ABSTRACT

This experiment is carried out in order to make the students understand

the concept of fundamental in mechanical properties of engineering
material by doing tensile test. Besides that, students can relate the stressstrain curve graph and also explain load-extension and stress-strain
relationships. Also, students can explain deformation and fracture
characteristics of materials when subjected to uniaxial tensile loading.

INTRODUCTION
Tensile test or extension test is one of the fundamental that used in engineering
materials to describe the properties and behaviour of materials which a sample is
subjected to a controlled tension until failure. From the tensile experiment, the results
are commonly used to select a material for an application, a quality control, and to
predict the behaviour and how a material will react under other types of forces.
Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are ultimate tensile strength,
maximum elongation and reduction in area.
Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics
are the values and measurements used to determine the properties of materials. The
mechanical characteristics of isotropic is determined based on uniaxial tensile
testing which

is

the

most

commonly

used.

For anisotropic materials,

such

as composite materials and textiles, biaxial tensile testing is required.

A tensile specimen is a standardized sample cross-section of specimen. It has two
shoulders and a gauge section which is in between shoulders. The shoulders are
large so they can be readily gripped, whereas the gauge section has a smaller crosssection so that the deformation and failure can occur in this area.

OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this experiment, students should be able to;
1. Determine the tensile properties subjected to tensile loading.
2. Identify types of fracture surface under tensile loading.
3. Validate the data between experimental and theoretical values.

APPARATUS
Vernier caliper, tensile test machine, rectangular specimens, extension
gauge, load gauge.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1. The length of specimens is measured using Vernier Caliper.
2. The thickness and width of specimens is measured.
3. The specimens is mounted to the snipping leads of tensile test
4.
5.
6.
7.

machine.
Then, it is placed on the vertical flat of inner jaw.
The load anchor is turned in anti-clockwise direction.
Step is repeated for rate.
The final length is measured.

RESULT
Length
= 0.0327 m
Width
= 0.0032 m
Thickness = 0.0019 m
Final Length
= 0.0424 m
Extension (m)
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
0.0009
0.001
0.0011
0.0012
0.0013
0.0014

Load (N)
0
250
300
310
325
340
345
347.5
350
355
360
360
365
367.5
375

Stress (Pa)
0
41118421.05
49342105.26
50986842.11
53453947.37
55921052.63
56743421.05
57154605.26
57565789.47
58388157.89
59210526.32
59210526.32
60032894.74
60444078.95
61677631.58

Strain
0
0.003058104
0.006116208
0.009174312
0.012232416
0.01529052
0.018348624
0.021406728
0.024464832
0.027522936
0.03058104
0.033639144
0.036697248
0.039755352
0.042813456

0.0015
0.0016
0.0017
0.0018
0.0019
0.002
0.0021
0.0022
0.0023
0.0024
0.0025
0.0026
0.0027
0.0028
0.0029
0.003
0.0031
0.0032
0.0033
0.0034
0.0035
0.0036
0.0037
0.0038
0.0039
0.004
0.0041
0.0042
0.0043
0.0044
0.0045
0.0046
0.0047
0.0048
0.0049
0.005
0.0051
0.0052
0.0053
0.0054
0.0055
0.0056
0.0057
0.0058
0.0059
0.006
0.0061
0.0062

385
390
395
397.5
398
398
398
398
398
400
400
400
400
400
400
405
405
405
405
410
410
410
410
415
415
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425

63322368.42
64144736.84
64967105.26
65378289.47
65460526.32
65460526.32
65460526.32
65460526.32
65460526.32
65789473.68
65789473.68
65789473.68
65789473.68
65789473.68
65789473.68
66611842.11
66611842.11
66611842.11
66611842.11
67434210.53
67434210.53
67434210.53
67434210.53
68256578.95
68256578.95
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79

0.04587156
0.048929664
0.051987768
0.055045872
0.058103976
0.06116208
0.064220183
0.067278287
0.070336391
0.073394495
0.076452599
0.079510703
0.082568807
0.085626911
0.088685015
0.091743119
0.094801223
0.097859327
0.100917431
0.103975535
0.107033639
0.110091743
0.113149847
0.116207951
0.119266055
0.122324159
0.125382263
0.128440367
0.131498471
0.134556575
0.137614679
0.140672783
0.143730887
0.146788991
0.149847095
0.152905199
0.155963303
0.159021407
0.162079511
0.165137615
0.168195719
0.171253823
0.174311927
0.177370031
0.180428135
0.183486239
0.186544343
0.189602446

0.0063
0.0064
0.0065
0.0066
0.0067
0.0068
0.0069
0.007
0.0071
0.0072
0.0073
0.0074
0.0075
0.0076
0.0077
0.0078
0.0079
0.008
0.0081
0.0082
0.0083
0.0084
0.0085
0.0086
0.0087
0.0088
0.0089
0.009
0.0091
0.0092
0.0093
0.0094
0.0095
0.0096

Material
Theoretical value
Experimental value
Percentage Error
Yield Stress
Ultimate Tensile Stress
Fracture
Type of Fracture

425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
425
420
415
415
415
410
390
360
325
300
275
245
205
165
150
150
50
Table 1.0

69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69901315.79
69078947.37
68256578.95
68256578.95
68256578.95
67434210.53
64144736.84
59210526.32
53453947.37
49342105.26
45230263.16
40296052.63
33717105.26
27138157.89
24671052.63
24671052.63
8223684.211

Mild Steel
210 GPa
2.6494 Gpa
98.74 %
0.04934 Gpa
0.008223 Gpa
Ductile
Cup and triangle shape
Table 1.1

0.19266055
0.195718654
0.198776758
0.201834862
0.204892966
0.20795107
0.211009174
0.214067278
0.217125382
0.220183486
0.22324159
0.226299694
0.229357798
0.232415902
0.235474006
0.23853211
0.241590214
0.244648318
0.247706422
0.250764526
0.25382263
0.256880734
0.259938838
0.262996942
0.266055046
0.26911315
0.272171254
0.275229358
0.278287462
0.281345566
0.28440367
0.287461774
0.290519878
0.293577982

Graph of Stress vs Strain

80000000
70000000
60000000
50000000
Stress (Pa)

40000000
30000000
20000000
10000000
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Strain

Graph of Load vs Extension

500
400
300
Load (N)

200
100
0
0

0.01
Extension (m)

0.01

0.01

0.01

Calculations:
Mild Steel:
Area:
A=w t

0.0032 0.0019
6

6.08 10 m

From the graph, the yield stress is:

ys=

F
A

300
6
6.08 10

0.04934 GPa

Ultimate tensile stress:

ult =

F
A

50
6.08 106

0.008223 GPa

Strain:
=

L f Lo
Lo

0.04240.0327
0.0327

0.2966360856
From the graph, Modulus of Elasticity can be obtained:
E=

E=

49342105.2641118421.05
0.0061162080.003058104

2.6494 GPa

Percentage Error:

|Theoretical valueExperiment value|

Percentage Error=

Theoretical value

|(210 109 )(2.6494 10 9)|

Percentage Error=

98.74

(210 10 9)

100

100

DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

1. Davis, Joseph R. (2004). Tensile testing (2nd Ed.). ASM International. ISBN 9780-87170-806
2. R. C. Hibbeler (2013) Mechanics of Materials, Pearson Education South Asia Pte
Ltd, Ninth Edition
3. Video of Tensile test, accessed on 24th May 2016,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G5kcpcM