Introduction to Data

Communication and Networks

Prepared for

TMC 1253
Data Communication and
Networks
.

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Network look like.

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Session Topics

Data communications
Networks
The Internet
Protocol and Standards

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Objectives
This course should act as a general overview to the the
field Data Communications and Computer network
Understand the fundamental of Data Communication and
Computer Network
Understand the key role of Data Communication and
Computer Network in providing integration within an
organization
Demonstrate detailed knowledge of application of Data
Communications and networking technologies

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Why study data communications and

networking?

Collaboration
Decision requirement
Access information accurately
Sharing

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Questions

How network operate?

What types of technology are available?
Which design best fills which set of needs?
How does information flow?
Sharing???

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What Data Communications and

Network can do .
Networks are changing the way we do business and the
way we live.
Internet
Mobile phones
Electronic mail
Cable TV
Computer Networks
Telephone
Astro TV Network
SMS / MMS Network
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Areas of Communications and Data

Network
Three general areas of Communications and
Data Network:
Data Communications
Networking and
Protocol

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Overview of Data Communication

and Networking

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Data Communication
Communication is the process of sharing
information
Telecommunication
Communication at a distance
Tele is far in Greek

Traditionally speech
Sound, pictures, text, ...

[...] the exchange of data between two devices

over some form of transmission medium Forouzan
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Data Communication
Data communication exchange of data between
two device via some form of transmission medium
Communication devices must be part of a communication
system
Combination of Hardware and software

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Effectiveness of Data Communications

System
Depend on four fundamental characteristics
Delivery data must be received by intended
device or user and only by that device or user
Accuracy system must deliver the data
accurately; data that have been altered in
transmission and left uncorrected are unusable
Timeliness system must deliver data in a timely
manner
Jitter - refers to the variation in the packet arrival
time
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Five components of data communication

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Components of Data Communication

System
Data communication system is made up of 5
components
Message information to be communicated (text, audio, video,
pictures, etc)
Sender device that sends the message (computer, telephone, etc)
Receiver device that receives the message
Medium physical path by which the message travel
Protocol set of rules(agreement) for communication to work on

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Protocol
Communications protocols includes a
treatment of protocol architectures as well as
analysis of individual protocols at various
layers of the architecture
TCP/IP
OSI Layer

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Question
Can we consider milk cans and a string system
as a Data Comm. System?

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Think!!!
Based on the following scenario, discuss the problem of
it:
- if you let the string go slack
- If you and your partner both talk at the same time
- If your partner doesn't talk to you
- If your receiver decides not to play anymore

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Networks

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What is networks?
It is a set of devices (nodes) connected by
media links
A node: a computer, printer and others
Communication channels: the link connecting
the devices

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Example of Enterprise
Network

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Example of campus
network

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Network Criteria
Network Criteria (How to evaluate networks)
Performance types of hardware / software,
transmission medium, users
Reliability frequency of failure, recovery time,
catastrophe (fire, earthquake, etc)
Security unauthorized access, viruses, etc

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Basic Concept
Basic Concept
Type of Connection
physical Topology
Transmission Mode
Categories of Network
Internetwork

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Type of Connection
refers to the way two or more communication devices attach
to a link
2 possible line configurations :
point-to-point
provide a dedicate link between two devices
the entire capacity of the channel is reserved
most point-to-point line configurations use an actual
length of wire or cable to connect the two ends, but
other options such as microwave or satellite are also
possible
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Point-to-point connection

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Multipoint
multipoint
more than two specific devices share a single link
In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the
channel is shared.
If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a
spatially shared line configuration.
If users must take turns, it is a time-shared line

configuration

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Multipoint connection

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Physical Topology
Topology - the way a network laid out, either physically or logically.
Two or more devices connect to a link, and two or more links forms a
topology.
There are five basic topologies possible: mesh, star, tree, bus, and
ring.
Two relationships are possible:
Peer-to-Peer, where the devices share link equally.
Primary-secondary :where one device controls traffic and others
must transmit through it.
Ring and mesh topologies are more convenient for peer-to-peer
transmission, while star and tree are more convenient for primarysecondary.
A bus topology is equally convenient for either.

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Categories of topology

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Topology - Mesh
Topology - Mesh
In a mesh topology, every devices has a dedicated point-to-point link
to every other device.
The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic only between
the two devices it connects.
A fully connected mesh network therefore has n(n-1)/2 physical
channels to link n devices.
To accommodate that many links every device on the network must
have n-1 input/output (I/O) ports.

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Topology cont.. Mesh

A network where every device is directly connected to
every other.
The formula to compute the number of links is:
n(n-1)/2
where n is the number of devices.
The calculation for number of ports per machine is:
n-1
where n is the number of devices.

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Example:
Ques1: Given a 5 device mesh, calculate how many
links are there in that network?
Ans: n = 5, so number of links = 5(5-1)/2 ..or .. 5(4)/2 ..
or .. 20/2 .. or .. 10.
Ques2: From the example above, each machine would
require:
n-1 .. or .. 5-1 .. or .. 4 ports.

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Fully connected mesh topology

(for five devices)

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Topology Mesh (cont.)

Advantages
Guarantees that each connection can carry its data load,
eliminate traffic problem when links must be shared by
multiple devices.
Mesh topology is robust. If one link unusable, it does not
effects the entire system.
Privacy / security.
Fault identification and fault isolation easy.

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Topology Mesh (cont.)

Disadvantages

Need an amount of cabling and I/O ports.

Installation and reconfiguration are difficult.
Wiring can be greater than the available space.
Hardware can be expensive
For these reasons a mesh topology is usually implemented
in a limited fashion for example , as a backbone.

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Topology Star
Topology Star
In a star topology, each device has a dedicated point-to-point link
only to a central controller, usually called a hub.
The controller acts as an exchange: If one device wants to send data
to another, it sends to the controller, which then relays the data to the
other connected devices.
Cheaper than mesh topology
Easy to install and configure
Addition and deletion involve only one connection: between that
devices and the hub
Robustness

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Star topology

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Extended Start Topology

Is based upon the physical star topology has one
or more repeaters between the central node (the
'hub' of the star) and network nodes
The repeaters being used to extend the maximum
transmission distance of the point-to-point links
between the central node and the netowork
nodes beyond that which is supported by the
transmitter power of the central node or beyond
that which is supported by the standard upon
which the physical layer of the physical star
network is based.
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Source: http://www.chetbacon.com/LessonPlans/xstar-top.htm
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Topology - Tree
Tree
A tree topology is a variation of a star
The central hub in the tree is an active hub
An active hub contains a repeater, which is hardware device that
regenerates the received bit patterns before sending them out.
The secondary hub may be active or passive hubs.
Each passive hubs contains a set of resistors to balance the circuit
linking the connected device.
Advantages and disadvantages: same as star topology

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Topology - Bus
Bus

A bus topology is a multipoint configuration.

One long cable acts a backbone to link all the devices in the network.
Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
There is a limit on the number of taps a bus can support and on the
distance between those taps.
Advantage: easy installation, use less cabling
Disadvantage: difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation
Removing nodes can cause degradation in signal, adding cause
modification of backbone

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Bus topology

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Topology - Ring
Ring
In a ring topology, each device has a dedicated point-topoint configuration only with the two devices on either
side of it.
A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from
device to device until it reaches its destination.
Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.

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Ring topology

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Topology - Ring (Cont.)

Advantage:

Easy to install and reconfigure.

To add or delete requires moving only two connections
Signal is circulating at all time.
Alarm used to alerts the network operator due to any problem.

Constraints:
ring length and number of devices.
Constraint in unidirectional can be solved by dual ring or a switch
capable of closing off the break.

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Topology - Hybrid
Hybrid topology
Several topologies as subnetworks linked together
in a larger topology
Two different topologies can be connected to each
other via a central controller in a star topology.

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Transmission Mode
TRANSMISSION MODE
The term transmission mode is used to define the direction of signal
flow between two linked devices.
There are three types of transmission modes: simplex, half-duplex,
full duplex
Simplex
In simplex, communication is unidirectional. Eg: keyboard
Half-duplex
Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the same time.
The entire capacity of a channel is taken over by whichever of the two
devices is transmitting at the time. Eg: walkie-talkie

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Transmission Mode (Cont.)

Full-duplex
Also called duplex, both stations can transmit and
receive simultaneously.
Signals going on either direction share the
capacity of the link.
Either the link contain two physically separate
path, capacity of the channel is divided between
signals travelling in opposite directions.

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Transmission Mode
Simplex

Half Duplex

Full Duplex

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Categories of Network

Network categories determined by its size, its

ownership, the distance it covers and its physical
architecture.

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LAN
Local Area Network (LAN)
Privately owned and links the devices in a single office, building or
campus.
LAN size limited to a few kilometers.
LAN share resources between PCs (or workstations).
The resources include hardware (printer), software (application
program) or data.
One of the computers in LAN may be given a large capacity disk drive
and become a server to the other clients.
LAN only use one type of transmission medium.
The most common LAN topologies are bus and star.
Speeds can increase to 1000Mbps (1 Gbps).
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LAN

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MAN
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Designed to extend over an entire city.
Maybe a single network, or connecting a number
of LANs into a larger network
MAN can be owned by a private company or
public company, such as a local telephone
company.

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MAN

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WAN
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Provides long distance transmission of data, voice, video,
image, over large geographical areas country, continent
or the whole world.
WANS is usually in combination of public, leased or private
communication devices.
WAN which wholly owned by a single company is often
referred to as an enterprise network.

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WAN

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Interconnection of Networks
Internetwork / internet
When two or more networks are connected

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The Internet

An internet is a network of networks.

The Internet is a collection of many
separate networks.
TCP/IP is the protocol suite for the
Internet.
There are local, regional, national, and
international Internet service providers
(ISPs).

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Internet today

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Protocol
Protocol- a set of rules that govern all aspects
of information communication.
It defines what is communicated, how it is
communicated, and when it is communicated.
Key elements of a protocol are syntax,
semantics, and timing.

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Protocol (cont.)
Syntax - the format or layout of the message
Semantics - what to do with the different parts
as defined by the syntax.
Timing - the actual speed of data transmission.

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Standards
A standards provides a model for
development, makes it possible for a product
to work regardless of the individual
manufacturer.

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Categories of Standards

WCB/McGraw-Hill

The McGraw-Hill
Companies,
Inc., 1998
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Standard (cont.)

De facto can categorized into:

- Proprietary - standards are those that are owned by
the organization that developed them. They are
also called "closed" standards. Not available to
general public.
- Non-Proprietary - standards are shared across many
vendors. They are also called "open" standards.

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Standards organizations

ISO (International Standards Organization)

ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union)
ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
IEEE- professional group involved in developing
standards for computing, communication, electrical
engineering and electronics
EIA (Electronic Industries Association)

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Conclusion
From Cisco CCNA:
Computers are vital components of every network.
The more you know about computers, the easier it is
to understand networks.
Knowledge about how a computer functions makes it
easier to understand networks.
Think of the internal components of a PC as a
network of devices, all attached to the system bus.

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Question

Q&A

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