VBA Foundations, Part 11

A Tutorial in VBA for BeginnersThe Eleventh of a Twelve Part Series

Richard L. Binning / [email protected]
Welcome back for another look at VBA Foundations for AutoCAD. This issue will look at the concept of
Events in greater depth. I mentioned in the last issue that events are at the heart of VBA and the AutoCAD
object model has already enabled many objects with the ability to react to specific events. I also told you that
with a beginners understanding of events, one can create new events for objects to react to. If you have not been
downloading the long version of this series of articles from the PaperSpace downloads page, I would encourage
you to do so. We will be looking at even more code in this issue than ever before. Look for the code later in this
document for an example using our Purge-n-SaveAll routine that will encompass all the concepts we are learning
today. All right! Enough already! Lets get started.
Events are notifications, or messages, that are sent out by whatever application you happen to be working in,
AutoCAD in our example, to inform you about some thing or activity, or to alert you that something has
happened or is about to happen. If you look up the definition of an event in the Microsoft Developer Network
documentation you will find the following:
An action recognized by an object, such as a mouse click or key press, for which you can define a
response. An event can be caused by a user action or a Visual Basic statement, or it can be triggered by
the system.
Looking at these descriptions and definitions we see that AutoCAD itself is anticipating specific actions and
providing a mechanism to allow us to add to, modify, or ignore these specific actions. AutoCAD itself provides
three categories of Events:

Application Events: These events are directly related to changes in AutoCADs state and the application
environment. These changes include changes to the AutoCAD window itself such as the user minimizing or
maximizing the window. Additional examples include documents being opened, saved, printed, and closed.
Other integrated applications such as an AutoLisp or Arx routine when called, loaded, cancelled, and
unloaded are also tracked as Application Level events. Note: Application Level Events are not automatically
loaded when a VBA routine is run. See the following segment for the steps required to create, load, and
initialize an Application Level Event.
To Load or Enable Application Events:
1.)

Insert a class module into your VBA project

2.)

Give your class a meaningful name such as myEventClass

3.)

Add the following code to your Class:

Public WithEvents App As AcadApplication

4.)

Now we need to connect the class to our Application. We can do this from any module. So lets
add the following code to the general declarations area of a new module we will insert into our
VBA Project. The general declarations area is simply the top of the module.
Dim clsEvents As New myEventClass

5.)

Now give your module a meaningful name such as EventClassLoadingModule and add the
following sub routine as shown below:
Sub InitializeEvents()
Set clsEvents.App = ThisDrawing.Application

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Richard L. Binning / [email protected]
End Sub

6.)

Now to get this class working! Simply call your InitializeEvents subroutine. How? Many
ways, we can put a Public sub in our Module to call it out or in ThisDrawing or on a form or
??? Can you think of other ways?
Public Sub Kick_IT_Off()
Call InitializeEvents
End Sub

7.)

Once this Event controller is initialized, by moving the mouse cursor into the above sub and
pressing the F5 key, you can return to the myEventClass class code window and start
setting up individual handlers for the event triggers that occur related to the Application itself.
Do this by selecting the App object in the Object pulldown and then select the desired trigger
from the available options in the procedures drop down to the right of the object drop down.
This action will result in the creation of skeleton code as shown below
(App_SysVarChanged) ready for you to add code to.
(See graphic Below).

Please be aware that unlike Visual Lisp Reactors, AutoCADs VBA enabled application level events are not
persistent. In other words, they must be enabled for VBA and any other Applications that might wish to make use
of them. Once these application level events have been enabled, you will have a wide range of events available to
you. See the chart below for a list of the application level events available and when they are triggered.

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A Tutorial in VBA for BeginnersThe Eleventh of a Twelve Part Series
Richard L. Binning / [email protected]

AutoCAD Application Level Events

AppActivate

Triggered just before the main Application

window is activated.

EndCommand

Triggered immediately after a command

completes.

AppDeactivate

Triggered just before the main Application

window is deactivated.

EndLISP

Triggered upon completion of evaluating

a LISP expression.

ARXLoaded

Triggered when an ObjectARX application

has been loaded.

EndModal

Triggered just after a modal dialog box is

dismissed.

ARXUnloaded

Triggered when an ObjectARX application

has been unloaded.

EndOpen

Triggered immediately after AutoCAD

finishes opening an existing drawing.

BeginCommand

Triggered immediately after a command

is issued, but before it completes.

EndPlot

Triggered after a document has been

sent to the printer.

BeginFileDrop

Triggered when a file is dropped on the

main Application window.

EndSave

Triggered when AutoCAD has finished

saving the drawing.

BeginLISP

Triggered immediately after AutoCAD

receives a request to evaluate a LISP
expression.

LISPCancelled

Triggered when the evaluation of a LISP

expression is canceled.

BeginModal

Triggered just before a modal dialog box

is displayed.

NewDrawing

Triggered just before a new drawing is

created.

BeginOpen

Triggered immediately after AutoCAD

receives a request to open an existing
drawing.

SysVarChanged

Triggered when the value of a system

variable is changed.

BeginPlot

Triggered immediately after AutoCAD

receives a request to print a drawing.

WindowChanged

Triggered when there is a change to the

Application window.

BeginQuit

Triggered just before an AutoCAD

session ends.

WindowMovedOrResized

Triggered just after the Application

window has been moved or resized.

BeginSave

Triggered immediately after AutoCAD

receives a request to save the drawing.

Document Events: These events are directly tied to the drawings opened by AutoCAD. Specifically, a
document event is triggered when changes occur within or to an AutoCAD drawing (*.dwg), the objects this
drawing contains, or the window it is displayed in. Some of the document level events are duplicates of the
application events allowing you, the programmer, additional control and notification down to the specific file.
Examples of Overlapping Document Events include: Begin and End events for saving, closing, plotting, and
running Lisp routines. Additional Document Level Events include: Document Window changes, Object level
changes, and Shortcut menu notifications. Note: Document Level Events ARE automatically loaded in the
ThisDrawing module, which is contained in every VBA routine by default. We will not look at enabling
Document level events from outside of VBA in this article, but the procedure is well documented in the
online help. If still stumped, please post your question to the VBA guild, or email me directly for the
answer.

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A Tutorial in VBA for BeginnersThe Eleventh of a Twelve Part Series
Richard L. Binning / [email protected]
To Enable Document Level Events inside of AutoCAD:
1.)

Activate the ThisDrawing class in the VBA editor by double clicking on it in the
project explorer.

2.)

Select the AcadDocument object in the Object pulldown and then select the desired
trigger from the available options in the procedures drop down to the right of the object
drop down. (See Graphic)

3.)

This action will result in the creation of skeleton code to be filled in prior to activating.
Option Explicit
Private Sub AcadDocument_BeginSave(ByVal FileName As
String)
End Sub
Did you notice how as soon as you selected the AcadDocument object in the left
combo box that the skeleton code shown above was inserted into your drawing? Why
was the Begin Save Event chosen above all others? If we sneak a peak into the Type
Library File for AutoCAD we can see that the Begin Save event is simply listed as
the first choice, even though it is not listed first in the selection box in VBA. (See
Graphic Top of Next Page)

Note: Event handlers created using this method apply to the current active drawing.
(TypeLibrary View)

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Richard L. Binning / [email protected]

(Document Level Events)

AutoCAD Document Level Events

Activate

Triggered when a Document window is

activated.

EndCommand

Triggered immediately after a command

completes.

BeginClose

Triggered just before a document is

closed.

EndLISP

Triggered upon completion of evaluating

a LISP expression.

BeginCommand

Triggered immediately after a command

is issued, but before it completes.

EndPlot

Triggered after a document has been

sent to the printer.

EndSave

Triggered when AutoCAD has finished

saving the drawing.

EndShortcutMenu

Triggered after the shortcut menu

appears.

BeginLISP

Triggered after the user double-clicks on

an object in the drawing.
gg
y
receives a request to evaluate a LISP
expression.

BeginPlot

Triggered immediately after AutoCAD

receives a request to print a drawing.

LayoutSwitched

Triggered after the user switches to a

different layout.

BeginRightClick

Triggered after the user right-clicks on the

Drawing window.

LISPCancelled

Triggered when the evaluation of a LISP

expression is canceled.

BeginSave

Triggered immediately after AutoCAD

receives a request to save the drawing.

ObjectAdded

Triggered when an object has been

added to the drawing.

ObjectErased

Triggered when an object has been

erased from the drawing.

ObjectModified

Triggered when an object in the drawing

has been modified.

SelectionChanged

Triggered when the current pickfirst

selection set changes.

WindowChanged

Triggered when there is a change to the

Document window.

WindowMovedOrResized

Triggered just after the Drawing window

has been moved or resized.

BeginDoubleClick

Triggered after the user right-clicks on the

Drawing window, and before the shortcut
BeginShortcutMenuCommand menu appears in Command mode.
gg
g
Drawing window, and before the shortcut
menu appears in Default mode.
BeginShortcutMenuDefault
gg
g
Drawing window, and before the shortcut
menu appears in Edit mode.
BeginShortcutMenuEdit
gg
g
Drawing window, and before the shortcut
menu appears in Grip mode.
BeginShortcutMenuGrip
gg
g
Drawing window, and before the shortcut
menu appears in Osnap mode.
BeginShortcutMenuOsnap

Deactivate

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Triggered when the Drawing window is

deactivated.

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VBA Foundations, Part 11

A Tutorial in VBA for BeginnersThe Eleventh of a Twelve Part Series
Richard L. Binning / [email protected]

Object Events: This type of event is triggered when individual object types are modified. Although, Object
Level Events are limited to a single event, modified, they can be declared for virtually any of the 40+ types of
objects used in AutoCAD or any of the vertical products. Note: Object Level Events are not automatically
loaded when a VBA routine is run. They can be initialized in the same manner as the Application Level
Events.
To Enable Object Level Events inside of AutoCAD:
Create a class module and declare an object with events as a particular type of AcadObject. To
actually work this Event, then you must connect to your new class by creating an instance of your Class
and creating an instance of the object then setting your class instance equal to the object. Here is how
you do that for a Circle object:
1.)

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Move your mouse to the Project Browser, select your project with the left mouse button
and then right click while the mouse is directly over the highlighted project. From the
right click menu choose Insert and select Class Module from the pop up menu
shown. (See Graphic Below)

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A Tutorial in VBA for BeginnersThe Eleventh of a Twelve Part Series
Richard L. Binning / [email protected]

2.)

Now select your new class module in the Project Browser so that it is highlighted then
move your mouse to the Properties Window and rename your class module to
something meaningful such as: MyObjectEventClass. (See Graphic Below)

3.)

With your class module still selected in the Project Browser hit your F7 function key
to switch to the Code Window. Within the code window for the Object Event Class add
the following statement:
Option Explicit
Public WithEvents Object As AcadCircle

4.)

Now insert a module into your project using the same method as shown in step 1 and 2
above (make sure you select a module instead of a class this time). Now rename your
module to something meaningful such as: MyObjectEventModule (See Graphic Below)

5.)

With your Module still selected, switch to the code window and insert the following
code into your Module. The first segment goes at the very top of the code window in the
area known as the General Declarations area.
Option Explicit
Dim oCircle As New MyObjectEventClass

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Richard L. Binning / [email protected]

6.)

Now insert the following sub procedure in the module:

7.)

Now BEFORE YOU TRY TO RUN THE PRECEDING CODE switch back to your
class module and add the following Event Handlerfor the Modified event. (See
Graphic Below)

Note: You must provide an event handler for all objects enabled for the Modified event.
If you do not provide a handler, VBA may terminate unexpectedly.

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Richard L. Binning / [email protected]

8.)

Now you can safely run the initialize event to create a circle and connect that
particular circle to your event handler. Now switch to AutoCADs window and zoom in
on your new circle that was just added to your drawing. Select the circle and move it.

Did you see the message box pop up with the new center point? Pretty neat and not a lot of code either?
I have included an event handler for our ever popular Purge-N-Save-N-Close (PSC) macro. Take a look at the
code I have included in the following three listings on the next pages.
This code once activated will add right click functionality to our PSC macro and add a Drawing switcher that you
may find is a little bit easier than switching using the Window pull down method. Watch out for word wrap in
the code listings belowa lot of code coming up right now!!!! If you experience problems copying and pasting
the code in the listings below, send me an email with RTCLICK in the subject and Ill return a working macro
file to you!
Listing 1 From a Class Module named: myEventClass
Option Explicit

Public WithEvents App As AcadApplication

Listing 2 From the Module named: EventClassLoadingModule

Option Explicit

Dim clsEvents As New myEventClass

Sub InitializeEvents()
Set clsEvents.App = ThisDrawing.Application
End Sub

Public Sub Kick_IT_Off()

Call InitializeEvents
End Sub

Listing 3 From the ThisDrawing Module

Option Explicit

Public intMnItemCntAdded As Integer

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A Tutorial in VBA for BeginnersThe Eleventh of a Twelve Part Series
Richard L. Binning / [email protected]
Private Sub AcadDocument_BeginShortcutMenuDefault _
(ShortcutMenu As AutoCAD.IAcadPopupMenu)
On Error Resume Next
' Declare a menu item to hold the cursor menu items
Dim newMenuItem As AcadPopupMenuItem
' Declare a submenuitem to hold dwg names when the value is _
more than 4 drawings open in the AutoCAD editor
Dim newSubMenuItem As AcadPopupMenuItem
' Declare a new popupmenu to hold our submenu when needed.
Dim newMenu As AcadPopupMenu

If Application.Documents.Count > 1 Then

'Got more than 1 document
'Add a string array since we will use it to grab _
the name of every open drawing for easy file access
Dim strDocsOpen() As String
'Add a integer to store the value of the count value
Dim intCounter As Integer
Dim oDoc As AcadDocument 'need an object to cycle through all docs
Dim strCurrDoc As String 'to capture document name
'Grab Active Document Name
If Not ThisDrawing.FullName = "" Then
strCurrDoc = StripPathFromName(ThisDrawing.FullName) 'Get Name
Else
'haven't saved this default drawing yet so skip it. _
Note: this occurs because the .FullName property is not _
valid until a drawing file is saved.
End If
'Ensure our counter is reset every time a rightclick occurs
intCounter = 0
'Put our Default MenuItem in place with the code necessary _
to run the chosen macro
Set newMenuItem = ShortcutMenu.AddMenuItem _
(intCounter, Chr(Asc("&")) _
+ "Purge, Save, & Cloze ALL", _
"-vbarun Close_N_PurgeAllbutCurrent ")
'Do inline error trapping since we can't insert identical items

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'into the popup menu, we wish to try to insert and skip if an
'error is generated, clearing the error along the way of course.
'increment counter for next item
If Not Err Then
'no problem with initial menu item so lets add a seperator
intCounter = intCounter + 1
'check if separator already in place
If Not ShortcutMenu.Item(intCounter).Type = acMenuSeparator Then
Set newMenuItem = ShortcutMenu.AddSeparator(intCounter)
End If
Else
Err.Clear
End If
On Error GoTo 0 'make sure error is cleared

On Error Resume Next

'reset counter for next loop and reuse the counter variable _
for a new purpose
intCounter = 0
For Each oDoc In Application.Documents
'Check for "Drawing#" indicating an unsaved default
'drawing...since Fullname prop is not set until save event
If Not oDoc.FullName = "" Then
'Check current doc name against first selection
If Not oDoc.Name = strCurrDoc Then
'Redimension Array each time through to add 1 new
'slot per drawing name...this method is not recommended
'for very large arrays, but should work well for our
'situation
ReDim Preserve strDocsOpen(intCounter) 'make our array grow dynamically
strDocsOpen(intCounter) = oDoc.FullName
'increment counter for next item
intCounter = intCounter + 1
End If 'match name
End If 'Check default
Next oDoc 'Go get the next one!

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If Not IsEmpty(strDocsOpen) Then 'check for empty array
'Array found so lets cycle through all elements of array
'cycle from low index to high index value
For intCounter = LBound(strDocsOpen) To UBound(strDocsOpen)
'try to speed things up by not repeatedly calling array element, _
instead set a variable to hold the name each time through the loop
strCurrDoc = StripPathFromName(strDocsOpen(intCounter))
'Add Loop to submenu > 4 drawings open
If intCounter > 3 Then
Select Case intCounter
Case 4
'Since we have 5 drawings add a submenu to hold additional _
drawings
Set newMenu = ShortcutMenu.AddSubMenu(intCounter + 2, "More...")
If Err Then
'must already exist in popup, skipping now
Err.Clear
Else
'Add Drawing #5 to our new submenu Note use of Chr function to _
insert a quotation at the proper place
Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(intCounter - 4, "GoTo: " _
& strCurrDoc, Chr(vbKeyEscape) & Chr(vbKeyEscape) & "vbastmt " _
& "Application.documents(" & Chr(34) & strCurrDoc & _
Chr(34) & ").Activate" & Chr(10))
End If
On Error GoTo 0
On Error Resume Next
Case Else
'Drawing Count More than 5 so just add them to the RtClick Menu
Set newMenuItem = newMenu.AddMenuItem(intCounter - 5, "GoTo: " _
& strCurrDoc, Chr(vbKeyEscape) & Chr(vbKeyEscape) & "vbastmt " _
& "Application.documents(" & Chr(34) & strCurrDoc & _
Chr(34) & ").Activate" & Chr(10))
If Err Then
'must already exist in popup, skipping now
Err.Clear
End If

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On Error GoTo 0
On Error Resume Next
End Select
Else
Set newMenuItem = ShortcutMenu.AddMenuItem(intCounter + 2, "GoTo: " _
& strCurrDoc, Chr(vbKeyEscape) & Chr(vbKeyEscape) & "vbastmt " _
& "Application.documents(" & Chr(34) & strCurrDoc & Chr(34) _
& ").Activate" & Chr(10))
If Err Then
'must already exist in popup, skipping now
Err.Clear
End If
On Error GoTo 0
On Error Resume Next
End If
Next intCounter 'Keep looping til done
intCounter = intCounter + 2 'add 2 to intcounter to maintain count above our _
initial menu item showing the PCS macro and finally add a separator _
below our new additions if necessary
If Not ShortcutMenu.Item(intCounter).Type = acMenuSeparator Then
Set newMenuItem = ShortcutMenu.AddSeparator(intCounter)
End If
intMnItemCntAdded = intCounter
End If

End If
End Sub

Private Sub AcadDocument_EndShortcutMenu _

(ShortcutMenu As AutoCAD.IAcadPopupMenu)
'Make sure that more than one document is open
If Application.Documents.Count > 1 Then
On Error Resume Next
'Add a dictionary object and find out where the standard _
top shortcut menu item is located by searching for the item _
with the value of "&Repeat %s"
Dim oDictExists As Scripting.Dictionary

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Set oDictExists = New Scripting.Dictionary
Dim intCntNew As Integer
For intCntNew = 0 To ShortcutMenu.Count - 1
If Not ShortcutMenu.Item(intCntNew).Type = acMenuSeparator Then
If Not oDictExists.Exists(ShortcutMenu.Item(intCntNew).Caption) Then
oDictExists.Add ShortcutMenu.Item(intCntNew).Caption, _
ShortcutMenu.Item(intCntNew).Index
End If
Else
oDictExists.Add "Seperator" & intCntNew, ShortcutMenu.Item(intCntNew).Index
End If
Next intCntNew
'Declare an integer to get value of count
Dim ix As Integer
Dim intLastValid As Integer
intLastValid = 0
'set value of Default Top Menu item
intLastValid = oDictExists.Item("&Repeat %s") 'ShortcutMenu.Item("&Repeat %s")
Dim msg As String
'Stop 'DevNote

For ix = intLastValid To 0 Step -1

'Delete the Menu Items added by the StartShortcutMenu Event _
Probably don't need to do all this checking but if some other _
developer is adding items here on the fly, then be courteous _
and try not to step on any toes
If InStr(1, ShortcutMenu.Item(ix).Caption, "dwg", vbTextCompare) > 0 Then
ShortcutMenu.Item(ix).Delete
ElseIf ShortcutMenu.Item(ix).Type = acMenuSeparator Then
ShortcutMenu.Item(ix).Delete
ElseIf ShortcutMenu.Item(ix).Type = acMenuSubMenu Then
If InStr(1, ShortcutMenu.Item(ix).Label, "More", vbTextCompare) > 0 Then
ShortcutMenu.Item(ix).Delete
End If
End If
Next ix
If InStr(1, ShortcutMenu.Item(0).Caption, "dwg", vbTextCompare) > 0 Then

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ShortcutMenu.Item(0).Delete
End If
'Check and see if a separator is in the first item location which _
is a No No in AutoCAD...trying to be a good citizen here
If ShortcutMenu.Item(0).Type = acMenuSeparator Then
ShortcutMenu.Item(0).Delete
End If
intMnItemCntAdded = 0
End If
End Sub

Public Function StripPathFromName(FileName As String) As String

'Note this function uses the built in function "Split" which became
'available with Acad2000i and above.

If you are running Acad2000, which

'has VBA 5, then request the VBA 5 version of Split by email or do a google
'search for the function.
Dim varArFile 'Declare Variant to hold array values
Dim intCnt As Long 'Declare counter to determine count of folders/drives
If Not FileName = "" Then
varArFile = Split(FileName, "\", -1, vbTextCompare)
intCnt = UBound(varArFile) - LBound(varArFile)
StripPathFromName = varArFile(intCnt)
End If
End Function

Public Sub Close_N_PurgeAllbutCurrent()

On Error Resume Next
Dim objDrawing As AcadDocument
Dim objDwgs As AcadDocuments
Dim strName As String
Set objDwgs = Documents
strName = ThisDrawing.Name
If Documents.Count > 1 Then
'For each drawing that is currently open in AutoCAD
For Each objDrawing In objDwgs
'I would like to automatically switch to each drawing

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objDrawing.Activate
'purge the drawing
objDrawing.PurgeAll
'save the drawing
objDrawing.Save
'Check the drawing name and close
'every drawing but the current one
If Not objDrawing.Name = strName Then
objDrawing.Close
End If
'continue doing these steps until
Next objDrawing
Else
MsgBox "Not designed for Single Documents!", , "Richard Binning Custom Routines!"
End If

'no drawings are open

'then close AutoCAD still not implemented yet

End Sub

All right, so now we have a better understanding of what an Event is and what types of Events are available, and
weve learned how can we make use of them. For this we turned to our old friend the Sub Routine or
procedure. A subroutine that was written specifically to respond to an event is called an Event Handler. The
example code shown above for the three types of events was Event Handler type of code. These Event Handlers
are executed automatically every time their associated event or trigger is encountered. This works precisely as
one would think. The only other thing we need to know about Event Handlers is that some of the Events, when
triggered, will also pass in parameters to the Event handler. Parameters such as the Command name, passed by
value as a string, are passed into both the AcadDocument_BeginCommand and
AcadDocument_EndCommand event handlers. These parameters are passed in to the associated handlers as a
means to provide additional information about the trigger or event that occurred.
In order to use Events in a controlled and safe manner, we must follow some recommendations and rules.
Because Event handlers are notifications in real time of events or triggers that occur in the application or
document, they are often triggered in the middle of another command or activity so care must be exercised in how
we respond to them. The following rules are provided for your use:
1. Do not rely on the sequence of events. Associated Begin and End triggers will follow each other in the
correct order, however, performing a Save command may or may not call the BeginCommand
before the BeginSave event. Likewise, the EndCommand and EndSave events are not guaranteed
to follow each other in any consistent manner. You can rely on the fact that a BeginSave will always

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fire before an EndSave event and a BeginCommand will always fire before an EndCommand
event, just dont mix them up.
2. Do not rely on the sequence of operations. Entities and modifications to entities are not always written
to AutoCADs database in the same order as they were acted on in the Application.
3. Do not attempt any interactive functions from an event handler. Simply put, do not try to get
information from the user, the application, or use SendCommand functions from inside an event handler.
4. Do not launch a dialog box from within an event handler. This rule is similar to #4 above, since a
dialog box is typically displayed to gather information. You may display message boxes as notification,
though, as most of the online help examples show.
5. Do not write data to the object that issued the event. This is a BIG no no! It is already open for write
since it is being modified. You can, however, read information from the object in question.
6. Do not trigger the same event. We dont want a sub that calls itself and calls itself and call itself, etc.
This can cause an infinite loop that will eventually crash once your memory is exhausted.
7. Remember that no events will be fired while AutoCAD is displaying a modal dialog. Nuff said?
In summary, AutoCAD provides some built in notifications called Events, which you, the programmer, can
respond to. These events are associated with three categories: Application Level Events, Document Level Events,
and Object Level Events. All of these events have associated Event handlers, which will be automatically
executed when their associated event is triggered by the user or the application. Additionally, we have listed
some basic rules to help guide you in using these events successfully.
As always, use the on-line help to further explore these concepts as necessary. If you are really stumped, please
send in your questions to the VBA guild or the email address at the top of this article. See you on the guilds or in
the next issue of AUGIWorld magazine coming soon to a mailbox near you.

May/June 2003

PaperSpace

p. 17