ECERE2014-P005

Wave Energy in Bangladesh

Nahidul Hoque Samrat, Md. Habibur Rahaman, Abdullah-Al-Mamun, Ridwan Adib, Md. Tawkir Ahamed Badhan.
Md. Iftakher Ahmed
Department of EEE, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract For the energy requirements of coastal nations ocean energy can give a significant contribution, especially those with island
communities if it converting into useable forms. In the coastal zone of Bangladesh, access of electricity is lower than 3% out of 10
million people and national grid will not come for many years in most of the islands, if at all [1]. Most of the people of remote coastal
areas are using kerosene for lighting as well as for cooking along with fire wood. In some of the off-grid locations diesel generators,
operated and maintained by private entrepreneurs or cooperatives, are playing he key role for supplying electricity for few hours in the
evening. Bangladesh is a country vastly surrounded by water. Bangladesh has a wide coastal area and longest uninterrupted shoreline.
It has a 724 km of coastal line along the Bay of Bengal [2]. So Bangladesh harnessing a huge potential of wave energy that may be the
vital source of electricity and can face the energy crisis problem of island communities in Bangladesh. In this paper, feasibility study of
wave energy based on oscillating water column (OWC) device in three island Sandwip, Kutubdia and Saint Martin of Bangladesh are
discussed including the calculations of the number of wave device needed for the available sites and with the analysis of investment,
payback period, operation and maintenance cost for those sites. There is also a comparison between the costs of wave energy
conversation (WEC) power plant; other renewable energy power plant and conventional power plant are shown.
Keywords- Wave Energy conversion(WEC), Ocillating Water Colmun(OWC) device, Wave Hieght, Wave Period, Island.
0

I.

Martin geographic location is 18 .04' N 63 03' E . Saint

Martin Island has become a popular tourist spot among all the
islands and People do not live on this part of the island only for
electric power supply, so it is advisable for the tourists to go
there early and come back by afternoon. Electrical energy is
very important for developing Saint Martin island. If Saint
Martin island have electric supply facility 24 hours it become
more popular tourist place than other. Among all the islands
Sandwip, Kutubdia and Saint Martin are mostly surrounded by
Bay of Bengal. It is very difficult and expensive to transmit
electrical power from main land to island. It will be better if
islands community generate his electrical power from wave
than other. This paper present if those islands communities
generate his power from ocean wave energy based on OWC
device is it feasible or not , cost analysis is also present and
finally a comparison among other traditional power generation
are present..

INTRODUCTION

Ocean wave arise from the transfer of energy from the sun
to wind then water. Solar energy creates wind which then
blows over the ocean, converting wind energy to wave energy.
Once converted, this wave energy can travel thousands of miles
with little energy loss. Energy can be taken from waves almost
everywhere but if the waves are too small expenses will be too
high. Wave energy is stronger around the poles and around the
equator the water contains lesser potential [3]. Although many
wave energy conversion techniques have been patented and
also new patents are granted each month, there are only nine
basic techniques on which these technique are based. The nine
basic techniques are heaving and pitching bodies, cavity
resonators or oscillating water column, pressure devices,
surging wave energy converters particle motion converters,
Salters duck, Cockerells rafts, Russells rectifier and wave
focusing techniques. Among the various wave energy
converters, the OWC is generally considered one of the most
promising wave energy conversion devices. The system has
been successfully constructed and tested at a number of sites
[5-6]. It can be seen that for Bay of Bengal the value is 15 kW
per meter of crest width [3]. OWC wave energy converter can
run this wave condition easily. Geographically, the islands of
Bangladesh are scattered along the Bay of Bengal and the river
mouth of the Padma. Islands of Bangladesh divided into three
parts are Western Bay of Bengal, Middle Bay of Bengal and
Eastern Bay of Bengal [7]. Sandwip island located at Middle
Bay of Bengal and its geographic location is
22.4905130 N 91.421185 0 E . Kutubdia and Saint Martin
both islands located at Eastern Bay of Bengal. Kutubdia
0
0
geographic location is 21 .49' N 91 51.5' E and Saint

II.

POWER OUTPUT FROM OWC DEVICE [8]:

OWC device extract power from wave by using the water

column rise and fall, which in term compress and
depressurized an air column resulting continues power
production through a wells turbine. The total energy E in wave
is given by:

E = E p + EK =

gH 2 b
8

..........(1)

Where b is the width of the crest which depend on the width of

the chamber and we are considering the width of the chamber
as 5m which is standard one, g is the acceleration due to
gravity (9.8

m / s 2 ), is the mass density of water

1st National Conference on Electrical & Communication Engineering and Renewable Energy
13

during the months of June and July. Wave height data of 2011
collected from Bangladesh Navy and wave period is predicted
from the scatter diagram , hindcast estimation technique are
also used in this data analysis [3,10-11]. And also by using eq.
(5) the mean output power from an OWC device for this three
islands respectively are shown in this part.

(1000 kg / m for fresh water or 1030 kg / m for salt water).

H is the wave height (m). The total energy in deep water of a
wave can be described by linear theory and is a equally
composed of potential energy

E p and kinetic energy E K

where

gH 2 b

E p = EK =

16

A. Saint Martin Island:

Figure.1 shows that the average wave height and period data at
Saint Martin island for a year. At this site, the maximum
average wave height have been measured on the month of July
which is 6.965m and the corresponding wave period is
4.485s.On other hand the minimum average wave height have
been measured on the month of February which is 6.31m and
the corresponding wave period is 3.235s. Mean output power
for this site shown in Figure.2. Maximum mean power output
from this site is 213.7KW/m and average mean power output
from this site is 167.9872KW/m which is assumed to be per
KWh of the generator. So annual output from each OWC
device for this site is (167.9872KW*8760) =1.47GWh.

..........(2)

The potential energy is a progressive wave of height H,

whereas the kinetic energy is dependent on the motion of the
particles. For a variable sea state, the transfer of wave energy
from point to point in the direction of wave travel is
characterized by the energy flux or more commonly, wave
power:

P=

gH 2 C g b
8

Where

..........(3)

C g is called the group velocity and is represented by:

C
2kh
{1 +
} = nC
2
sinh(2kh)
Where C is called the phase velocity. In deep water
C
C g = and shallow water C g = C .
2

Data analysis of Saint Martin Island

Cg =

10

M onthly A v erage W av e Height (m )/ W av e P eriod (s )

Wave Height (m)

Now for OWC the output power for deep water is given from
equation (3) that:

P=

gH 2 C b

gT
[for deep water C =
]
2

16
2
g H 2Tb
..........(4)
P=
32

Wave Period (s)

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

T is the period of wave (s). As it is tested that the efficiency of

OWC system is 70% [9] so the eq. (4) become
2

g H Tb
* 0.7..........(5)
P=
32

6
8
12 months of a year

10

12

Figure 1: Wave Height/ Wave period data of a year for Saint

Martin Island.

From above equation it could be clear that square of the wave

height is directly proportional to the wave period because
other parameter of the equation are constant.

Mean Power Output from OWC device for Saint Martin Island
220
200
180
160

III.

DATA ANALYSIS:

140
Power (KW)

Sea waves are a very promising energy carrier among other

renewable power source, since they are able to manifest an
enormous amount of energy resources in all geographical
regions. Energy can be taken from wave almost everywhere
but if the waves are too small expenses will be too high. Any
site in the world within an average wave power level of over
15KW/m has the potential to generate wave energy at
competitive prices [3]. Wave power could be a significant
alternative source of energy in Bangladesh with favorable
wave conditions, especially during the period beginning from
late March to early October. The peak wave height occurs

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

6
8
12 months of a year

10

12

Figure 2: Mean power output from an OWC device of a year

for Saint Martin Island.

14

3.55s. Mean output power for this site shown in Figure.5.

Maximum mean power output from this site is 502.565KW/m
and average mean power output from this site is
397.9367KW/m which is assumed to be per KWh of the
generator. So annual output from each OWC device for this
site is (397.9367KW*8760) =3.48GWh.
Data Analysis of Sandwip Island
10
Wave Height (m)

Data Analysis of Kutubdia Island

Monthly Average Wave Height (m)/ Wave Period (s)

10
Wave Height (m)
Wave Period (s)

Wave Period (s)

9
Monthly Average Wave Height (m)/ Wave Period (s)

B. Kutubdia Island:
Figure.3 shows that the average wave height and period data at
Kutubdia island for a year. At this site, the maximum average
wave height have been measured on the month of June and
July which are 7.16m and the corresponding wave period are
4.61s and 4.75s respectively. On other hand the minimum
average wave height have been measured on the month of
February which is 6.55m and the corresponding wave period
is 3.16s. Mean output power for this site shown in Figure.4.
Maximum mean power output from this site is 258.42KW/m
and average mean power output from this site is
198.065KW/m which is assumed to be per KWh of the
generator. So annual output from each OWC device for this
site is (198.065KW*8760) =1.73GWh.

8
7
6
5
4
3
2

6
8
12 months of a year

10

12

Figure 5: Wave Height/ Wave period data of a year for

Sandwip Island.

4
3
2

Mean Output Power from OWC Device for Sandwip Island

1
0

550
0

6
8
12 months of a year

10

12

500
450

Figure 3: Wave Height/ Wave period data of a year for

Kutubdia Island.

400
350
Power (KW)

Mean Output Power from OWC Device for Kutubdia Island

250

300
250
200

200

Power (KW)

150
100

150

50
0

100

50

6
8
12 months of a year

10

12

Figure 4: Mean power output from an OWC device of a year

for Kutubdia Island.
C. Sandwip Island:
Figure.5 shows that the average wave height and period data at
Sandwip island for a year. At this site, the maximum average
wave height have been measured on the month of June and
July which are 8.4m and the corresponding wave period are
4.6s and 4.78s respectively. On other hand, the minimum
average wave heights have been measured on the month of
February that is 7.58m and the corresponding wave period is

6
8
12 months of a year

10

12

Figure 6: Mean power output from an OWC device of a year

for Sandwip Island.
From above data analysis, it could be clear that power output
from Sandwip Island is very higher than other two islands and
average maximum power output of a year from this site almost
twice than other two sites. It does not mean that other two sites
are not feasible, both are feasible but they produced less power
than Sandwip Island. Because any site in the world within an
average wave power level of over 15KW/m has the potential
to generate wave energy at competitive prices (without
hindcast estimation technique analysis).

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IV.

COST ANALYSIS

Cost estimates of energy produced by wave energy

conversation are dependent on many physical and economic
factors. Theses cost will vary region by region and wave
energy topology. The following is an enumeration of a few
cost factors associated with a wave farm [12-13]:
a) Sitting and Permitting.
b) Components: initial and ongoing costs.
c) Installation.
d) Taxes.
e) Operation and Maintenance.
f) Project lifetime.
g) Average annual energy production.
The first four factors are included into the initial investment
cost. So there are two main component: initial investment cost
(IC) and operation & maintenance cost (OMC) which are
needed for cost calculation.
It could be clear from data analysis section that 250KW each
unit is suitable for both Saint Martin and Kutubdia islands and
500KW is suitable for Sandwip island. The initial invest cost
for a grid connected residential system of each unit of 250KW
is 1.3 million dollar and operation & maintenance cost is about
3000$/year. In addition, the initial invest cost for a grid
connected residential system of each unit of 500KW is 2.4
million dollar and operation & maintenance cost is about
3366$/year. The total cost will be reducing by 30% if we
installed 100 or more than 100 units [9, 12-13]. It mentions
earlier that the internal width of chamber is 5m, so the total
width of each unit is approximately about 6m. If 100 units of
OWC established at Saint Martin island, then the total area
needed about (6m*100) =600m. So only using one square
kilometer a cost effective wave farm can be develop. The total
cost of the Saint Martin Island has been calculated and shown
in following:
Initial investment cost for 100 units as well as whole wave
farm= 1.3*100=130 million dollar.
Operation
&
maintenance
units=3000*100=300000$

cost

per

year

100

As the average life time of an OWC device is more than 20

years. Let us assume a 20 years estimate of useful life.
So the annual cost of the

whole wave farm for this si te =

Annual cost
(
+ Annual operating & maintenanc e cost)
Expected lifetime

In this site, if 100 units of OWC established, so the total cost

is reduced by 30%. Now the total cost becomes for this site
(68, 00,000*0.3) =2,040,000$.
It has been calculated in data analysis section that annual
energy output from each unit is 1.47GWh. So the annual
output from 100 units is (100*1.47)=147GWh.

The cost per KWh =

Annual cost
Annual energy output

The cost per KWh =

2040000
= 0.01388USD / KWh
147 *1000 *1000

Similarly calculation procedure used for other two sites. So

total cost per KWh for Kutubdia Island is 0.01179USD/KWh
and Sandwip island 0.01064USD/KWh. It could clear that
energy production cost in Sandwip Island per KWh is lower
than other two sites.
V.

COMPARISON:

There is lot of possibility to produce electricity from these

three islands using OWC system and it will seems the
cheapest source of grid quality renewable energy in our
country. Table 1 shows the comparison between wind power
system and other traditional power generation system and this
table it has been seen that the cost per KWh of WEC are less
than the other traditional power system.
TABLE I.
COST COMPARISON BETWEEN THE WECS SYSTEM
AND OTHER TRADITIONAL POWER GENERATION SYSTEM.

Energy
System
Coal
Oil
Gas
Solar PV
Wind Energy
Biogas

Fuel Cost in
the
each
KWh (taka)
7.00
17.89
1.11
0.00
0.00
0.50

2.50
2.75
1.95
80.86
7.66
3.50

Wave Energy

0.00

1.179

VI.

IC & OMC
(taka)

Total cost for

each
KWh
(taka)
8.50
20.64
3.06
80.68
7.66
4.00 (according
to
IDCOL
analysis)
1.79 (according
to our analysis)

CONCLUSION:

Power is one of the most important factors of developing

socio-economic conditions of a country or community. In
most of the islands in Bangladesh, national grid will not come
for many years especially in Saint Martin Island. Thats why
economic and educational growth rate of these islands
communities are very poor. This study has shown that the
most economically feasible solution for supplying power to
the remote Island community of Bangladesh. Though wave
power is very much effective for reducing pollution and the

130,000,000
+ 3,00,000)
20
= 68,00,000$

=(

16

cost of per kW wave power is less than any conventional

power plant (diesel, coal etc). Thus, wave power can play an
important role for the overall socio-economic development of
islands communities as well as Bangladesh.

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Country
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