PL/SQL

It is a programming language which is used to define our own logic

It is used to execute block of statements at a time, and increase the
performance
It supports variables, conditional statements, and loops
It supports object oriented programming and supports composite data type
It supports error handling mechanism
1. BLOCK
It is one of the areas which is used to write a programmic logic.
The block has 3 sections

Declaration section

Executable section

Exception section
a. Declaration section
It is one of the section which is used to declare variables, cursors and
lexceptions and so on.
It is optional section
a. Executable section
It is one of the section used to write coding
It is mandatory section
b. Exception section
It is one of the section which is used to handle errors at run time
It is optional section
There are two types of blocks are supported by pl/sql
Anonymous block
Named block
a. Anonymous block
These block doesnt have name and also not stored in database
SYNT: declare
--------------Begin
------------------------------End;
EX:

BEGIN
Dbms_output.put_line (welcome to oracle);
End;
b. Named blocks
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 These blocks are having a name and also stored in database

EX: procedures, functions, packages, and triggers
Variables:
It is one of the memory location which is used to store data
Generally we declare the variable in declaration section
These are supported default and not null
Synt: variable_name datatype(size);
EX: declare
A
number (5);
B
number (5) not null:=10;
C
number (5) default
10;
EX1: declare
A varchar (5);
Begin
A: = hello e bs;
Dbms_output.put_line (a);
End;
Storing a value into variable
Using assigning operator (: =) we storing a value into variable
Synt: a: =50;
Display message or variable value
We have pre-defined package which is used to display the message or value in the
program
EX:
Dbms_output.put_line (message);
Dbms_output.put_line (a);
Select ---------- into --------- clause
This clause is used to retrieve the data from table and storing into pl/sql variables
EX:
select col1,col2 into var1, var2;
1. DATA TYPES
% TYPE
% ROW TYPE
PL/SQL RECORD
1. %TYPE
It is one of the data type, which is used to assign the column datatype to
variable
It is used to store one value at time
It is not possible to hold more than one column values or row values
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Synt: variable_name table_name.colum_name%type

EX-1: declare
Vno emp.empno%type: =:no;
Vname emp.ename%type;
Begin
Select ename into vname from emp where empno=vno
Dbms_output.put_line(vname);
End;
2. % ROW TYPE
It is one of the datatype which is used to assign all the column datatypes of a
table to a variable
It holds entire record of the same table
Each of the time it override one record only
It is not possible to capture the more than one table data
Synt: v_name tab_nam%rowtype
EX-1: declare
Vrow emp%rowtype;
Vno emp.empno%type: =:no;
Begin
Select * into vrow from emp where empno=vno;
Dbms_output.put_line (details:vrow.ENAME);
End;
3. RECORD TYPE OR PL/SQL RECORD
It is one of the user defined temporary datatype which is used to store more
than one table data (or) to assign more than one column datatypes
They must contain atleast one element
Pin point of data is not possible
Synt: Type typename is record (val-1 datatype, val2 datatype, )
Var typename
Ex:

declare
Type rec is record (vname emp.ename%type
Vsal emp.sal%type
Vloc dept.loc%type) ;
Vrec rec;
Vno emp.empno%type := :no;
Begin

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Select ename, sal, loc into vrec from emp,dept where

emp.deptno = dept.deptno and emp.empno=vno
Dbms_output.put_line(vrec.vname||,||vrec.vsal||,||vrec.
emp||,||vrec.vloc);
End;

2. CONTROL STATEMENTS
IF
IF ELSE
ELSE IF
CASE
1. IF condition
Synt: if condition then
Statements;
End if;
Ex-1:

declare
a number (5):=&age;
b char (1);
begin
if a<20 then
b:= yes;
end if;
Dbms_output.put_line (b);
End;

2. IF ELSE CONDITON
Synt: if condition then
Statements;
Else
Statements;
End if;
Ex-1: declare
A number (5);
B char (5);
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Begin
If a< 20 then
B:= yes;
Else
B:= no;
End if;
Dbms_output.put_line (b);
End;

3. ELSE IF
Synt: if cond-1 then
Statements;
Elsif cond-2 then
Statements;
Elsif cond-3 then
Statements;
Else
Statements;
End if;
Ex-1: declare
A number (4);
B char (15);
Begin
If a<20 then
B:= low value;
Elsif a>=20 and a<40 then
B:=avg value;
Elsif a>=40 and a<=100 then
B:=high value;
Else
B:=enter correct value;
End if;
Dbms_output.put_line (b);
End;

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4. CASE CONDITION
Synt: case (column)
When condition then
Statements;
When condition then
Statements;
Else
Statements;
End case;
Ex-1 declare
Vsal number(10):=:no;
Begin
Case
When vsal<=2000 then
Dbms_output.put_line (low sal);
When vsal>2000 and vsal<=7500 then
Dbms_output.put_line (avg sal);
When vsal>7500 and vsal<=10,000 then
Dbms_output.put_line (high sal);
Else
Dbms_output.put_line (enter correct sal);
End case;
End;
3. LOOPS
SIMPLE LOOP
WHILE LOOP
FOR LOOP
1. SIMPLE LOOP
Synt:

Ex-1:

loop
Statements;
End loop;

begin
Loop

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Dbms_output.put_line (welcome to oracle);

End loop;
End;

Ex-2:

declare
N number (5): =1;
Begin
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (n);
Exit when n>=10;
N:=n+1;
End loop;
End;

Ex-3

declare
N number (5):=1;
Begin
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (n);
If n>=10 then
Exit ;
End if;
Note that n:=n+1 condition is used just
N:=n+1;
before end loop
End loop;
End;

2. WHILE LOOP
Synt: while (condtion)
Loop
Statements
End loop;

Ex-1 declare
N number (2):= 1;
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Begin
While n<=10
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (n);
N:=n+1;
End loop;
End;
NOTE:
IN SIMPLE LOOP FIRST WE PRINT THE DATA AND THEN APPLY THE CONDITION
IN WHILE LOOP FIRST WE APPLY CONDITION AND THEN WE PRINT THE DATA
3. FOR LOOP
Synt: for variable_name in lowerbound ..outerbound
Loop
Statements;
End loop;
Ex-1 declare
N number (2):=1;
Begin
For n in 1..10
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (n);
End loop;
End;
Ex-2 declare
N number (2):=1;
Begin
For n in reverse 1..10
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (n);
End loop;
End;
BIND VARIABLES / HOST VARIABLES:
These are session variables
Ex-1 variable a number
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Declare
B number(5):=500;
Begin
A:=B/2;
End;
Print A;
4. CURSORS
It is a buffer area which is used to process multiple records & also record by
record process
Types of cursors
IMPLICIT CURSOR
EXPLICIT CURSOR
IMPLICIT CURSOR
SQL statements returns a single record is called implicit cursor
Implicit cursors operations are done by system
1. Open by the system
2. Fetch the records by the system
3. Close by the system
Ex-1 declare
X emp%rowtype;
Begin
Select * into x from emp where empno=7369;
Dbms_output.put_line (x.empno||,||x.ename);
End;
EXPLICIT CURSOR
Sql statements returns a multiple records is called explicit cursor
Operations are done by user
1. Declare by user
2. Open by user
3. Fetch records by user
4. Close by the user
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select empno, ename, sal from emp;
Vno emp.empno%type;
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Vname emp.ename%type;
Vsal emp.sal%type;
Begin
Open c1
Fetch c1 into vno, vname, vsal;
Dbms_output.put_line (vno||,||vname);
Close c1;
End;
o/p: it will show only one record, we should use loop to get all records

Using loop:

begin
open c1
loop
fetch c1 into vno, vname, vsal
Dbms_output.put_line (vno);
End loop
Close c1;

End;
o/p: here we get all records , but with some extra records
so we use cursor attributes
Multiple fetch: begin
Open c1
Fetch c1 into vno, vname, vsal;
Dbms_output.put_line (vno);
Fetch c1 into vno, vname, vsal;
Dbms_output.put_line (vno);
Fetch c1 into vno, vname, vsal;
Dbms_output.put_line (vno);
Close c1;
End;
o/p: we get 3 records b/c of 3 fetches.
Cursor attributes: every explicit cursor having fallowing four attributes
%notfound
%found
%isopen
%rowcount
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 All cursors attributes should be used along with cursor name

Synt: % cur_nam attributename
Note: Except % rowcount all other cursors attributes returns Boolean Value
(either true or false) whereas %rowcount return number type
1. %NOT FOUND
Returns invalid cursor if cursor is declared, but not open or if cursor has
been closed
Returns null if cursor is open, but fetch has not been executed
Return false if a successful fetch has been executed
Returns true if no row was returned
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select empno, ename, job from emp;
Vno
emp.empno%type
Vname
emp.ename%type
Vjob
emp.job%type
Begin
Open c1
Loop
Fetch c1 into vno, vname, vjob;
Exit when c1%notfound;
Dbms_output.put_line (vno);
End loop;
Close c1;
End;
2. %FOUND
Returns invalid cursor if cursor is declared, but not open or if cursor is closed
Returns null if cursor is open, but fetch has not been executed
Returns true if a successfull fetch has been done
Returns false if no rows are returned
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select * emp;
X emp%rowtype;
Begin
Open c1
Loop
Fetch c1 into x;
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If c% found then
Dbms_output.put_line (x.empno);
Else
Exit;
End if;
End loop;
Close c1;
End;
3. %IS OPEN
Is to determine whether the cursor is open or not
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select * emp;
Vrow emp%rowtype;
Begin
Open c1
If c1%isopen then
Dbms_output.put_line (cursor is open)
Loop
Fetch c1 into vrow
Dbms_output.put_line (vrow.empno);
Exit when c1%notfound
End loop;
Close c1;
Else
Dbms_output.put_line (cursor not open);
End if;
End;

4. % ROWCOUNT
Returns invalid cursor if cursor is declared, but not open
Returns the number of rows fetched by the cursor
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select * from emp
Vrow emp%rowtype;
Begin
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Open c1
Loop
Fetch c1 into vrow;
Dbms_output.put_line (vrow.ename);
Exit when c1%notfound;
End loop;
Dbms_output.put_line ( total no.of emp=||c1%rowcount);
Close c1;
End;
SUB TOPIC IN CURSORS
PARAMETER CURSOR
CURSOR WITH FOR LOOP
NESTED CURSOR WITH FOR LOOP
CURSOR WITH DML OPERATIONS
a. PARAMETER CURSOR
i. We pass the parameter in the cursor
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 (p_dno number) is select * from emp where
deptno=:p_dno
Vrow emp%rowtype;
Begin
Open c1 (10); / open c1 (:p_dno);
Loop
Fetch c1 into vrow
Dbms_output.put_line (vrow.empno);
Exit when c1%notfound;
End loop;
Dbms_output.put_line (total no.of emp=c1%rowcount);
Close c1;
End;
b. CURSOR WITH FOR LOOP
In cursor for for loop no need to open, fetch, close the cursor.
For loop itself automatically will perform these functions
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select * from emp;
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Vrow emp%rowtype;
Begin
For vrow in c1
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (vrow.ename);
End loop;

Here in
cursor for loop
no need to
declare a variable

End;

c. NESTED CURSOR WITH FOR LOOP

Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select * from dept
Cursor c2(d_no number) is select * from emp where
deptno=d_no;
Begin
For i in c1
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (i.deptno);
For j in c2 (i.deptno)
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (j.empno||,||j.ename);
End loop;
End loop;
End ;

d. CURSOR WITH DML OPERATIONS

i. Insert
1. Create an empty table
Ex-1: create emp_c as select * from emp where 1=2;
Declare
Cursor c1 is select * from emp;
Begin
For i in c1
Loop
Inset into emp_c values (i.empno,i.ename);
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End loop;
End;

ii. Update
1. Update salary for manager in 10 department
Ex-1 declare
Cursor c1 is select * from emp_c;
Begin
For i in c1
loop
If i.job=clerk then
Update emp_c set sal=sal+100 where
Empno=i.empno;
Elsif i.job=salesman then
Update emp_c set sal=sal+1000 where
Empno=i.empno;
End if;
End loop;
End;

IF THIS
CONDITION IS
NOT USED,
THEN LAST
RECORD IS
ONLY UPDATED

iii. Delete
Ex-1 declare
Cursor c1 is select * from emp_c;
Begin
For i in c
Loop
Delete from emp_c where empno=i.empno;
End loop;
End;
REF CURSOR/ DYNAMIC CUROSR
Ref cursors are user define types, which is used to process multiple
records and also record by record process
Generally through the static cursors we are using one select statement at
a time for single active set area, where as in ref cursor we are executing
no.of select statements dynamically for single active set area
By using ref cursor we can return large amount of data from oracle
database into client application
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 There are two type of ref cursors

o Strong ref cursor
o Weak ref cursor
Strong ref cursor
o It is one of the ref cursor which is having return type
Weak ref cursor
o It is one of the ref cursor which does not have a return type
Note: in ref cursor we are executing select statements using open. For
statement
Ex-1
Declare
Type t1 is ref cursor;
X
t1;
Vrow
emp%rowtype;
Begin
Open x for select * from emp where sal>2000;
Loop
We cant use for loop for ref
Fetch x into vrow;
cursor
Exit when x%notfound;
Dbms_output.put_line (vrow.ename);
End loop;
End;
Ex-2:
Declare
Type t1 is ref curosor;
V_rc
t1;
V_x
emp%rowtype;
V_y
dept%rowtype;
P_no
number:= &pno
Begin
If p_no=1 then
Open v_rc for select * from emp;
Loop
Fetch v_rc into x;
Exit when v_rc%notfound;
Dbms_output.put_line (x.ename);
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End loop;
Elsif p_no=2 then
Open v_rc for select * from dept;
Loop
Fetch v_rc into y;
Exit when v_rc%notfound;
Dbms_output.put_line (y.dname);
End loop;
End if;
End;

5. EXCEPTIONS
Exceptions are the activities which are used to handle errors at run time
There are 3 types of exceptions
i. Pre-defined exceptions
ii. User defined exceptions
iii. Non predefined exceptions
1. PRE DEFINED EXCEPTIONS
i. It is one of the exception which are defined by oracle
ii. These are 20 exceptions available
Synt: when exceptin1 then
Statements;
When exception2 then
Statements;
When others then
Statements;
iii. Predefined exceptions are
1. No_data_found
2. Too_many_rows
3. Invalid_cursor
4. Cursor_already_open
5. Invalid_number
6. Value_error
7. Zero_divide
8. Others-++
1) No data found:

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a. When a pl/sql block contains select-----into clause and also if

requested data not available in table oracle server returns an
error.
b. Error is ora.01403:no data found
c. To handle this error we are using no_data_found exception
Ex-1:

declare
V_ename
V_sal

varchar (20);
number (10);

Begin
Select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where
Empno = :no;
Dbms_output.put_line (v_ename||,||v_sal);
End;
Ex-2:

declare
V_ename
V_sal

varchar (20);
number (10);

Begin
Select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where
Empno = :no;
Dbms_output.put_line (v_ename||,||v_sal);
Exceptions
When no_data_found then
Dbms_output.put_line (employees doesnt exist);
End;
Too_many_rows
1. When a select ----into clause try to return more than one record or more
than one values then oracle server will return an error
2. Error is ora.01422: exact fetch return more than requested number of
rows
3. To handle these errors we use too_many_rows exception
Ex-1:

declare
V_ename
V_sal

varchar (20);
number (10);

Begin
Select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where
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Empno = :no;
Dbms_output.put_line (v_ename||,||v_sal);
End;
Ex-2:

declare
V_ename
V_sal

varchar (20);
number (10);

Begin
Select ename, sal into v_ename, v_sal from emp where
Empno = :no;
Dbms_output.put_line (v_ename||,||v_sal);
Exceptions
When too_many_rows then
Dbms_output.put_line (program returns more than
one row);
End;
Ex-3 declare
Vrow emp%rowtype
Begin
Select * into vrow from emp where deptno=:dno
Dbms_output.put_line (vrow.ename);
Exception
When no_data_found
Dbms_output.put_line (emps doesnt exist in this dept)
When too_many_rows then
Dbms_output.put_line (program returns more than one
row);
End;
i/p: 40 then o/p: emps doesnt exist in this dept
i/p: 10 then o/p: program returns more than one row
Invalid cursor:
1. Whenever we are performing invalid operations on the cursor, server will
return an error i.e., if you are try to close the cursor with opening it.
2. Error is ora. 01001 : invalid cursor
3. To handle this error we use invalid_cursor exception
Cursor already open:
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1. When we try to reopen the cursor without closing the cursor oracle server
returns an error
2. Error is ora.06511: cursor is already open
3. To handle this error we use cursor_already_open.
Invalid number:
1. Whenever we try to convert string type to number type server return
error.
2. Error is ora.01722 invalid number.
3. To handle this error we are using invalid_number exception
Ex-1: begin
Insert into emp (empno,ename) values (abcd,abcd);
Exception
When invalid_number then
Dbms_output.put_line (plz check the datatype)
End;
Value_error:
1. Whenever we are try to convert string type to number type based on the
condition then oracle server returns an error.
2. Whenever we are try to store large amount of data, than the specified
datatype size then oracle server returns same error.
3. Error is ora.06502: numeric or value error :character to number conversion
error
4. To handle this error we use value_error
Ex-1: (pt-1)
Declare
A
number(5);
Begin
A:=:x+:y;
Dbms_output.put_line (a);
Exception
When value_error then
Dbms_output.put_line (plz enter values only);
End;
If u give any char to either x or y we get this error
Ex-2: (pt-2)
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Declare
A
number(2);
Begin
A:=:x+:y;
Dbms_output.put_line (a);
Exception
When value_error then
Dbms_output.put_line (give no.of addition < 1);
End;
Zero_error
1. Whenever we try to divide by zero then oracle server returns an error
2. Error is ora-01476: divisor is equal to zero
3. To handle this error we are using zero_divide exception
Ex-1: declare
A
number (5):=:a;
B
number (5):=:b;
C
number (5):=:c;
Begin
A:=b/c;
Dbms_output.put_line (a);
Exception
When Zero_divide then
Dbms_output.put_line (enter c value >1);
End;

EXCEPTION PROPOGATION
Exceptions are also raised in
Declaration section
Executable section
Exception section
If the exceptions are raised in executable section then those exceptions
are handled using either an outer block
Whereas if exception are raised in declaration section or in exception
section those exceptions are handled using outer blocks only
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Ex-1
Ex-1: begin
Declare
A
number (3): =abcde;
Begin
A:= abcd;
Dbms_output.put_line (a);
Exception
When value_error then
Dbms_output.put_line (a value is more than 3 char);
End;
exception
When value_error then
Dbms_output.put_line (plz check the size in variable);
End;

2. USER DEFINED EXCEPTIONS

We can also create our exception and also raise them whenever it is
necessary, these are called userdefined exceptions.
These exceptions are divided into 3 steps
Declare exception
Raise exception
Handle exception
1. In declare section of pl/sql program we are defining our own
exception name using exception type
Ex: declare
A
exception;
2. Whenever it is required, raise user defined exception either in
executable section or in exception section ,in this case we are using
raise keyword
Ex:

declare
A
exception;
Begin
Raise a;

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End;
3. We can handle user defined exceptions as same as predefined
exception using predefined handler
Ex-1: declare
A
exception;
Begin
If to_char (sysdate,dy)=sun then
Raise a;
End if;
Exception
When a then
Dbms_output.put_line (exception raised`today);
End;
Ex-2: declare
V_sal number (10);
A exception;
Begin
Select sal into v_sal from k where empno=7902;
If v_sal>2000 then
Raise a;
Else
Update k set sal=sal+100 where empno=7902;
End if;
Exception
When a then
Dbms_output.put_line (salary already high);
End;
RAISING PREDEFINED EXCEPTIONS
We can also raising predefined exception by using raise statement
Ex-1: declare
Cursor c1 is select * from emp where job=&job;
Vrow emp%rowtype;
Begin
Open c1;
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loop
Fetch c1 into vrow;
if c1%found then
Dbms_output.put_line (vrow.eno);
Else
Raise no_data_found;
End if;
End loop;
Close c1;
Exception
When no_data_found then
Dbms_output.put_line (your job not available);
End;
ERROR TRAPPING FUNCTION
There are two error trapping functions supported by oracle
1. Sql code: it returns number
2. Sql errm: it return number with message
Ex:
Declare
V_sal number (10);
Begin
Select sal into V_sal from emp where empno=7368;
Dbms_output.put_line (sqlcode);
Dbms_output.put_line (sqlerrm);
End;
RAISE APPLICAION ERROR
If you want to display your own user defined exception number and
exception message then we use this raise application error
Synt:
Raise_application_error (error_number, error_message)
Error_number: it is used to give error number between -20000 to -20999
Error_message: it is used to give message up to 512 characters
Ex:
Declare
V_sal number (10);
A exception;
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Begin
Select sal into V_sal from emp where empno=7369
If v_sal>2000 then
Raise a;
Else
Update emp set sal=v_sal+100 where empno=7369;
End if;
Exception
When a then
Raise_application_error (-20999, sal already high);
End;
3. NON PREDEFINED/ UN NAMED EXCEPTIONS
If you want to handle other than oracle 20 predefined errors we are using
unnamed method
Because oracle defined exception names for regular accuring errors other
than 20 they are not defined exception names
In this case we are providing exception names and also associate this
exception name with appropriate error no using exception_init function.
Synt:
pragma exception_init (userdefined_exception_name,
error_number);
Here pragma is compiler directive i.e., at the time of compilation only pl/sql
runtime engine associate error number with exception name.
This function is used to declare section of pl/sql block.
Ex:

declare
V_no number (10);
E exception;
Pragma exception_init(e,-2291);
Begin
Select empno into v_no from emp where empno=&no;
Dbms_output.put_line(v_no);
Exception
When e then
Dbms_output.put_line(pragma error);
End;

5. SUBPROGRAMS
Sub programs are named pl/sql blocks which are used to solve particular tasks
There are two types of sub programs supported by oracle
i. Procedures
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ii. Functions
1. PROCEDURES
Procedures may or may not return a value
Procedures return more than one value while using parameter
Procedure can only execute in 3 ways
1. Anonymous block
2. Exec
3. Call
Procedure cannot execute in select statement
Procedure internally having one time compilation process
Procedures are used to improve the performance of business application
Every procedure having two parts
a. procedure specification
in procedure specification we are specifying name of the procedure and
types of the parameter
b. procedure body
in procedure body we are solving the actual task
Ex-1: create or replace procedure p1 (p_empno number) is
V_ename number (5);
V_sal
number (10);
Begin
Select ename,sal into v_ename,v_sal from emp where empno=p_empno;
Dbms_output.put_line (v_ename);
End;
Execute the procedure the 3 ways
Method-1: begin
P1 (7902);
End;
Method-2: exec p1(7902);
Method-3: call p1 (7902);
Ex-2: create or replace procedure p111 (p_empno number) is
Cursor c1 is select * from emp where empno=p_empno;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

V
emp%rowtype;
Begin
Open c1;
loop
Fetch c1 into v;
Exit when c1%notfound;
Dbms_output.put_line(v.empno);
End loop;
Close c1;
End p111;
PROCEDURE WITH PARAMETERS:
Parameters are used to pass the value into procedures and also return values
from the procedure
In this case we must use two types of parameters
a. Formal parameters
b. Actual parameter
a. FORMAL PARAMETERS
formal parameters are defined in procedure specification
in formal parameter we are defining parameter name, mode of the
parameter
there are three types of modes supported by oracle
o IN MODE
o OUT MODE
o INOUT MODE
IN MODE
o By default procedure parameters having in parameter
o IN mode is used to pass the parameters into body
o This mode behaves like a constant in procedure body, through this IN
Mode we can also pass default values using := operater
EX: create or replace procedure p1 (dno in number
Dname in varchar
Loc in varchar)
Is
Begin
Insert into dept values (dno, dname, loc);
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Dbms_output.put_line (records are inserted);

End;
o There are three type of execution with in parameter
o Position notations: exec p1 (1,a,b)
o Named notation:
exec p1 (dname=>x,loc=>y,dno=>2);
o Mixed notations:
exec p1 (1,dname=>m, loc=>n)
OUT MODE
o This mode is used to return a value from the procedure body
o Outmode internally behave like a uninitialized variable in procedure body
Ex-1: create or replace p1 (a in number,
B out number);
Is
Begin
B:=a+a;
Dbms_output.put_line (b);
End;
Note:
In oracle if a subprogram contain out, inout parameter these subprograms are executed
using fallowing two methods
Method-1 using bind variables ------this method is better
Method-2 using anonymous block
Method-1
Variable b number;
Exec p1 (10, :b);

Method-2
Declare
B number;
Begin
P1 (5, b);
Dbms_output.put_line (b);
End;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Q: DEVELOP A PROGRAM FOR PASSNG AN EMPLOYEE NAME AS IN PARAMETER RETURN

SALRY OF THAT EMPLOYEE USITNG OUT PARAMETER FORM EMP TABLE
Prgm:
Create or replace procedure p1 (p_ename varchar,
P_sal out number)
Is
Begin
Select sal into p_sal from emp where ename=p_ename;
Dbms_output.put_line (p_sal);
End
Exec:
Variable a number;
Exec p1 (king, :a);

Q: develop a program for passing deptno as a parameter return how many employees are
working in a deptno from emp table
Progm
Create or replace procedure p2 (pdno number, pcount out number) IS
BEGIN
Select count (*) into pcount from emp where deptno=pdno
Dbms_output.put_line (pcount);
End;
Exec:
Exec p2 (10,:a);
INOUT MODE
o This mode is used to pass the values into subprograms and return the
values from subprogram
Ex-1:
Create or replace procedure p3 (a in out number) is
Begin
A:=a+a;
Dbms_output.put_line(a);
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End;
Variable a number;
Exec :a:=10;
Exec p1 (:a);
2. FUNCTIONS
Function is a named pl/sql block which is used to solve particular task and by
default functions returns a single value
Function is allow to write multiple return statements but it execute only first
return statement
Function can execute in 4 ways
Anonymous block
Select statement
Bind variable
Exec
Function also have two parts
Function specification
Function body
In fun specification we are specifying name of the function and type of the
parameter where as in fun body we are solving the task
Ex-1
Prgm: Create or replace function f1 (a varchar)
Return varchar2
Is
Begin
Return a;
End;
Executions:
1. anonymous block
Declare
A varchar(10);
Begin
A:=f1(welcome);
Dbms_output.put_line(a);
End;
2. bind variable
Variable a number
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Begin
:a=:f1(welcome);
End;
3. exec
Exec dbms_output.put_line(f1(welcome));
4. select statemet
Select f1(welcome) from dual
Q: EVEN OR ODD NUMBER
PRGM:
Create or replace function f1 (a number) return varchar is
Begin
If mod(a,2)=0 then
Return even number;
Else
Return odd number;
End if;
End;
Exec: select f2(4) from dual;
Q: ADDITION OF NUMBERS
PRGM
Create or replace function f3 return number is
A
number(10):=10;
B
number (10):=20;
C
number (10);
Begin
C:=a+b;
Return (c);
End;
Exec: select f3 from dual;

Q: ADDITION OF NUMBERS WITH PARAMETERS

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

PRGM
Create or replace function f3 (a number, b number) return number is
C
number (10);
Begin
C:=a+b;
Return(c);
End;
Note: without return c; function is create, but execution is not possible
With just return function created with compilation errors
Ex:
Prgm Create or replace function f4 (a number, b number) return number is
C
number (10);
D
number (10);
Begin
C:=a+b;
D:=a-b;
Return(c);
Return(d);
End;
Exec: select f4(20,10) from dual;
o/p: func(20,10)
30
first return
Suppose if we want to return multiple values we use out parameters
Ex:
Prgm create or replace function f4 (p_deptno in number,p_dname out varchar2, p_loc out
varchar)
Return varchar is
Begin
Select dname,loc into p_dname, p_loc from dept
Where deptno=p_deptno;
Return p_dname;
End;
Exec: bind variables
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Variable
Variable
Variable

A
b
c

varchar;
varchar;
number;

Begin
:c:=f4(10,:a,:b);
End;
Print b,

print a;

Q: WRITE A PL/SQL STORED FUNCTION FOR PASSING EMPNO AS PARAMETER, RETURN

GROSS SALARY FROM EMP TABLE BASED ON FALLOWING CONDITION?
CONDITION=> GROSS=BASIC+HRA+DA+PF
HRA =10% OF SAL
DA =20% OF SAL
PF
=30% OF SAL
PRGM
Create or replace function f5 (p_empno) return number is
V_sal
number (10);
V_hrda
number (10);
V_da
number (10);
V_pf
number (10);
V_gross
number (10);
Begin
Select sal into v_sal from emp where empno=p_empno;
V_hrda:=v_sal*0.1;
V_da:=v_sal*0.2;
V_pf:=v_sal*0.3;
V_gross:=v_sal+ V_hrda+ v_da+ v_pf;
Return (V_gross);
End;
Exec: select f45(7369) from dual;
Q: WRITE A PL/SQL STORED FUNCTION FOR PASSING EMPNO,DATE AS PARAMETER RETURN
NUMBER OF YEARS THAT EMPLOYEE IS WORKING BASED ON DATE FROM TABLE
PRGM
Create or replace function f6 (p_empno number, p_date date) return number is
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

A number (10);
Begin
Select month_between(p_date,hiredate)/12 into a from emp where
empno=p_empno;
Return(round(a));
End;
Exec: select f6(7369,10/3/12) from dual;
Q: WRITE A PL/SQL STORED FUNCION FOR PASSING EMPNOAS PARAMETER, CALCULATE TAX
BASED ON FALLOWING CONDITIONS BY USING EMP TABLE
CONDITION:IF ANNUAL SAL>10,000 THEN TAX=10%
IF ANNUAL SAL>20,000 THEN TAX=20%
IF ANNUAL SAL>30,000 THEN TAX=30%
PRGM:
Create or replace function f7 (p_empno number) return number is
P_ann
NUMBER (10);
P_tax
number (10);
P_sal
number (10);
Begin
Select sal into p_sal from emp where empno=p_empno
P_ann:=sal*12;
If p_ann>=10,000 and p_ann<20,000 then
P_tax:=p_ann*0.1;
elsIf p_ann>=20,000 and p_ann<30,000 then
P_tax:=p_ann*0.2;
elsIf p_ann>=30,000 then
P_tax:=p_ann*0.3;
Else
p_tax:=0;
end if;
return (p_tax);
end;
exec: select f7(7369) from dual
6. PACKAGE
Packages are database objects which is used to encapsulate variables,
constants, procedures, cursors, functions, types into single unit
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 Packages cannot accept parameters, cannot be nested, cannot be invoked

Generally packages are used to improve performance of the application,
because when we calling packaged subprogram first time total package
automatically loaded into memory area
Whenever we are calling subsequent subprogram, pl/sql engine calls those
subprograms from memory area
This process automatically reduces disk i/o thats why package improves
performance of the application
Package has two steps
i. Package specification
ii. Package body
In package specification we are defining global data and also declare objects ,
subprograms where as in package body we are implementing subprograms and
also package body subprogram internally behaves like a private subprogram
2. Package specification synt:
Create or replace package pac_name
Is/as
Global variable declaration;
Constant
declaration;
Cursor
declaration;
Types
declaration;
Procedure
declaration;
Function
declatation;
End;
3. Package body synt:
Create or replace package body pac_name
Is/as
Procedure implementation;
Function
implementation;
End;
4. Invoking packaged subprogram
i. Exec pak_name.proc_name(actual parameters);
ii. Select pak_name.fun_name(actual parameters) from dual;
Note: there is no possibility to done all transactions, we can only execute one
transaction at a time
Ex-1:
Spec: Create or replace package pack1 is
Procedure p1;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Procedure p2;
End;
Body: create or replace package body pack1 is
Procedure p1 is
Begin
Dbms_output.put_line(first procedure );
End p1;
Procedure p2 is
Begin
Dbms_output.put_line(second procedure);
End p2;
End pack1;
Ex-2:
Spec: create or replace package pack2 is
Procedure p1 (a number, b number);
Procedure p2 (x number, y number);
End;
Body: create or replace package body pack2 is
Procedure p1 (a number, b number) is
C number (10);
Begin
C:=a+b;
Dbms_output.put_line (c);
End p1;
Procedure p2(x number, y number) is
Z number (10);
Begin
Z:=x+y;
Dbms_output.put_line (z);
End p2;
End pack2;
Ex-3: procedure and functions with packages
Spec: create or replace package pack3 is
Procedure p1(a number, b number);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Function f1 (x number, y number) return number ;

End;
Body: create or replace package body pack3 is
Procedure p1 (a number, b number) is
C number (10);
Begin
C:=a+b;
Dbms_output.put_line (c);
End p1;
Function f1 (x number, y number) return number is
Z number (10);
Begin
Z:=x*y;
Dbms_output.put_line (z);
End f1;
End pack3;
Exec: exec pack3.p1 (10, 20);
Select pack3.f1 (10, 20) from dual;
SUB TOPICS
Global and local variables
Procedure overloading
Forward declaration
1. Global variable:
It is one of the variable used to define in package specification and implement in
package body are called global variables.
2. Local variable
It is one of the variable which is used to define in programs (procedure,
functions) and implement with in the program only
Ex:
Spec: create or replace package pack4 is
Global variable
G_v number (10):=500;
Procedure p1;
End;
Body: create or replace package body pack4 is
Procedure p1 is
Local variable
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Z number (10);
Begin
z:=g_v/2;
end p1;
end pack4;
3. Procedure overloading
Overloading refer to same name can be used for different purposed i.e., we are
implementing overloading procedures through package only, those procedures
having same name but different arguments
Ex:
Spec: create or replace package pack5 is
Procedure p1 (a number, b number);
Procedure p1 (x number, b number);
End;
Body: create or replace package body pack5 is
Procedure p1 (a number, b number) is
Begin
C:=a+b;
Dbms_output.put_line(c);
End p1;
Procedure p1 (x number, y number) is
Begin
Z:=+x*y;
Dbms_output.put_line (z);
End p1;
End pack5;
Exec: exec pack4.p1 (10, 20);
Error: too many declarations of p1
Notations: exec pack4.p1 (a=>10, b=>20);
4. Forward declaration
When we are calling procedure into another procedure then only we are using
forward declaration i.e., whenever we are calling local procedure into global
procedure first we must implement local procedure, before calling otherwise we
use forward declaration in package body
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Ex:
Spec: create or replace package pack6 is
Procedure p1;
End

global procedure

Body: create or replace package body pack5 is

Procedure p2;
we defined local procedure
Procedure p1 is
(forward declaration)
Begin
P2;
exec local procedure
End p1;
Procedure p2 is
Begin
Dbms_output.put_line (local procedure);
End p2;
End pack6

7. TRIGGERS
Trigger is also same as stored procedure and also it will automatically invoked
whenever DML operation performed against table or view
There are two types of triggers
Statement level
Row level
In statement level trigger body is executed only for DML statements
In row level trigger , trigger body is executed for each and every DML operation
Synt:
Create or replace trigger
trigger_name
Before/after
trigger event
Insert/ update/ delete on table_name
{for each row}
{where condition }
{ declare }
Varaibles, cursors declaration
Begin
----------End;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Execution order in triggers:

Before statement level trigger
Before row level trigger
After row level
After statement level

1. Statement level trigger

In this, trigger body is executed only once for each DML statement, thats why
generally statement level triggers used to define type based condition and also
used to implement auditing reports. These triggers does not contain new, old
qualifiers.
Q: write a pl/sql statement level trigger on emp table not to perform DML operation
in Saturday and Sunday?
Prgm:
Create or replace trigger tr1
Before
Insert or update or delete on tt/fnd_user;
Begin
If to_char (sysdate, dy) in (sat, sun);
Then
Raise_application_error (-20123,we cant perform on sat and sun);
End if;
End;
Q: write a pl/sql statement level trigger on emp table not to perform DML operations
on last day of the month
Prgm;
Create or replace trigger tr2
Before
Insert or update or delete on tt;
begin
If sysdate=last_date (sysdate) then
Raise_application_error (-2011, we cant perform on last day of month);
End if;
End;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

TRIGGER EVENT:
If you want to define multiple condition on multiple tables then all data base
systems uses trigger event.
These are insert, update, deleting
These are either used in statement level or row level
Q: write a pl/sql statement level trigger on emp table not to perform any DML
operations in any day using trigger event
Progm:
Create or replace trigger tr3
Before
Insert or update or delete on emp
Begin
If inserting then
Raise_application_error (-21012, we cant insert);
elsIf updating then
Raise_application_error (-21013, we cant update);
elsIf delete then
Raise_application_error (-21014, we cant delete);
End if;
End;
Ex: create table test (msg varchar2(100));
Create or replace trigger tr5
After
Insert or update or delete on emp
Declare
A
varchar(100);
Begin
If inserting then
A:=rows inserted;
elsIf updating then
A:=rows updated;
elsIf deleting then
A:=rows deleted;
End if;
Insert into test values(a);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

End;
2. Row level trigger
In row level triggers, trigger body is executed for each row for DML operation,
thats the reason we are using for each row clause in trigger specification and
also data internally stored in 2 roll back segment qualifiers are OLD and NEW
These qualifiers are used in either trigger specification or trigger body. When we
are using these qualifiers in trigger body we must use colon (:) prefix in the
qualifiers
Synt: :old.column_name
(or)
:new.column_name
When we are using these qualifiers in when clause we are not allowed to use
colon infront of the qualifiers
Qualifiers
:new
:old

Insert
Yes
No

Update
Yes
Yes

Delete
No
Yes

In before trigger, trigger body is executed before DML statements are effected
into database
In after trigger, trigger body is executed after DML statements are effected into
database
Generally we want to restrict the invalid data entry ,always we are using before
triggers, where as if we are performing operations on the one table those
operations are effecting on another table then we are using after trigger
Whenever we are inserting values into new qualifiers we must use before
trigger otherwise oracle server returns an error
Q: write a pl/sql row level trigger on emp table whenever user inserting data
into emp table sal should be more than 5000?
Prgm:
Create or replace trigger tr10
Before
Insert on emp_t
For each row
Begin
If :new.sal<5000 then
Raise_application_error (-20123, sal should be >5000);
End if;
End;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Q: write a pl/sql row level trigger on emp, dept tables while implement on
delete cascade concept without using on delete cascade clause
Prgm:
Create or replace trigger t11
After delete on dept
Parent table
For each row
Begin
Delete from emp where deptno=:old.deptno;
End

Q: write a pl/sql row level trigger on dept table, whenever updating deptnos in
dept table automatically those deptnos modified in emp table
Prgm:
Create or replace trigger t12
After
Update on dept
For each row
Begin
Update emp set deptno=:new.deptno where deptno=:old.deptno;
End;
Q: write a pl/sql row level trigger on emp table by using below conditions
1. Whenever user inserting data those values stored in another table
2. Whenever user updating data those values stored in another table
3. Whenever user deleting data those values stored in another table
Prgm:
First we create 3 tables which are having the same structure of emp table
Create or replace trigger t14
After
Insert or update or delete on emp
For each row
Begin
If inserting then
Insert into e1 values (:new.empno,:new.ename);
If updating then
Insert into e2 values (:old.empno,:new.ename);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

If deleting e3 then
Insert into e1 values (:old.empno,:new.ename);
End;
Q: write a pl/sql trigger on emp table whenever user deleting records from emp
table automatically display remaining number of existing record number in
bottom of delete statement?
Prgm:
Create or replace trigger t15
After
Delete on emp
Declare
A
number (10);
Begin
Select count (*) into a from emp;
Dbms_output.put_line (remaining records are:||a);
End;
MUTATING TRIGGER:
Create or replace trigger t15
After
Delete on emp
For each row
Declare
A
numer (10);
Begin
Select count (*) into a from emp;
Dbms_output.put_line (rmaining record are:||a);
End;
In a row level trigger based on a table trigger body cannot read data from same
table and also we cannot perform DML operations on same table
If we are trying to do this oracle will return an error table is mutating
This error is called mutating error
This table is called mutating table
This trigger is called mutating trigger
Mutating errors are not accured in statement level triggers because through
these statement level triggers when we are performing DML operations
automatically data committed to data base
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

 Where as in row level triggers when we are performing transaction data is not
committed and also again we are reading this data from the same table then
only mutating error is occurred
To avoid this mutating error, we are using autonomous transaction in triggers.
Create or replace trigger t15
After
Delete on emp
For each row
Declare
Pragma autonomous_transaction;
A
numer (10);
Begin
Select count (*) into a from emp;
Dbms_output.put_line (rmaining record are:||a);
Commit;
End;

DDL TRIGGERS
We can also create triggers on schema level, data base level. These types of
triggers are called DDL triggers / system triggers.
These are types of triggers are created by database administrator
Synt: create or replace trigger trigger_name
Before/ after
Create/ alter/rename/ drop
On username.schema
Q: write a pl/sql trigger on schott schema not to drop emp table
Prgm:
Create or replace trigger tr17
Before
Drop on apps.schema
Begin
If ora_dict_obj_name=emp and
Ora_dict_obj_type=TABLE then
Raise_application_error (-20123, we cannot drop table);
End if;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

End;
8. COLLECTIONS
5. Oracle server supports fallowing types
i. Pl/sql record
ii. Index by table or pl/sql table or associate arrays
iii. Nested tables
iv. Varrays
v. Ref cursors
1. Index by table
This is a user defined data type, which is used to store multiple data items in
to single unit, basically it is unconstrained table
Generally these tables are used to improve performance of application
because these tables are stored in memory area thats why these tables are
also called as memory tables
Basically these tables contains key value pairs i.e., value field is stored in
actual data and key field stored in indexes
Key field values are either integer or char and also these values or either +ve
or ve
These indexes key behave like a primary key i.e., they dont allow duplicate
and null values. Basically this key data type is binary_integer
Index by table having fallowing collection methods
1. Exists
2. First
3. Last
4. Prior
5. Next
6. Count
7. Delete (range of indexes)
Ex:1
Declare
Type t1 is table of number (10) index by binary_integer;
V1 t1;
Begin
V1(1):=10;
V1(2):=20;
V1(3):=30;
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V1(4):=40;
V1(5):=50;
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(3));
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.first);
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.last);
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.prior (3));
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.next (2));
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.count);
End;
Ex-2:
Declare
Type t2 is table of number (10) index by binary_integer;
V1 t2;
Begin
V1(1):=10;
V1(2):=20;
V1(3):=30;
V1(4):=40;
V1(5):=50;
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.count);
(1,3) is range i.e.,
from 1,2,3
V1.delete (1, 3);
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.count);
V1.delete (5);
Single value with index
5 is deleted
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.count);
V1.delete;
All deleted
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.count);
End;
Q: write a pl/sql program to get all employee names from emp table and store it into index
by table and display from index by table
Prgm:
Declare
Type t3 is table by varchar2 (10) index by binary_integer;
V1 t3;
Cursor c1 is select ename from emp;
N
number(5):=1;
Begin
Open c1;
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Loop
Fetch c1 into v1(n);
Exit when c1%notfound;
N:=n+1;
End loop;
Close c1;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(i));
End loop;
End;
Prgm;
Declare
Type t4 is table of varchar2 (10) index by binary_integer;
V1 t4;
Begin
Select ename bulk collect into v1 from emp;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1 (i));
End loop;
End;

Prgm:
Declare
Type t5 is table of date index by binary_integer;
V1 t5;
Begin
For I in 1..10
Loop
V1.(i):=sysdate+1;
End loop;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1 (i));
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End loop;
End;

Q: write a pl/sql program to retrieve all joining dates from emp table and store it into index
by table and display content from index by table?
Prm:
Declare
Type t6 table of date index by binary integer
V1 t6;
Cursor c1 select hire date from emp;
N
number(2):=1;
begin
open c1;
loop
Fetch c1 into v1(n);
Exit when c1%notfound;
N:=n+1;
End loop;
Close c1;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(i));
End loop;
End;
Prgm:
Declare
Type t7 is table of date index by binary_integer;
V1 t5;
Begin
Select hiredate bulk collect into v1 from emp;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(i));
End loop;
End;
Ex-1:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Declare
Type t8 is table of varchar (10) index by varchar2 (10);
V1 t8;
X
varchar2 (10);
Begin
V1 (a):=ARUN;
V1 (b):=AJAY;
V1 (c):=CHANU;
X:=a;
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(x));
X:=v1.next(x);
Exit when x is null;
End loop;
End;
Ex-2:
Declare
Type t9 is table of emp%rowtype index by binary_integer;
V1 t9;
X
number (5);
Begin
Select * bulk collect into v1 from emp;
X:=1;
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(x).empno||,||v1(x).ename);
X:=v1.next (x);
Exit when x is null;
End loop;
End;
(OR)

Declare
Type t10 is table of emp%rowtype index by binary_integer;
V1 t10;
Begin
Select * bulk collect into v1 from emp;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(x).empno||,||v1(x).ename);
End loop;
End;
2. NESTED TABLES
This is also user defined datatype which is used to store multiple data items in a
single unit but before are storing actual data we must initialize the data while using
constructor.
Here constructor name is same as type name. generally we are not allow to store
index by tables permanently into database, to overcome this problem they are
introduced nested tables, to extension of index by tables
These user defined datatype store permanently into database using sql
In index by tables we cannot add or remove indexes, where as in nested tables we
can add or remove the indexes using extend, trim collection methods.
In nested tables we can allocate the memory explicitly while using extend method
Synt:
Type type_name is table of datatype (size)
Variable_name type_name := type_name (); constructor name
Ex-1:

declare
Type t1 is table of number (10);
V1 t1:=t1();
Begin
V1.extend(100);
V1(100):=10;
Dbms_output.put_line (v(100));
End

Ex-2
Declare
Type t2 is table of number (10);
V1 t2:=t2 (10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
Begin
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.first);
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.last);
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.prior (3));
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.next (3));
Dbms_output.put_line (v1.count);
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Dbms_output.put_line (v1 (3));

For I in v1.first ..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1 (i));
End loop;
End;
Ex-3:
Declare
Type t3 is table of number (10);
V1 t3:=t3 (10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
Begin
Last 3 records are deleted here,
V1.trim (3);
Particular 1 record is not possible to delete
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1 (1));
End loop;
End;
Ex-3:
Declare
Type t4 is table of number (10);
V1 t4
V2 t4:=t4 ();
Begin
If v1 is null then
Dbms_output.put_line (v1 is null);
Else
Dbms_output.put_line (v1 is not null);
End if;
If v2 is null then
Dbms_output.put_line (v2 is null);
Else
Dbms_output.put_line (v2 is not null);
End if;
End;

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Q: write a pl/sql program to get all employee names from emp table and store it to nested
table and display data from nested tables
Prgm:
Declare
Type t5 is table of varchar2 (10);
V1 t5:=t5();
Cursor c1 is select ename from emp;
N number (5):=1;
Begin
For I in c1
Loop
V1. extend();
V(n):=i.ename;
N:=n+1;
End loop;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line(v(i));
End loop;
End;
(OR)
Prgm:
Declare
Type t5 is table of varchar2 (10);
V1 t5:=t5();
Begin
Select ename bulk collect into v1 from emp
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(i));
End loop;
End;
Prgm:
Declare
Type t6 is table of emp%rowtype;
V1 t6:=t6();
Begin
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Select * bulk collect into v1 from emp;

For I in v1.first..v1.last;
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1 (i).ename||,||v1(i).empno);
End loop;
End;
3. VARRAYS
This is also user defined data types which are used to store multiple data types
in single unit, but before that we are storing actual data we must initialize the
data while using constructor
These user defined types stored permanently into database using sql
Basically we are using Varrays for retrieving the huge data.
Synt:
Type type_name is varray(max size) of datatype(size);
variable_name:=type_name();
Prgm:
Declare type t1 is varrary (50) is emp%rowtype;
V1 t1:=t1();
Beign
Select * bulk collect into v1 from emp;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(i).empno||,||v1(i).ename);
End loop;
End;
Q: how to store these user defined types in database
A:
create type t1 is table of number(100);
Difference b/w index by table, nested table, Varrays
Index by table
1.it is not stored
permanently in database
2.we cant add or remove
indexes

Nested by table
1.it is stored permanently in
database using sql
2. we can add or remove
indexes using extend, trim
method

Varrays
1.it is stored permanently in
database using sql
2. we can add or remove
indexes using extend, trim
method

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

3.indexes starting from ve

to +ve numbers and also
having key value paris
4.For small and medium
date

3.indexes staring form 1

3. indexes starting from 1

4.for small and medium data 4.for large date

9. BULK
Bulk Is one of the method which is used to improve the performance of the
applications
Oracle introduce bulk bind process using collections i.e., in this process we are
putting all sql statement related values into collection and in this collection we are
performing insert, update, delete at a time using for all statement
In this bulk we have two actions
i. Bulk collect
ii. Bulk bind
1. Bulk collect
In this clause we are used to fetch the data from resource into collection
This clauses used in
Select..into.clause
Cursor.fetchclause
Dmlreturningclause
1. Bulk collect used in selectinto.clause
Synt: select * bulk collect into collection_name from table_name
Ex:

declare
Type t1 is table of emp%rowtype Index by binary_integer;
V1 t1;
begin
Select * bulk collect into v1 from emp;
For I in v.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v(i).empno||,||v(i).ename);
End loop;
End;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

2. Bulk collect used in cursor..fetch.statement

Synt: fetch cursor_name bulk collect into collection_variable;
Ex:

declare
Type t2 is table of varchar2 (10) index by binary_integer;
V1 t1;
V2 t1;
Cursor c1 is select ename, job from emp;
Begin
Open c1;
Fetch c1 bulk collect into v1,v2;
Close c1;
For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(i)||,||v2(i));
End loop;
End;

Time program without bulk:

Declare
Vrow varchar2(50);
Cursor c1 is select object_name from all_objects;
Z1 number (10);
Z2 number (10);
Begin
Z1:=dbms_utility.get_time;
Open c1;
Loop
Fetch c1 into vrow ;
Exit when c1%notfound;
End loop;
Close c1;
Z2:=dbms_utility.get_time;
Dbms_output.put_line (z1);
Dbms_output.put_line (z2);
Dbms_output.put_line (z1-z2);
End;
Time program without bulk:
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Declare
Vrow varchar2(50);
Cursor c1 is select object_name from all_objects;
Z1 number (10);
Z2 number (10);
Begin
Z1:=dbms_utility.get_time;
Open c1;
Loop
Fetch c1 bulk collect into vrow ;
Exit when c1%notfound;
End loop;
Close c1;
Z2:=dbms_utility.get_time;
Dbms_output.put_line (z1);
Dbms_output.put_line (z2);
Dbms_output.put_line (z1-z2);
End;

3. Bulk collect used in DML..returning clauses

Synt: dml statement returning column_name into variable_name
Ex: variable a varchar2 (10);
Update emp set sal=sal+100 where ename=KING returning job bulk
collect into a;
Print a;
Q: write a pl/sql stored procedure modify salaries of the clerk from emp table and also these
modified values immediately stored in index table by using dml returningclause
And also display content form index by table?
Prgm:
Create or replace procedure p1 is
Type t1 is table of emp%rowtype index by binary_integer;
V1 t1;
Begin
Update emp set sal=sal+100 where job=clerk
Returning empno, ename, job, mgr, hiredate, sal, comm, deptno
Returning
updated clerk
Bulk collect into v1;
information
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Dbms_output.put_line (updated no.of clerks are:||sql%rowcount);

For I in v1.first..v1.last
Loop
Dbms_output.put_line (v1(i).ename||,||v1(i).job);
End loop;
End;
2. Bulk bind
In bulk bind process we are performing bulk of operations using collections i.e., in
this process we are using bulk update, bulk insert, bulk delete using forall
statement
Before we are using bulk bind process we are fetching data from database into
collection using bulk collect clause
Synt: forall indexvar in collectionvar.first..collectionvar.last
Ex: declare
Type t1 is varray (10) of number (10);
V1 t1:=t1 (10, 20);
Begin
Forall I in v1.first..v1.last
Update emp set sal=sal+100 where deptno=v1(i);
End;
Bulk update:
Prgm: declare
Type t1 is table of numbe (5) index by binary_integer;
V1 t1;
Begin
Select empno bulk collect into v1 from emp;
Forall I in v1.first..v1.last
Update emp set sal=sal+100 where empno=v1(i);
End;
Bulk delete
Prgm: declare
Type t1 is varray(10) of number (10);
V1 t1:=t1(20,30,40);
Begin
Forall I in v1.first..v1.last
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Delete from emp where empno=v1(i);

End;
Bulk insert
Prgm: declare
Type t1 is table of number (10) index by binary_integer;
V1 t1;
Begin
For I in 1..100
Loop
V1(i):=I;
End loop;
Forall I in v1.first..v1.last
Insert into bt values(v(i));
End;

10.When current of and for update clause

Generally when we are using update, delete statements automatically locks are
generated in the database.
If you want to generate locks before update, delete statements then we are
using cursor locking mechanism in all database systems
In this case we must specify for update clause in cursor definition
Synt: cursor cursor_name is select * from table_name where condition for
update
If you are specifying for update clause also oracle server does not generate the
lock i.e., whenever we are opening the cursor then only oracle server internally
uses exclusive locks
After processing we must release the locks using commit statement
Where current clause uniquely identifying a record in each process because
where current of clause internally used ROWID
Whenever we are using where current of clause we must use for update clause
Ex:

declare
Cursor c1 is select * from k for update;
I emp%rowtype;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

Begin
Open c1;
Loop
Fetch c1 into I ;
Exit when c1% notfound;
If i.job=CLERK then
Update set sal=i.sal+1000 where current of c1;
End if
End loop;
Commit;
release lock
Close c1;
End;

If dont release it,

we cant do any
operation on same
table in other
schema

11.PRAGMA AUTONOMUS TRANSACTION

When we use commit in child procedure then we use pragma
autonomous_transaction
Child procedure
Create or replace procedure cp is
Cursor c1 is select * from emp;
Vrow emp%rowtype;
Pragma autonomus_transaction;
Begin
Open c1;
Loop
Fetch c1 into vrow;
Exit when c1%notfound;
If vrow.deptno=10 then
Update sal=vrow.sal+1000 where empno=vrow.empno;
End if;
End loop;
Commit;
Close c1;
end;
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change

o/p: procedure created

Main procedure
create or replace procedure mp is
begin
delete from pt where deptno=20;
cp;
rollback;
end;

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------All rights reserved @code4change