above two criteria can be

used in practice to predict the failure of
brittle material

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Graphically, Mohr's theory requires that the two principal stresses lie within
the green zone
Maximum stress theory (Rankine) is less conservative than Mohr's theory
since it lies
outside Mohr's boundary

Equation of 4th quadrant of boundary :

If the equation > 1, rupture will occur

Example

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Yield Criteria for Brittle Materials Under Plane Stress

Factor of safety
The factor reduces the failure stress level to a value called working
stress which, under foreseen operating condition, the material in
component part of a design will have to withstand.

yield stress
F .S
allowable stress

Be aware some F.S. based on ultimate tensile stress

Factor of safety
It is needed due to:
Mathematical models only approximation.
Material property vary from batch to batch.
Type of loading produce unknown stresses.
Effect of environment, heat, ageing, corrosion etc.
General guidelines of F.S.
1.2 1.5
:Reliable materials under controllable condition.
1.5 2.0
:Well known materials under reasonably constant
environmental conditions and loads and stresses easily
determined.
2.0 2.5
:Average material. Also known Service Factors.
2.0 4.0
:For less tried material.
5.0 7.0
:Impact loading, to prevent failure.