Scrapers are heavy equipment used to cut, load, haul, and spread materials like dirt. They are most efficient in light to medium materials without obstacles. There are three main types: single-engine scrapers that often need assistance to fully load; twin-engine scrapers that have two engines, one pulling and one pushing; and paddle wheel scrapers that load from the top using a wheel. Major components include the tractor unit, gooseneck, scraper unit with bowl, apron, and ejector, as well as controls to operate the bowl, apron, and ejector.
Scrapers are heavy equipment used to cut, load, haul, and spread materials like dirt. They are most efficient in light to medium materials without obstacles. There are three main types: single-engine scrapers that often need assistance to fully load; twin-engine scrapers that have two engines, one pulling and one pushing; and paddle wheel scrapers that load from the top using a wheel. Major components include the tractor unit, gooseneck, scraper unit with bowl, apron, and ejector, as well as controls to operate the bowl, apron, and ejector.
Scrapers are heavy equipment used to cut, load, haul, and spread materials like dirt. They are most efficient in light to medium materials without obstacles. There are three main types: single-engine scrapers that often need assistance to fully load; twin-engine scrapers that have two engines, one pulling and one pushing; and paddle wheel scrapers that load from the top using a wheel. Major components include the tractor unit, gooseneck, scraper unit with bowl, apron, and ejector, as well as controls to operate the bowl, apron, and ejector.
Scrapers are heavy equipment used to cut, load, haul, and spread materials like dirt. They are most efficient in light to medium materials without obstacles. There are three main types: single-engine scrapers that often need assistance to fully load; twin-engine scrapers that have two engines, one pulling and one pushing; and paddle wheel scrapers that load from the top using a wheel. Major components include the tractor unit, gooseneck, scraper unit with bowl, apron, and ejector, as well as controls to operate the bowl, apron, and ejector.
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Scrapers
Equipped with a large bowl with the cutting edge attached to the bottom, scraper can cut, self-load, haul and spread a great amount of material. They are most efficient when operated in light and medium materials that are nearly free of roots, stumps and boulders. Heavy or consolidated materials require ripper-equipped dozers to rip open the surface and assist loading operations by pushing the scraper through the cut to achieve maximum loading. A dozer pushing the scraper is referred to as a push cat.
Types of scrapers 1. Single- Engine Scraper The single-engine scraper, like the one shown in figure 18-1, is essentially a tractor with one engine coupled to a scraper unit. During loading operations, its single-engine does not provide sufficient power or traction to completely load the bowl, therefore, the assistance of a push cat is often required, as shown in figure 18-2.
Figure 18-1 : single-engine scraper
Figure 18-2 Push cat pushing scraper
2. Twin-Engine Scraper The twin-engine scraper is also referred to as the push-pull scraper because it has two engines. The engine in the tractor unit pulls the machine, while the other engine at the rear of the scraper unit pushes the machine, as shown in figure 18-3. Under certain loading conditions, two twin-engine scrapers may need to work in tandem. The scrapers are joined together by a rearmounted hook and a front triangular bail, as shown in figure 18-4.
Figure 18-3 : Twin-engine scraper
Figure 18-4 : Hook and bail
3. Paddle Wheel Scraper
Another type of scraper is the paddle wheel scraper, shown in figure 18-5, also called the elevating scraper. This type of scraper is deal for small-to medium-size earthmoving jobs and on most projects does not require a push cat. After the material has been cut by the cutting edge, the material is not forced to the top as on other scrapers; instead, the scraper loads its bowl from the top by means of a paddle wheel elevator. The paddle also aids in breaking up the material, creating a more consistent load. The bowl can be unloaded by placing the paddle wheel in reverse. This gives the operator more control of the desired depth of fill. For increased productivity, the operator is also able to control the speed of elevator to match the material condition.
18-5 : Paddle wheel scraper
Major components of scraper
Depending on make, model and configuration, major components on scrapers may vary, therefore you are responsible for reading the operators manual for specific information. For a general understanding, the major components of a single-engine scraper are shown in figure 186.
Figure 18-6 : Major components of scraper
1. Tractor Unit The tractor unit contains the engine, the drive train and wheels, the hydraulic pumps and the operators cab. The tractor is connected to the scraper by a vertical kingpin swivel connection, usually in two parts with upper and lower pins. When steering, this connection permits turn of 85 to 90 degrees to each side of the center line of the scraper. There is also a longitudinal horizontal hinge that permits the two units to move independently from side to side, as shown in figure 18-7.
18-7 : Articulation
2. Gooseneck The gooseneck couples the tractor and scraper unit. By arching up, it provides space for the tractor wheels to move under it. The gooseneck then widens into a very massive crossbeam becoming a pair of lift arms, also known as bowl stiffeners, which extend back to the trunnion fastenings on the sides of the scraper bowl.
The gooseneck supports the steering cylinders that raise and lower the bowl and apron.
3. Scraper Unit The scraper unit has three basic operating parts: the bowl, apron and ejector. a) Bowl The bowl is a box with rigid sides. Bolted to its bottom is a cutting edge consisting of three blades made of wear-resistant steel. The bottom front sides of the bowl usually have bolted-on wear plates called side cutters. The side cutters normally receive less wear than the cutting edge. By use of a lever inside the operators cab, the bowl can be hydraulically lowered or raised. As the scraper travel forward, the bowl is lowered to cut into the material. The cut material is then forced into the bowl. Once the bowl is completely loaded, it is then raised. The material is hauled to a designated location where it is unloaded or spread. Conveniently, the top of the bowl is open so that spread material can be loaded by crane clam shell, conveyor or front-end loader. b) Apron The apron forms the forward section and a variable amount of the bottom of the bowl assembly. The apron is also hydraulically raised or lowered by use of a lever inside the operators cab. When lowered (closed), it rests at the cutting edge to prevent spillage. When raised, it leaves the whole front of the bowl open to accept material. c) Ejector The ejector is the rear wall of the bowl. The most common ejector is hydraulically controlled to move forward horizontally to force the load out of the bowl. It is supported by rollers riding on the floor and on tracks welded to the sides of the bowl. 4. Push Block The push block extends past the scrapers rear tires. It is used during loading operations by the push cat while providing extra power.
Controls
The bowl, apron and ejector are controlled by either levers or a joystick. Such controls are located along the cabs right side window. This arrangement allows you to look over your right shoulder to view the bowl while operating it, as shown in figure 18-8.
Figure 18-8 : Operator viewing bowl
As shown in figure 18-9, the controls has three levers. Each lever has four positions: completely and slightly right (away from the operator), center and left (towards the operator). When these levers are released from either the right or left positions, they will return to the center position, whereupon the operation will stop.
Figure 18-9 : controls
a) Bowl Lever The bowl lever raises and lowers the bowl. To quickly drop the bowl, completely move the bowl lever to the right, away
from you. To slowly lower the bowl, slightly move the lever right. To raise the bowl, move the lever left, towards you.
b) Apron Lever The apron control lever raises (opens) and lowers (closes) the apron. To allow the apron to seek its own level (float), completely move the apron
lever to the right, away from you.
To lower the apron, slightly move the lever right. To raise the apron, move the lever left, towards you.
c) Ejector Lever The ejector lever moves the ejector forward and back. To release the ejector, completely move the ejector lever to the right, away
from you. To move the ejector back, slightly move the lever right.
To move the ejector forward, move the lever left, towards you.
For maximum operating efficiency, operate the engine at maximum rated speed and the control levers at their extreme operating position as shown in figure 18-10.
Figure 18-10 : Operating scraper controls.
Attachments Unlike other pieces of equipment, there are very few attachments used with or on scrapers, however, there are three commonly used cutting edges that serve various purposes. They are the straight, curved and three-piece cutting edges, shown in figure 18-11.these cutting edges are available in various thicknesses. Thinner edges provide greater penetration, but have less wear material and impact resistance compared to thicker edges. A) Straight Cutting Edge The straight cutting edge is the most efficient for smooth finish grading.
B) Curved Cutting Edge
The curved cutting edge penetrates more than the straight edge. C) Three-Piece Cutting Edge The three-piece cutting edge has a center blade positioned ahead of the other two blades for deeper penetration. This center blade is referred to as the stinger. Replace cutting edges that are worn or damaged to prevent wear of the scraper bowl.
