Chapter 16

Higher-Order Differential
Equations
16.1

Exact First-Order Equations

1. Since Py = 0 = Qx , the equation is exact.

3
fx = 2x + 4, f = x2 + 4x + g(y), fy = g 0 (y) = 3y 1, g(y) = y 2 y
2
3
The solution is x2 + 4x + y 2 y = C.
2
2. Since Py = 1 and Qx = 1, the equation is not exact.
3. Since Py = 4 = Qx , the equation is exact.
5
fx = 5x + 4y, f = x2 + 4xy + g(y), fy = 4x + g 0 (y) = 4x 8y 3 , g(y) = 2y 4
2
5 2
The solution is x + 4xy 2y 4 = C.
2
4. Since Py = cos y sin x = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = sin yy sin x, f = x sin y+y cos x+g(y), fy = x cos y+cos x+g 0 (y) = cos x+x cos yy,
1
g(y) = y 2
2
1
The solution is x sin y + y cos x y 2 = C.
2
5. Since Py = 4xy = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = 2y 2 x 3, f = y 2 x2 3x + g(y), fy = 2yx2 + g 0 (y) = 2yx2 + 4, g(y) = 4y
The solution is y 2 x2 3x + 4y = C.


y

1
1
3
6.
4x + 3y sin 3x dx + 2y + cos 3x dy = 0. Since Py = 2 + 3 sin 3x and Qx =
2
x
x
x
1
3 sin 3x, the equation is not exact.
x2
7. (x2 y 2 )dx + (x2 2xy)dy = 0. Since Py = 2y and Qx = 2x 2y, the equation is not exact.
288

16.1. EXACT FIRST-ORDER EQUATIONS

8.

289

y
1
dx + (ln x 1)dy = 0. Since Py =
= Qx , the equation is exact. fy =
x
x
y
y
0
ln x 1, f = y ln x y + g(x), fx = + g (x) = 1 + ln x + , g 0 (x) = 1 + ln x, g(x) = x ln x
x
x
The solution is y ln x y + x ln x = C.


1 + ln x +

9. (y 3 y 2 sin x x)dx + (3xy 2 + 2y cos x)dy = 0. Since Py = 3y 2 2y sin x = Qx , the equation

is exact.
fx = y 3 y 2 sin x x, f = xy 3 + y 2 cos x 21 x2 + g(y), fy = 3xy 2 + 2y cos x + g 0 (y) =
3xy 2 + 2y cos, g(y) = 0
The solution is xy 3 + y 2 cos x 21 x2 = C
10. Since Py = 3y 2 = Qx , the equation is exact. fx = x3 + y 3 , f =
3xy 2 + g 0 (y) = 3xy 2 , g(y) = 0
1
The solution is x4 + xy 3 = C.
4

1 4
x + xy 3 + g(y), fy =
4

11. Since Py = 1 + ln y + xexy and Qx = ln y, the equation is not exact.

12. Since Py = 3x2 + ey = Qx , the equation is exact. fx = 3x2 y + ey , f = x3 y + xey + g(y), fy =
x3 + xey + g 0 (y) = x3 + xey 2y, g(y) = y 2
The solution is x3 y + xey y 2 = C.
13. (2xex y + 6x2 )dx xdy = 0. Since Py = 1 = Qx , the equation is exact. fx = 2xex y +
6x2 , f = 2xex 2ex yx + 2x3 + g(y), fy = x + g 0 (y) = x, g(y) = 0
The solution is 2xex 2ex yx + 2x3 = C.




3
3
14. 1 + y dx + 1 + x dy = 0. Since Py = 1 = Qx , the equation is exact.
x
y
3
3
3
fx = 1 + y, f = x 3 ln |x| + xy + g(y), fy = x + g 0 (y) = 1 + x, g 0 (y) = 1 ,
x
y
y
g(y) = y 3 ln |y|
The solution is x 3 ln |xy| + xy + y = C.
15. Since Py = 3x2 y 2 = Qx , the equation is exact.
1
1
1
fy = x3 y 2 , f = x3 y 3 + g(x), fx = x2 y 3 + g 0 (x) = x2 y 3
, g 0 (x) =
=
2
3
1 = 9x
1 + 9x2
1
1 1
x
1
1
, g(x) =
tan1
= tan1 3x

9 1/9 + x2
9 1/3
1/3
3
1
1
The solution is x3 y 3 tan1 3x = C or x3 y 3 = tan 13x = C1 .
3
3
16. 2ydx (5y 2x)dy = 0. Since Py = 2 = Qx , the equation is exact.
5
fx = 2y, f = 2xy + g(y), fy = 2x + g 0 (y) = 5y + 2x, g(y)= y 2
2
5
The solution is 2xy y 2 = C.
2
17. Since Py = sin x cos y = Qx , the equation is exact.
fy = cos x cos y, f = cos x sin y +g(x), fx = sin x sin y +g 0 (x) = tan xsin x sin y, g 0 (x) =
tan x, g(x) = ln | sec x|
The solution is cos x sin y + ln | sec x| = C or cos x sin y ln | cos x| + C.

290

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

2

18. (2y sin x cos x y + 2y 2 exy )dx + (sin2 x + 4xyexy x)dy = 0. Since Py = 2 sin x cos x
2
2
2
1 + 4xy 3 exy + 4yexy = Qz , the equation is exact. fx = 2y sin x cos x y + 2y 2 exy =
1
2
2
y sin 2x y + 2y 2 exy , f = y cos 2x xy + 2exy + g(y),
2
2
2
1
1
fy = cos 2x x + 4xyexy + g 0 (y) = (1 2 sin2 x) x + 4xyexy + g 0 (y)
2
2
2
2
1
= + sin2 x x + 4xyexy + g 0 (y) = sin2 x + 4xyexy x
2
1
1
g 0 (y) = , g(y) = y
2
2
1
1
2
The solution is y cos 2x xy + 2exy + y = C.
2
2
19. Since Py = 4t3 1 = Qt , the equation is exact.
ft = 4t3 y 15t2 y, f = t4 y 5t3 yt + g(y),
fy = t4 t + g 0 (y) = t4 + 3y 2 t, g 0 (y) 3y 2 , g(y) = y 3 .
The solution is t4 y 5t3 yt + y 3 = C.
y 2 t2
(t2 + y 2 ) + y(2y)
=
(t2 + y 2 )2
(t2 + y 2 )2
2t
, the equation is not exact.
and Qy = 2
(t + y 2 )2

20. Since Py =

21. Since Py = 2(x + y) = Qx , the equation is exact.

1
fx = (x+y)2 = x2 +2xy+y 2 , f = x3 +x2 y+xy 2 +g(y), fy = x2 +2xy+g 0 (y) = 2xy+x2 1
3
1
g 0 (y) = 1, g(y) = y A family of solutions is x3 + x2 y + xy 2 y = C. Substituting x = 1
3
1
4
and y = 1 we obtain + 1 + 1 1 = = C. The solution subject to the given condition is
3
3
1 3
4
2
2
x + x y + xy y = .
3
3
22. Since Py = 1 = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = ex + y, f = ex + xy + g(y), fy = x + g 0 (y) = 2 + x + yey , g 0 (y) = 2 + yey Using
integration by parts, g(y) = 2y + yey y. A family of solutions is ex + xy + 2y + yey ey = C.
Substituting x = 0 and y = 1 we obtain 1 + 2 + e e = 3 = C. The solution subject to the
given condition is ex + xy + 2y + yey ey = 3.
23. Since Py = 4 = Qt , the equation is exact.
ft = 4y + 2t 5, f = 4ty + t2 5t + g(y), fy = 4t + g 0 (y) = 6y + 4t 1, g 0 (y) = 6y 1, g(y) =
3y 2 y A family of solutions is 4ty + t2 5t + 3y 2 y = C. Substituting t = 1 and y = 2
we obtain 8 + 1 + 5 + 12 2 = 8 = C. The solution subject to the given condition is
4ty + t2 5t + 3y 2 y = 8.
24. Since Py = 2y cos x 3x2 = Qx , the equation is exact.
fx = y 2 cos x 3x2 y 2x, f = y 2 sin x x3 y x2 + g(y), fy = 2y sin x x3 + g 0 (y) =
2y sin x x3 + ln y,
g 0 (y) = ln y, g(y) = y ln y y A family of solutions is y 2 sin x x3 y x2 + y ln y y = C.
Substituting x = 0 and y = e we obtain e e = 0 = C. The solution subject to the given
condition is y 2 sin x x3 y x2 + y ln y y = 0.

16.2. HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

291

25. We want Py = Qx or 3y 2 + 4kxy 3 = 3y 2 + 40xy 3 . Thus, 4k = 40 and k = 10.

26. We want Py = Qx or 18xy 2 sin y = 4kxy 2 sin y. Thus 4k = 18 and k = 92 .
27. We need Py = Qx , so we must have
1 xy
xe

M
= exy + xyexy + 2y
y

1
x2 .

This gives M (x, y) =

(yx 1)exy
y
+ y 2 2 + g(x) for some function g.
x
x

28. We need Py = Qx , so we must have

x1/2 y 1/2 +

N
x
. This gives N (x, y) =
= 12 x1/2 y 1/2 2
x
(x + y 2 )2

1
+ g(y) for some function g.
2(x2 + y)

 4
[(x, y)M (x, y)] =
xy = 4xy 3
y
y


 2 3
[(x, y)N (x, y)] =
2x y + 3y 5 20y 3 = 4xy 3
z
x
Therefore, (x, y)M (x, y)dx + (x, y)N(x, y) = 0 is exact, and (x, y) is an integrating factor.
Now, if y 3 xydx + (2x2 + 3y 2 20)dy = 0, then xydx + (2x2 + 3y 2 20)dy =
0, provided
y 6= 0. Therefore, to solve the original DE, we solve xy 4 dx + 2x2 y 3 + 3y 5 20y 3 dy = 0.
fx = xy 4 , f = 12 x2 y 4 + g(y), fy = 2x2 y + g 0 (y) = 2x2 y 3 + 3y 5 20y 3 ,
g 0 (y) = 3y 5 20y , g(y) = 21 y 6 5y 4 , f = 21 x2 y 4 + 12 y 6 5y 4 .
The solution is therefore 21 x2 y 4 + 12 y 6 5y 4 = C.

29. Let (x, y = y 3 . Then

1
dy g(x)dx = 0. Since g is a function of x
h(y)
only and h is a function of y only, we have Py = Qx = 0.

30. True; a separable equation can be written as

16.2

Homogeneous Linear Equations

1. 3m2 m = 0 = m(3m 1) = 0 = m = 0, 1/3; y + C1 + C2 ex/3

2. 2m2 + 5m = 0 = m(2m + 5) = 0 = m = 0, 5/2; y = C1 + C2 e5x/2
3. m2 16 = 0 = m2 = 16 = m = 4, 4; y = C1 e4x + C2 e4x

4. m2 8 = 0 = m2 = 8 = m = 2 2, 2 2; y = C1 e2 2x + C2 e2 2x
5. m2 + 9 = 0 = m2 = 9 = m = 3i, 3i; y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x
1
1
6. 4m2 + 1 = 0 = m2 = 1/4 = m = i/2, i/2; y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x
2
2
7. m2 3m + 2 = 0 = (m 1)(m 2) = 0 = m = 1, 2; y = C1 ex + C2 e2x
8. m2 m 6 = 0 = (m + 2)(m 3) = 0 = m = 2, 3; y = C1 e2x + C2 33x
9. m2 + 8m + 16 = 0 = (m + 4)2 = 0 = m = 4, 4; y = C1 e4x + C2 xe4x
10. m2 10m + 25 = 0 = (m 5)2 = 0 = m = 5, 5; y = C1 e5x + C2 xe5x

292

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

11. m2 + 3m 5 = 0 = m = 3/2
12. m2 + 4m 1 = 0 = m = 2

29/2; y = C1 e(3/2

5; y = C1 e(2

5)x

29/2)x

+ C2 e(3/2+

+ C2 e(2+

29/2)x

5)x

13. 12m2 5m 2 = 0 = (3m 2)(4m + 1) = 0 = m = 1/4, 2/3; y = C1 ex/4 + C2 e2x/3

14. 8m2 + 2m 1 = 0 = (4m 1)(2m + 1) = 0 = m = 1/2, 1/4; y = C1 ex/2 + C2 ex/4
15. m2 4m + 5 = 0 = m = 2 i; y = e2x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)

16. 2m 3m + 4 = 0 = m = 3/4 ( 23/4)i; y = e3x/4

2

23
23
C1 cos
x + C2 sin
x
4
4

17. 3m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 = m = 1/3 ( 2/3)i; y = ex/3

18. 2m + 2m + 1 = 0 = m = 1/2 (1/2)i; y = e

x/2

!
2
2
C1 cos
x + C2 sin
x
3
3
1
1
C1 cos x + C2 sin x
2
2

19. 9m2 + 6m + 1 = 0 = (3m + 1)2 = 0 = m = 1/3, 1/3; y = C1 ex/3 + C2 xex/3

20. 15m2 16m 7 = 0 = (3m + 1)(5m 7) = 0 = m = 1/3, 7/5; y = C1 ex/3 + C2 e7x/5
21. m2 + 16 = 0 = m2 = 16 = m = 4i; y = C1 cos 4x + C2 sin 4x; y 0 = 4C1 sin 4x +
C2 cos 4x
Using y(0) = 2 we obtain 2 = C1 . Using y 0 (0) = 2 we obtain 2 = 4C2 or C2 = 1/2. The
1
solution is y = 2 cos 4x sin 4x.
2
22. m2 1 = 0 = m2 = 1 = m = 1; y = C1 ex + C2 ex ; y 0 = C1 ex C2 ex . Using
y(0) = Y 0 (0) = 1 we obtain the system C1 + C2 = 1, C1 C2 = 1. Thus, C1 = 1 and C2 = 0.
The solution is y = ex .
23. m2 + 6m + 5 = 0 = (m + 1)(m + 5) = 0 = m = 5, 1; y = C1 e5x + C2 ex ;
y 0 = 5C1 e5x C2 ex . Using y(0) = 0 and y 0 (0) = 3 we obtain the system C1 + C2 = 0,
3
3
5C1 C2 = 3. Thus, C1 = 3/4 and c2 = 3/4. The solution is y = e5x + ex .
4
4
24. m2 8m + 17 = 0 = m = 4 i; y = e4x (C1 cos x + C2 sin x);
y 0 = e4x [(4C1 + C2 ) cos x + (C1 + 4C2 ) sin x] .
Using y(0) = 4 and y 0 (0) = 1 we obtain the system C1 = 4, 4C1 + C2 = 1. Thus, C1 = 4
and C2 = 17. The solution is y = e4x (4 cos x 17 sin x).
1
1
1
25. 2m2 2m + 1 = 0 = m = 1/2 (1/2)i; y = ex/2 (C1 cos x + C2 sin x); y 0 = ex/2 [ (C1 +
2
2
2
1
1
1
C2 ) cos x (C1 C2 ) sin x]. Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain the system C1 = 1,
2
2
2


1
1
1
1
x/2
C1 + C2 = 0. Thus, C1 = 1 and C2 = 1. The solution is y = e
sin x cos x .
2
2
2
2

16.2. HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

293

26. m2 2m + 1 = 0 = (m 1)2 = 0 = m = 1, 1; y = C1 ex + C2 xex ; y 0 = (C1 + C2 )ex +

C2 xex .
Using y(0) = 5 and y 0 (0) = 10 we obtain the system C1 = 5, C1 + C2 = 10. Thus,
C1 = C2 = 5. The solution is y = 5ex + 5xex .

7
7
x/2
2
(C1 cos
x + C2 sin
x);
27. m + m + 2 = 0 = m = 1/2 ( 7/2)i; y = e
2
2
"
#

1
7
7
7
7
1
y 0 = ex/2 ( C1 +
C2 ) cos
x + (
C1 C2 ) sin
x .
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
7
C2 = 0. Thus, C1 = C2 = 0.
Using y(0) = y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain the system C1 = 0, C1 +
2
2
The solution is y = 0.
28. 4m2 4 3 = 0 = (2m 3)(2m + 1) = 0 = m = 1/2, 3/2; y = C1 ex/2 + C2 e3x/2 ;
1
3
y 0 = C1 ex/2 + C2 e3x/2 . Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 5 we obtain the system C1 +C2 = 1,
2
2
3
7
11
1
C1 + C2 = 5. Thus, c1 = 7/4 and C2 = 11/4. The solution is y = ex/2 + e3x/2 .
2
2
4
4
29. m2 3m+2 = 0 = (m1)(m2) = 0 = m = 1, 2; y = C1 ex +C2 e2x ; y 0 = C1 ex +2C2 e2x .
Using y(1) = 0 and y 0 (1) = 1 we obtain the system eC1 + e2 C2 = 0, eC1 + 2e2 C2 = 1. Thus,
C1 = e1 and C2 = e2. The solution is y = ex1 + e2x2 .
0
30. m2 +1 = 0 = m2 = 1 = m = i; y = C1 cos x+C2 sin x;
x+C2 cos x. Using
y = C1 sin
1
3
3
1
y(/3) = 0 and y 0 (/3) = 2 we obtain the system C1 +
C2 = 0,
C1 + C2 = 2.
2
2
2
2

Thus, C1 = 3 and C2 = 1. The solution is y = 3 cos x + sin x.

31. The auxiliary equation is (m 4)(m + 5) = m2 + m 20 = 0. The differential equation is

y 00 + y 0 20y = 0.
32. The auxiliary equation is [(m 3) i] [(m 3) + i] = (m 3)2 i2 = m2 6m + 10 = 0. The
differential equation is y 00 = 6y 0 + 10y = 0.
33. The auxiliary equation is m2 +1 = 0, so m = i. The general solution is y = C1 cos x+C2 sin x.
The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0, y() = C1 = 0, so y = C2 sin x.
34. The general solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x. The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 =
0, y() = C1 = 1, which is a contradiction. No solution.
35. The general
solution is y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x. The boundary conditions yield y 0 (0) = C2 =


0 1
0, y 2 = C1 = 2, so y = 2 cos x.
36. The auxiliary equation is m2 1 = 0, so m = 1. The general solution is y = C1 ex + C2 ex .
The boundary conditions yield y(0) 
= C1 + C2 
= 1, 
y(1) = C1e + C2 e1 = 1, or C1 =
1
1
1 e
e+1
1 e
e+1
and C2 =
, so y =
ex +
ex.
e e1
e e1
e e1
e e1
37. The auxiliary equation is m2 2m + 2 = 0, so m = 1 i. The general solution is y =
ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) . The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 1 and y() = e C1 =
1, which is a contradiction. No solution.

294

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

38. The general solution is y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) . The boundary

conditions yield y(0) =


C1 = 1 and y (/2) = C2 e/2 = 1, so y = ex cos x + e/2 sin x
39. The auxiliary equation is m2 4m + 4 = 0, so m = 2 is a repeated root. The general solution
is y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x . The boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0 and y(1) = C2 e2 = 1,
so y = xe2 e2x = xe2(x1) .
40. The general solution is y = C1 e2x +C2 xe2x . The boundary conditions yield y 0 (0) = 2C1 +C2 =
1 and y(1) = (C1 + C2 ) e2 = 2, or C1 = 1 2e2 and C2 = 1 + 4e2 , so y = (1 2e2 )e2x +
(1 + 4e2 )xe2x .
41. Assuming a solution of the form y = emx we obtain the auxiliary equation m3 9m2 + 25m
17 = 0. Since y1 = ex is a solution we know that m1 = 1 is a root of the auxiliary equation.
The equation can then be written as (m1)(m2 8m+17) = 0. The roots of this equation are 1
and 4i. The general solution of the differential equation is y = C1 ex +e4x (C2 cos x+C3 sin x).
42. Assuming a solution of the form y = emx we obtain the auxiliary equation m3 +6m2 +m34 =
0. Since y1 = e4x cos x is a solution, we know that m1 = 4 + i is a root of the auxiliary
equation. Using the fact that complex roots of real polynomial equations occur in conjugate
pairs we have that m2 = 4i is also a root. Thus [m(4+i)][m(4i)] = m2 +8m+17 is
a factor of the auxiliary equation and we can write it as m3 +6m2 +m34 = (m2 +8m+17)(m
2) = 0. The general solution of the differential equation is y = C1 e2x +e4x (C1 cos x+C2 sin x).
43. y 0 = memx , y 00 = m2 emx , y 000 = m3 emx ; m3 emx 4m2 emx 5memx = 0 = (m3 4m2
5m)emx = 0 = m3 4m2 5m = 0 = m(m 5)(m + 1) = 0 = m = 0, 1, 5; y =
C1 + C2 ex + C3 e5x
44. y 0 = memx , y 00 = m2 emx , y 000 = m3 emx ; m3 emx + 3m2 emx 4memx 12emx = 0 =
(m3 + 3m2 4m 12)emx = 0 = m3 + 3m2 4m 12 = 0 = m2 (m + 3) 4(m + 3) =
0 = (m2 4)(m + 3) = 0 = m = 3, 2, 2; y = C1 e3x + C2 e2x + C3 e2x
45. Case 1: = 2 < 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 2 = 0, so m = and general solution is y = C1 ex + C2 ex .
Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 +C2 = 0 and y(1) = C1 e +C2 e = 0, or C1 = C2 = 0.
So Case 1 yields no nonzero solutions.
Case 2: = 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 = 0, so m = 0 is a repeated root and general solution is y = C1 +C2 x.
Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0 and y(1) = C2 = 0. So Case 2 yields no nonzero
solutions.
Case 3: = 2 > 0
Auxiliary equation is m2 + 2 = 0, so m = i and the general solution is y = C1 cos x +
C2 sin x. Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 0 and y(1) = C2 sin = 0. Hence, nonzero
solutions exist only when sin = 0, which implies = n so that = n2 2 for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
(n = 0 is excluded since that would give = 0).

16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

295

4
4
46. (a) If the earth has density then M = R3 and Mr = r3 , so that M/Mr = R3 /r3
3
3
and Mr = r3 M/R3 . Then
F = k

r3 M m/R3
mM
Mr m
=
k
= k 3 r.
r2
r2
R

d2 r
mM
d2 r
kM
d2 r
=
k
r
=
+
r
=
0
=
+ 2 r =
dt2
R3
dt2
R3
dt2
0where 2 = kM/R3 . Since kmM/R2 = mg we have 2 = kM/R3 = g/R.

(b) Since a = d2 r/dt2 ,F = ma = m

(c) The general solution of the differential equation in part (b) is r(t) = c1 cos t + c2 sin t.
The initial conditions r(0) = R and r0 (0) = 0 imply c1 = R and c2 = 0. Then r(t) =
R cos t. The mass oscillates back and forth from one side of the earth to the other with
a period of T = 2/. If we use R=3960 mi and g=32 ft/s2 , then T 5079 s or 1.41 h.
47.
48.

16.3

Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations

1. m2 9 = 0 = m = 3, 3; yc = C1 e3x + C2 e3x ; yp = A, yp0 = yp00 = 0; 9A = 54 =

A = 6; yp = 6; y = C1 e3x + C2 e3x 6
2. 2m2 7m + 5 = 0 = (2m 5)(m 1) = 0 = m = 1, 5/2; yc = C1 ex + C2 e5x/2 ; yp =
29
A, yp0 = yp00 = 0; 5A = 29 = A = 29/5; y = C1 ex + C2 e5x/2
5
3. m2 + 4m + 4 = 0 = (m + 2)2 = 0 = m = 2, 2; yc = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x ; yp =
Ax + B, yp0 = A, yp00 = 0; 4A + 4(Ax + B) = 2x + 6 = 4Ax + 4(A + B) = 2x + 6
Solving 4A = 2, 4A + 4B = 6, we obtain A = 1/2 and B = 1. Thus, y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x +
1
x + 1.
2
4. m2 2m + 1 = 0 = (m 1)2 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 xex ; yp = Ax3 + Bx2 +
Cx + d, yp0 = 3Ax2 + 2Bx + C, yp00 = 6Ax + 2B
(6Ax + 2B) 2(3Ax2 + 2Bx + c) + (Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D) = x3 + 4x
= Ax3 + (6A + B)x2 + (6A 4B + C)x + (2B 2C + D) = x3 + 4x
Solving A = 1, 6A + B = 0, 6A 4B + c = 4, 2B 2C + D = 0, we obtain A = 1, B =
6, C = 22, and D = 32. Thus, y = C1 ex + C2 xex + x3 + 6x2 + 22x + 32.
5. m2 + 25 = 0 = m = 5i; yc = C1 cos 5x + C2 sin 5x; yp = A sin x + B cos x, yp0 = A cos x
B sin x, yp00 = A sin x B cos x; A sin x B cos x + 25(A sin x + B cos x) = 6 sin x =
1
24A sin x + 24B cos x = 6 sin x; A = 1/4, B = 0; y = C1 cos 5x + C2 sin 5x + sin x
4
6. m2 4 = 0 = m = 2,

2;

yc = C1 e2x + C2 e2x ;

16Ae4x 4Ae4x = 7e4x = 12Ae4x = 7e4x

yp0 = 4Ae4x , yp00 =

7
= A = 7/12; y = C1 e2x + C2 e2x + e4x
12
yp = Ae4x ,

296

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

7. m2 2m 3 = 0 = (m 3)(m + 1) = 0 = m = 1, 3; yc = C1 ex + C2 e3x
yp = Ae2x + Bx3 + Cx2 + Dx + E, yp0 = 2Ae2x + 3Bx2 + 2Cx + D, yp00 = 4Ae2x + 6Bx + 2C
(4Ae2x + 6Bx + 2C) 2(2Ae2x + 3Bx2 + 2Cx + D) 3(Ae2x + Bx3 + Cx2 + Dx + E) =
4e2x +2x3 = 3Ae2x 3Bx3 +(6B 3C)x2 +(6B 4C 3D)x+(2C 2D 3E) = 4e2x +2x3
Solving 3A = 4, 3B = 2, 6B 3C = 0, 6B 4C 3D = 0, 2C 2D 3E = 0, we
obtain A = 4/3, B = 2/3, C = 4/3, D = 28/9, and E = 80/27. Thus,
2
4
28
80
4
y = C1 ex + C2 e3x e2x x3 + x2 x + .
3
3
3
9
27

1
3
8. m2 + m + 1 = 0 = m =
i; yc = ex/2 (C1 cos 3x/2 + C2 sin 3x/2)
2
2
yp = Ax2 ex + Bxex + Cex + D, yp0 = Ax2 ex + (2A + B)xex + (B + C)ex
yp00 = Ax2 ex + (4A + B)xex + (2A + 2B + C)ex
 2 x
 

Ax
(4A + B)xex + (2A+ 2B + C)ex + Ax2 ex + (2A + B)xex + (B + C)ex
 e2 +
+ Ax ex + Bxex + Cex + D = x2 ex +3 = 3Ax2 ex +(6A+3B)xex (2A+3B +3C)ex +D =
x2 ex + 3
Solving 3A = 1, 6A + 3B = 0, 2A + 3B + 3C = 0, D = 3, we obtain A = 1/3, B =
2/3, C = 4/9, and D = 3. Thus,
y = ex/2 (C1 cos

1
2
4
3x/2 + C2 sin 3x/2) + x2 ex xex + ex + 3.
3
3
9

9. m2 8m + 25 = 0 = m = 4 3i; yc = e4x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x); yp = Ae3x + B sin 2x +

C cos 2x, yp0 = 3Ae3x + 2B cos 2x 2C sin 2x, yp00 = 9Ae3x 4B sin 2x 4C cos 2x
(9Ae3x 4B sin 2x 4C cos 2x) 8(3Ae3x + 2B cos 2x 2C sin 2x) + 25(Ae3x + B sin 2x +
C cos 2x) = e3x 6 cos 2x = 10Ae3x + (21B + 16C) sin 2x + (16B + 21C) cos 2x = e3x
6 cos 2x
Solving 10A = 1, 21B + 16C = 0, 16B + 21C = 6, we obtain A = 1/10, B = 96/697,
and C = 126/697. Thus,
y = e4x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x) +

1 3x
96
126
e +
sin 2x
cos 2x.
10
697
697

10. m2 5m + 4 = 0 = (m 1)(m 4) = 0 = m = 1, 4; yc = C1 ex + C2 e4x

yp = A sinh 3x + B cosh 3x, yp0 = 3A cosh 3x + 3B sinh 3x, yp00 = 9A sinh 3x + 9B cosh 3x
(9A sinh 3x+9B cosh 3x)5(3A cosh 3x+3B sinh 3x)+4(A sinh 3x+B cosh 3x) = 2 sinh 3x =
(13A 15B) sinh 3x + (15A + 13B) cosh 3x = 2 sinh 3x
Solving 13A 15B = 2, 15A + 13B = 0, we obtain A = 13/28 and B = 15/28. Thus,
y + C1 ex + C2 e4x

13
15
sinh 3x
cosh 3x.
28
28

11. m2 64 = 0 = m = 8, 8; yc = C1 e8x + C2 e8x ; yp = A, yp0 = yp00 = 0

1
64A = 16 = A = 1/4; y = C1 e8x + C2 e8x , y 0 = 8C1 e8x + 8C2 e8x .
4
1
Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain C1 + C2 = 1, 8C1 + 8C2 = 0, or C1 = C2 = 5/8.
4
5
5
1
Thus, y = e8x + e8x .
8
8
4

16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

297

12. m2 + 5m 6 = 0 = (m + 6)(m 1) = 0 = m = 6, 1; yc = C1 e6x + C2 ex ; yp =

Ae2x , yp0 = 2Ae2x , yp00 = 4Ae2x ; Ae2x + 5(2Ae2x ) 6(Ae2x ) = 10e2x = 8Ae2x = 10e2x =
5
5
A = 5/4; y = C1 e6x + C2 ex + e2x , y 0 = 6C1 e6x + C2 ex + e2x .
4
2
5
5
9
Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain C1 + C2 + = 1, 6C1 + C2 + = 0, or C1 =
4
2
28
4
9 6x 4 x 5 2x
and C2 = . Thus, y =
e
e + e .
7
28
7
4


 cos x sin x 
=1
13. m2 + 1 = 0 = m = i; i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W = 
sin x cos x 
u01 = sin x sec x = tan x, u1 = ln | cos x|; u02 = cos x sec x = 1, u2 = x
yp = cos x ln | cos x| + x sin x; y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + cos x ln | cos x| + x sin x


 cos x sin x 
2

=1
14. m + 1 = 0 = m = i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W = 
sin x cos x 
sin2 x
1 cos2 x
u01 = sin x tan x =
=
= sec x + cos x, u1 = ln | sec x + tan x| + sin x
cos x
cos x
u02 = cos x tan x = sin x; u2 = cos x
yp = cos x ln | sec x + tan x| + sin x cos x sin x cos x = cos x ln | sec x + tan x|
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x cos x ln | sec x + tan x|


 cos x sin x 
2
=1

15. m + 1 = 0 = m = i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W = 
sin x cos x 
1
1
1
u01 = sin2 x, u1 = x + sin x cos x; u02 = sin x cos x, u2 = sin2 x
2
2
2
1
1
1
yp = x cos x + sin x cos2 x + sin3 x
2
2
2
1
1
1
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x x cos x + sin x cos2 x + sin3 x
2
2
2
1
1
1
2
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x x cos x + sin x(cos x + sin2 x) = C1 cos x + C3 sin x x cos x
2
2
2




cos x sin x 
=1
16. m2 + 1 = 0 = m = i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W = 
sin x cos x 
2
0
2
0
u1 = sin x sec x tan x = tan x = 1sec x, u1 = xtan x; u2 = cos x sec x tan x = tan x
u2 = ln | cos x|; yp = cos x(tan x x) = x cos x sin x sin x ln | cos x|
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x cos x sin x sin x ln | cos x| = C1 cos x + C3 sin x + x cos x sin x ln | cos x|


 cos x sin x 
2

=1
17. m + 1 = 0 = m = i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W = 
sin x cos x 
u01 = sin x cos2 x u1 = 31 cos3 x; u02 = cos x cos2 x = cos xcos x sin2 x, u2 = sin x 13 sin3 x
yp = 31 cos4 x + sin2 x 13 sin4 x = sin2 x + 13 (cos2 x sin2 x) = sin2 x + 13 cos 2x
1
1 1
1
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + sin2 x + cos 2x = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + cos 2x + cos 2x
3
2 2
3
1 1
= C1 cos x + C2 sin x + cos 2x
2 6


 cos x sin x 
2

=1
18. m + 1 = 0 = m = i, i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W = 
sin x cos x 

298

19.

20.

21.

22.

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

u01 = sin x sec2 x = tan x sec x, u1 = sec x; u02 = cos x sec2 x = sec x;
u2 = ln | sec x + tan x|
yp = cos x sec x + sin x ln | sec x + tan x| = 1 + sin x ln | sec x + tan x|
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x 1 + sin x ln | sec x + tan x|
 x

 e
ex 
2
x
x

=2
m 1 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 e + C2 e ; W = 
ex ex 
1
1
1
1
u01 = ex cosh x = (e2x + 1), u1 = e2x x;
2
4
8
4
1
1
1
1
u02 = ex cosh x = (1 + e2x ) u2 = x e2x ,
2
4
4
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
yp = ex ( e2x x) + ex ( x e2x = ex xex + xex dx
8
4
4
8
8
4
4
8
1 x 1 x 1
= e e + x sinh x
8
8
2
1
1
1
1
y = C1 ex + C2 ex ex ex + x sinh x = C3 ex + C4 ex + x sinh x
8
8
2
2
 x

 e
ex 
2
x
x

=2
m 1 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 e + C2 e ; W = 
ex ex 
1
1
1
1
u01 = ex sinh 2x = (e3x ex ), u1 = e3x ex
2
4
12
4
1
1
1
1
u02 = dx sinh 2x = (ex e3x ), u2 = ex + e3x
2
4
4
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
yp = ex ( e3x ex ) + ex ( ex + e3x ) = e2x e2x + e2x + e2x
12
4
4
12
12
4
4
12
1
1
1
= e2x e2x = sinh 2x
6
6
3
1
x
x
y = C1 e + C2 e + sinh 2x
3


 e2x
e2x 
2
2x
2x

m 4 = 0 = m = 2, 2; yc = C1 e
+ C2 e ; W = 
=4
2e2x 2e2x 
 2x

Z x 4t
2x
4x
1
e
1e
1
e
1
e
1
1
u01 = e2x (
)=
, u1 =
dt; u02 = e2x
=
, u2 = ln |x|
4
x
4 x
4 x0 t
4
x
4x
4
Z
Z x 4t
1 2x
1
e
1
1 2x x e4t
dt + e ln |x|; y = C1 e2x + C2 e2x e2x
dt + e2x ln |x|
yp = e
4
4
4
4
x0 t
x0 t


 e3x
e3x 
m2 9 = 0 = m = 3, 3; yc = C1 e3x + C2 e3x ; W = 
=6
3x
3e
3e3x 
1
9x
3
3
9x
3
1
u01 = e3x ( 3x = x, u1 = x2 ; u02 = e3x ( 3x ) = xe6x
6
e
2
4
6
e
2
Z

3 6x
xe
dx Integration by parts
2
1
1
= xe6x e6x
4
24
3
1
1
3
1
yp = x2 e3x xe3x e3x ; y = C3 e3x + C2 e3x x2 e3x xe3x
4
4
24
4
4
u2 =

16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

299

23. m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 = (m
= 2, 1; yc = C1 e2x + C2 ex
 + 2)(m + 1) = 0 = m x
x 
 e2x
1
e
e2x
e
3x

; u01 = 3x
W = 
=
2x
x  = e
x
2e
e
e
1+e
1 + ex
Z
2x
e
dx v = 1 + ex , dv = ex dx, ex = v 1
u1 =
1 + ex
Z
v1
=
dv = v + ln |v| = 1 ex + ln(1 + ex )
v
yp = e2x [1 ex + ln(1 + ex )] + ex ln(1 + ex ) = e2x ex + e2x ln(1 + ex )
+ ex ln(1 + ex )
y = C1 e2x + C2 ex e2x ex + e2x ln(1 + ex ) + ex ln(1 + ex )
= C3 e2x + C4 ex + e2x ln(1 + ex ) + ex ln(1 + ex )

24. m2 3m + 2 = 0 = (m 1)(m 2) = 0 = m = 1, 2; yc = C1 ex + C2 e2x ;

 ex e2x 
e2x
1 2x e3x
3x
0

=
W =  x
2x  = e ; u1 = 3x e
x
e
2e
e
1+e
1 + ex
Z
2x
e
u1 =
dx v = 1 + ex , dv = ex dx, ex = v 1
1 + ex
Z
v1
dv = v + ln |v| = 1 ex + ln(1 + ex )
=
v
1
e3x
ex
u02 = 3x ex
=
, u2 = ln(1 + ex )
x
e
1+e
1 + ex
yp = ex [1 ex + ln(1 + ex )] + e2x ln(1 + ex ) = ex e2x + ex ln(1 + ex ) + e2x ln(1 + ex )
y = C1 ex + C2 e2x ex e2x + ex ln(1 + ex ) + e2x ln(1 + ex )
= C3 ex + C4 e2x + ex ln(1 + ex ) + e2x ln(1 + ex )

2x
25. m2 + 3m + 2 = 0 = (m
+ C2 ex
 + 2)(m + 1) = 0 = m = 2, 1; yc = C1 e
x 
 e2x
1
e
3x

; u01 = 3x ex sin ex = e2x sin ex
W = 
2x
x  = e
2e
e
e
Z

u1 =

e2x sin ex dx

Integration by parts

= ex cos ex sin ex
1
u02 = 3x e2x sin ex = ex sin ex , u2 = cos ex
e
yp = e2x (ex cos ex sin ex )+ex ( cos ex ) = e2x sin ex ; y = C1 e2x +C2 ex e2x sin ex

26. m2 2m + 1 = 0 = (m 1)2 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 xex ;

 ex

xex
 = e2x ; u01 = 1 xex ex tan1 x = x tan1 x
W =  x
x
e
xe + ex 
e2x

300

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Z
u1 =

x tan1 xdx

Integration by parts

1
1
1
= x2 tan1 x tan1 x + x
2
2
2
1
1 x x
1
1
0
u2 = 2x e e tan x = tan x, u2 = x tan1 x ln(1 + x2 )
e 

 2

1
1
1
1 2
1
1
x
x
yp = e x tan x tan x + x + xe x tan1 x ln(1 + x2 )
2
2
2
2
1 2 x
1
1
1
= x e tan1 x ex tan1 x + xex xex ln(1 + x2 )
2
2
2
2
1 x
1
1 2 x
1
x
x
y = C1 e + C3 xe + x e tan x e tan1 x xex ln(1 + x2 )
2
2
2
27. m2 2m + 1 = 0 = (m 1)2 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 xex ;

 ex
1
ex
x
1
xex
2x
0
x

=
, u1 = ln(1 + x2 );
W =  x
x
x  = e ; u1 = 2x xe
2
2
e
xe + e
e
1+x
1+x
2
1 x ex
1
1
0
u2 = 2x e
=
, u2 = tan x
e
1 + x2
1 + x2
1
1
yp = ex ln(1 + x2 ) + xex tan1 x; y = C1 ex + C2 xex ex ln(1 + x2 ) + xex tan1 x
2
2
28. m2 2m + 2 = 0 = m = 1 i; yc = ex (C1 cos
 x + C2 sin x);
x
x


e
cos
x
e
sin
x
 = e2x
W = 
ex sin x + ex cos x ex cos x + ex sin x 
1
1
u01 = 2x ex sin x ex sec x = tan x, u1 = ln | cos x|; u02 = 2x ex sec x = 1, u2 = x
e
e
yp = ex cos x ln | cos x| + xex sin x; y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) + ex cos x ln | cos x| + xex sin x
29. m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 = (m + 1)2 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 xex

 ex
1
xex
2x

; u01 = 2x xex ex ln x = x ln x
W = 
x
x
x  = e
e
xe
+
e
e
Z
u1 =

x ln xdx

Integration by parts

1 2 1 2
x x ln x
4
2
1
u02 = 2x ex ex ln x = ln x, u2 = x ln x x
e 

1 2 1 2
1
3
x
yp = e
x x ln x + xex (x ln x x) = x2 ex ln x x2 ex
4
2
2
4
1
3
y = C1 ex + C2 xex + x2 ex ln x x2 ex
2
4
=

30. m2 + 10m + 25 = 0 = (m + 5)2 = 0 = m = 5, 5; yc = C1 e5x + C2 xe5x

 e5x

1
e10x
e5x
xe5x
10x

W = 
; u01 = 10x xe5x 2 =
5x
5x
5x  = e
5e
5xe
+e
e
x
x
Z 5x
Z x 5t
10x
5x
e
1
e
e
e
u1 =
dx =
dt; u02 = 10x e5x 2 = 2 ,
x
t
e
x
x
x
0
Z x 5t
Z 5x
Z x 5t
Z x 5x
e
e
e
e
5x
5x
u2 =
dx =
dt; yp = e
dt + xe
dt
2
2
x2
t
t
x0
x0
x0 t

16.3. NONHOMOGENEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

y = C1 e5x + C2 xe5x e5x

x0

e5t
dt + xe5x
t

301
Z

x0

e5t
dt
t2

2
x/2
31. 4m2  4m + 1 = 0 = (2m 1)
+ C2 xex/2
 = 0 = m = 1/2, 1/2; yc = C1 e
x/2
x/2
 e

xe
1 x/2 x 1
1


x
0
W =  1 x/2 1 x/2
(2e + x) = 2xe3x/2 x2 ex/2
x/2  = e ; u1 = x xe
 e
e
4
4
xe
+e
2Z
2
Z
1
u1 = 2 xe3x/2 dx
x2 ex/2 dx Integration by parts
4
4
8
1
= xe3x/2 + e3x/2 + x2 ex/2 + 2xex/2 + 4ex/2
3
9
2
1
1
1
u02 = x ex/2 (2ex + x) = 2e3x/2 xex/2
eZ
4 Z
4
1
3x/2
x/2
u2 = 2 e
dx +
xe
dx Integration by parts
4
1
4
= e3x/2 xex/2 ex/2
3
2
8
1
x/2 4
3x/2
yp = e ( xe
+ e3x/2 + x2 ex/2 + 2xex/2 + 4ex/2 )
3
9
2
4 3x/2 1 x/2
8
x/2
+ xe ( e
xe
ex/2 ) = ex + x + 4
3
2
9
8 x
x/2
x/2
y = C1 e
+ C2 xe
+ e +x+4
9

32. 4m2 4m + 1 = 0 = (2m 1)2 = 0 = m = 1/2, 1/2; yc = C1 ex/2 + C2 xex/2

 ex/2

xex/2
1 x/2 ex/2
x 1 x2 0


x
0
2
1x =
u1 =
W =  1 x/2 1 x/2
 = e ; u1 = x xe
 e
e
4
4
xe
+ ex/2 
2
2

1
1
ex/2
1 x2
(1 x2 )3/2 ; u02 = x ex/2
1 x2 =
12
e
4
4
Z
1 p
2
u2 =
1 x dx Trig substitution
4
1 p
1
= sin1 x + x 1 x2
8
8

1
1
1 x/2
e (1 x2 )3/2 + xex/2 sin1 x + x2 ex/2 1 x2
yp =
12
8
8

1
1
1 x/2
2 3/2
x/2
x/2
y = C1 e
+ C2 xe
+ e (1 x ) + xex/2 sin1 x + x2 ex/2 1 x2
12
8
8
 x

 e
ex 
33. m2 1 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 ex + C2 ex ; W = 
=2
ex ex 
1
1
u01 = ex xex = xe2x
2 Z
2
1
2x
u1 =
xe dx Integration by parts
2
1
1
= e2x xe2x
8
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
u02 = ex xex = x, u2 = x2 ; yp = ex ( e2x xe2x ) + ex ( x2 ) = ex xex + x2 ex
2
2
4
8
4
4
8
4
4

302

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

1
1
1
1
1
y = C1 ex + C3 ex xex + x2 ex ; y 0 = C1 ex + C3 ex ex + xex + x2 ex
4
4
4
4
4
1
0
Using y(0) = 1 and y (0) = 0 we have C1 + C3 = 1, C1 + C3 = 0, or C1 = 3/8 and
4
3
5
1
1
C3 = 5/8. Thus, y = ex + ex xex + x2 ex .
8
8
4
4

34. 2m2 + m 1 = 0 = (2m 1)(m + 1) = 0 = m = 1, 1/2; yc = C1 ex + C2 ex/2

 ex
ex/2  3
(x + 1)
1
1
2

= (xex + ex ), u1 = xex
W =
1 x/2  = ex/2 ; u01 = x/2 ex/2
 ex
 2
2
3
3
e
3e
2
2
1
x (x + 1)
0
u2 = x/2 e
= ex/2 (x + 1)
2
3
3eZ
1
ex/2 (x + 1)dx Integration by parts
u2 =
3
2
= xex/2 2ex/2
3
2
1
x
yp = e ( xex ) + ex/2 ( xex/2 2ex/2 ) = x 2
3
3
1
y = C1 ex + C2 ex/2 x 2; y 0 = C1 ex + C2 ex/2 1
2
1
Using y(0) = 1 and y 0 (0) = 0 we obtain C1 + C2 2 = 1, C1 + C2 1 = 0, or C1 = 1/3
2
1
8
and C2 = 8/3. Thus, y = ex + ex/2 x 2.
3
3


 x x ln x 
1 0
1
4
00

=x
35. y y + 2 y = ln x; yc = C1 x + C2 x ln x; W = 
1 1 + ln x 
x
x
x
1
4
4
4
4
4
1
u01 = (x ln x)( ln x) = (ln x)2 , u1 = (ln x)3 ; u02 = (x)( ln x) = ln x,
x
x
x
3
x
x
x
4
2
2
u2 = 2(ln x)2 ; yp = x(ln x)3 + 2x(ln x)3 = x(ln x)3 ; y + C1 x + C2 x ln x + x(ln x)3
3
3
3

 2
 x
4 0
6
1
x3 
00
2
3

= x4 ;
36. y y + 2 y = 3 ; yc = C1 x + C2 x ; W = 
2x 3x2 
x
x  x
 

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
u01 = 4 (x3 )
= 4 ; u1 = 3 ; u02 = 4 (x2 )
= 5 , u2 = 4 ;
3
3
x
3x
x
x
x
4x
 x  x 
1
1
1
2
3
yp = x
+x 4 =
3x3
4x
12x
1
2
3
y = C1 x + C2 x +
12x
37. Writing the differential equation in the form d2 C/dx2 (1/2 )C = C()/2 we see that
the auxiliary equation is m2 1/2 = 0. Thus, Cc = c1 ex/ + c2 ex/ . Using undetermined
coefficients with Cp = A we find that A = C(). Then C(x) = c1 ex/ + c2 ex/ + C().
Since C(0) = c1 +c2 +C() = 0 and lim C(x) = C() we see that c1 = 0 and c2 = C().
x

Thus, C(x) = C()(1 ex/ ).

38. If yc is the complementary function and yp is a particular solution, we have
ayc00 + byc0 + cyc = 0

and ayp00 + byp0 + cyp = g(x).

16.4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS

303

Therefore, letting y = yc + yp , we have

ay 00 = by 0 + cy 0 = a(yc + yp )00 + b(yc + yp )0 + c(yc + yp )
= ayc00 + ayp00 + byc0 + byp0 + cyc + cyp
= [ayc00 + byc0 + cyc ] + [ayp00 + byp0 + cyp ]
= ayp00 + byp0 + cyp = g(x)
39. (a) Substituting Aex in for y in the DE, we have Aex + 2Aex 3Aex = 10ex or 0 = 10ex ,
which is a contradiction for any value of A.
(b) Substituting Axex for y, we have
A(x + 2)ex + A(2x + 2)ex 3Axex = 10ex .
Equating coefficients of xex and coefficients of ex , we get
A + 2A 3A = 0

and

2A + 2A = 10

5
5
. Therefore, yp = xex .
2
2
(c) The auxiliary equation is m2 + 2m 3 = 0, so m = 3 or m = 1. This gives yc =
C1 e3x + C2 ex . Therefore, the general solution is
which gives A =

5
y = yc + yp = C1 e3x + C2 ex + xex
2
40. The auxiliary equation is m2 1 = 0, so m = 1. This gives yc = C1 ex + C2 ex . We look for a
particular solution of the form yp = Axex + B(x 2)ex Axex Bxex = ex ex . Equating
coefficients of xex , ex , xex , and ex , we get A A = 0, 2A = 1, B B = 0, 2B = 1,
1
1
1
1
which gives A = , B = . Therefore, yp = xex xex and the general solution is
2
2
2
2
1
1
y = yc + yp = C1 ex + C2 ex xex xex
2
2

16.4

Mathematical Models

1. A weight of 4 pounds is pushed up 3 feet above the equilibrium position. At t = 0 it is given

an initial speed upward of 2 feet per second.
2. A mass of 2 pounds is pulled down 0.7 feet below the equilibrium position and held. At t = 0
it is released from rest.
1
1
3. Using m = W/g = 8/32 = 1/4, the initial value problem is x00 + x = 0; x(0) = , x0 (0) =
4
2
3
1
. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 1 = 0, so m = 2i and x = C1 cos 2t + C2 sin 2t,
2
4
3
x0 = 2C1 sin 2t + 2C2 cos 2t. Using the initial condition, we obtain C1 = 1/2 and C2 = .
4
1
3
The equation of motion is x(t) = cos 2t + sin 2t.
2
4

304

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

4. From Hookes law we have 24 = k(1/3), so k = 72. Using m = W/g = 24/32 = 3/4, the initial
3
3
value problem is x00 +72x = 0; x(0) = 3, x0 (0) = 0. The auxiliary equation is m2 +72 =

4
0, so m = 4 6i and x = C1 cos 4 6t+C2 sin 4 6t, x0 = 4 6C1 sin 4 6+4 6C2 cos 4 6t.

1
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = 1/4 and C2 = 0. Thus, x(t) = cos 4 6t.
4
5. From Hookes law we have 400 = k(2), so k = 200. The initial value problem is 50x00 + 200x =
0; x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = 1 = . The auxiliary equation is 50m2 + 200 = 0, so m = 2i and
x = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x, x0 = 2C1 sin 2x + 2C2 cos 2x. Using the initial conditions, we
obtain C1 = 0 and C2 = 5. Thus, x(1) = 5 sin 2x.
1 00
x + 4x = 0; x(0) =
6. Using m = W/g = 2/32 = 1/16, the initial value problem is
16
2
4
, x0 (0) = . The auxiliary equation is m2 /16 + 4 = 0, so m = 8i and x = C1 cos 8x +
3
3
C2 sin 8x, x0 = 8C1 sin 8x + 8C2 cos 8x. Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = 2/3
1
2
and C2 = 1/6. Thus, x(t) = cos 8t sin 8t.
3
6
7. A 2 pound weight is released from the equilibrium position with an upward speed of 1.5 ft/s.
A damping force numerically equal to twice the instantaneous velocity acts on the system.
8. A 16 pound weight is released from 2 feet above the equilibrium position with a downward
speed of 1 ft/s. A damping force numerically equal to the instantaneous velocity acts on the
system.
1 00
x + x0 + 2x = 0; x(0) =
8
1, x0 (0) = 8. The auxiliary equation is m2 /8 + m + 2 = 0 or (m + 4)2 = 0, so m = 4, 4
and x = C1 e4t + C2 te4t , x0 = (C2 4C1 )e4t 4C2 te4t . Using the initial conditions, we
obtain C1 = 1 and C2 = 4. Thus, x(t) = e4t +4te4t . Solving x(t) = e4t +4te4t = 0, we
see that the weight passes through the equilibrium position at t = 1/4s. To find the maximum
displacement we solve x0 (t) = 8e4t 16te4t = 0. This gives t = 1/2. Since x(1/2) = e2
0.14, the maximum displacement is approximately 0.14 feet below the equilibrium position at
t = 1/2s.

9. Using m = W/g = 4/32 = 1/8, the initial value problem is

10. From Hookes law we have 40(980) = k(10), so k = 3920. The initial value problem is 40x00 +
560x0 + 3920x = 0; x(0) = 0, x0 (0) 2. The auxiliary equation is 40m2 + 560m + 3920 = 0
or m2 + 14m + 98 = 0, so m = 7 7i and x = e7t (C1 cos 7t + C2 sin 7t),
x0 = 7(C1 + C2 )e7t sin 7t 7(C1 C2 )e7t cos 7t. Using the initial conditions, we obtain
2
C1 = 0 and C2 = 2/7. Thus, x(t) = e7t sin 7t.
7
11. From Hookes law we have 10 = k(7 5), so k = 5. Using m = W/g = 8/32 = 1/4, the
1
1
initial value problem is x00 + x0 + 5x = 0; x(0) = ; x0 (0) = 1. The auxiliary equation is
4
2
m2 /4+m+5 = 0 or m2 +4m+20 = 0, so m = 24i. Thus, x = e2t (C1 cos 4t+C2 sin 4t) and
x0 = 2(C1 2C2 )e2t cos 4t 2(2C1 + C2 )e2t sin 4t. Using the initial conditions, we obtain
1
1
1
= C1 and 1 = 2( 2C2 ), so C1 = 1/2 and C2 = 1/2. Therefore x(t) = e2t (cos 4t +
2
2
2
sin 4t).

16.4. MATHEMATICAL MODELS

305

12. From Hookes law we have 24 = k(4), so k = 6. Using m = W/g = 24/32 = 3/4, the initial
3
value problem is x00 + x0 + 6x = 0; x(0) = 0, x0 (0) = 2. The auxiliary equation
4
p
3
is m2 + m + 6 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, m = ( 2 18/(3/2). When
4

2
2p 2
2
2p 2
> 18 = 3 2, we have m1 = +
18 and m2 =
18. Thus,
3
3
3
3
2
2
x(t) = C1 e2t/3+2t 18/3 + C2 e2t/32t 18/3

 p

 p
 
2
2
2t/3
2
2
=e
C3 cosh
18 t + C4 sinh
18 t
3
3
see Example 5 in Section 16.2.
2p 2
18t). The velocity is
3
2p 2
2p 2
2p 2
2
x0 (t) =
C4 e2t/3 sinh(
18C4 e2t/3 cosh(
18t)
18t).
3
3
3
3
p
2p 2
From x0 (0) = 2 we obtain 2 =
18C4 or C4 = 3/ 2 18. Therefore,
3
2p 2
3
e2t/3 sinh(
18t).
x(t) = p
3
2 18
From x(0) = 0 we obtain C3 = 0 so that x(t) = C4 e2t/3 sinh(

13. From Hookes law we have 10 = k(2), so k = 5. Using m = W/g = 10/32 = 5/16, the
5 00
5 2
differential equation is
x + x0 + 5 = 0. The auxiliary is
m + m + 5 = 0 Using the
16
16
p
2
quadratic formula, m = ( 25/4)/(5/8). For > 0 the motion is
(a) overdamped when 2 25/4 > 0 or > 5/2
(b) critically damped when 2 25/4 = 0 or = 5/2
(c) underdamped when 2 25/4 < 0 or < 5/2.

14. Since W = mg = 1(32) = 32, we have from Hookes law 32 = k(2), so k = 16. The initial
value problem is x00 + 8x0 + 16x = 8 sin 4t; x(0) = x0 (0) = 0. The auxiliary equation is
m2 + 8m + 16 = (m + 4)2 = 0 so m = 4, 4, and xc = C1 e4t + C2 te4t . Using
xp = A sin 4t + B cos 4t we find A = 0 and B = 1/4. Thus,
x(t) = C1 e4t + C2 te4t

1
cos 4t and x0 (t) = 4C1 e4t 4C2 te4t + C2 e4t + sin 4t.
4

1
Using the initial conditions, we obtain 0 = C1 and 0 = 4C1 + C2 . Thus, C1 = 1/4 and
4
1
1
C2 = 4C1 = 1. Therefore x(t) = e4t + te4t cos 4t.
4
4

306

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

15. The initial value problem is x00 + 8x0 + 16x = et sin 4t; x(0) = x0 (0) = 0. Using xp =
Aet sin 4t + Bet cos 4t we find A = 7/625 and B = 24/625. Thus,
x(t) = C1 e4t + C2 te4t
x0 (t) = 4C1 e4t 4C2 te4t + C2 e4t

7 t
24 t
e sin 4t
e cos 4t,
625
625

28 t
7 t
96 t
e cos 4t +
e sin 4t +
e sin 4t
625
625
625

24 t
e cos 4t.
625
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = 24/625 and C2 = 100/625. Thus,
+

x(t) =

24 4t 100 4t
7 t
24 t
e
te
e sin 4t
e cos 4t.
+

625
625
625
626

As t , et 0 and x(t) 0.
16. A 32 pound weight is pulled 2 feet below the equilibrium position and held. At time t =
0 an external force equal to 5 sin 3t is applied to the system. The auxiliary equation is
m2 + 9 = 0, so m = 3i and xc = C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t. Using variation of parameters
5
5
sin 3t, so
xp = t cos 3t +
6
18
5
x(t) = C1 cos 3t + C3 sin 3t t cos 3t
6
5
5
x0 (t) = 3C1 sin 3t + 3C2 cos 3t + t sin 3t cos 3t.
2
6
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C1 = 2 and C2 = 5/18. Thus, x(t) = 2 cos 3t +
5
5
sin 3t t cos 3t. The spring-mass system is in pure resonance.
18
6
17. The DE describing charge is .05q 00 + 2q 0 + 100q = 0. The auxiliary equation is 0.5m2 + 2m +
100 = 0, so m = 20 40i. The general solution is q = e20t (C1 cos 40t + C2 sin 40t). The
0
initial conditions yield q(0) = C1 = 5 and i(0)
 = q (0) = 20C1+ 40C2 = 0, which gives
5
C1 = 5 and C2 = 25 . Therefore q(t) = e20t 5 cos 40t + sin 40t , and q(0.01) = 4.568C.
2
q(t) = 0 when 5 cos 40t + 52 sin 40t = 0 which first occurs at t = 0.0509 s.
18. The DE describing charge is 41 q 00 +20q 0 +300q = 0. The auxiliary equation is 41 m2 +20m+300 =
0, so m = 20 or m = 60. The general solution is q(t) = C1 e20t + C2 e60t . The initial
conditions yield q(0) = C1 + C2 = 4 and i(0) = q 0 (0) = 20C1 60C2 = 0, which give C1 = 6
and C2 = 2. Therefore, q(t) = 6e20t 2e60t . The charge is never equal to zero.
5 00
q + 10q 0 + 30q = 300. The auxiliary equation is 53 m2 + 10m + 30 = 0. so
3
m = 3 3i. This gives qc = e3t (C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t). Assume a particular solution of the
form qp = A. Substituting into the DE, we have 30A = 300 so that A = 10 and therefore
qp = 10. Thus, the general solution is q = qc + qp = e3t (C1 cos 3t + C2 sin 3t) + 10. The initial
conditions yield q(0) = C1 +10 = 0 and i(0) = q 0 (0) = 3(C1 C2 ) = 0, which gives C1 = 10
and C2 = 10. Therefore, q(t) = e3t (10 cos 2t 10 sin 3t) + 10 10 10e3t (cos 3t + sin 3t),
i(t) = q 0 (t) = 60e3t sin 3t. The charge q(t) attains a maximum of 10.432 C at t = 3 .

19. The DE is

16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS

307

20. The DE is q 00 +100q 0 +2500q = 30. The auxiliary equation is m2 +100m+250000, so m = 50

is a repeated root. This gives qc = C1 e50t + C2 te50t . Assume a particular solution of the
3
form qp = A. Substituting into the DE, we have 2500A = 30 so that A = 250
and therfore
3
3
50t
50t
+ C2 te
+ 250 . The general solution
qp = 250 . The general solution is q = qc + qp = C1 e
3
is q = qc + qp = C1 e50t + C2 te50t + 250
. The initial conditions yield q(0) = C1 = 0 and
3
0
i(0) = q (0) = 50C! + C2 = 2 which give C1 = 0 and C2 = 2. Therefore, q(t) = 2te50t + 250
1
0
50t
and i(t) = q (t) = (2 100t)e
. The charge q(t) attains a maximum of 0.0267 C at t = 50
s.
21.

16.5
1.

Power Series Solutions

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

cn xn =

n=0

n=2

{z

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

ck xk

k=0

}
=

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck ]xk = 0

k=0

ck
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . .
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck = 0; ck+2 =
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0
c0
c1
c1
c2
c0
c0
c2 = = , c 3 =
= , c4 =
=
= ,
2
2!
32
3!
4 cos 3
4 3 2!
4!
c1
c1
c4
c0
c0
c3
=
= , c6 =
=
= ,
c5 =
54
5 4 3!
5!
65
6 5 4!
6!
c5
c1
c1
c7 =
=
=
7 6 5!
7!


7 6

1 4
1 6
1 5
1 7
1 2
1 3
y = c0 1 x + x x + + c1 x x + x x +
2!
4!
6!
3!
5!
7!

X
X
1
1
x2n + c1
(1)n
x2n+1
= c0
(1)n
(2n)!
(2n
+
1)!
n=0
n=0
2.

n(n 1)cn xn2

n=2

cn xn =

n=0

{z

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

ck xk

k=0

}
=

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck ]xk = 0

k=0

c0
ck
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck = 0; ck+2 =
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ; c2 = ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)
2!
c1
c1
c2
c0
c3
c1
c4
c0
c5
c1
c3 =
= , c4 =
= , c5 =
= , c6 =
= , c7 =
=
3 2
3!
43
4!
65
6!
7!
 5 4 5!
7 6
1
1
1
1
1
1
y = c0 1 + x2 + x4 + x6 + + c1 x + x3 + x5 + x7 +
2!
4!
6!
3!
5!
7!

X 1
X
1
= c0
x2n + c1
x2n+1
(2n)!
(2n
+
1)!
n=0
n=0

308

3.

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

n(n 1)cn xn2

ncn xn1 =

n=1

n=2

{z

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

{z

(k + 1)ck+1 xk

k=0

k=n1

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck+1 ]xk = 0

k=0

c1
c1
ck+1
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ; c2 =
= ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck+1 = 0; ck+2 =
(k + 2)
2
2!
c2
c1
c3
c1
c3 =
= , c4 =
= ,
3
3!
4
4!


P 1
1 2
1 3
y = c0 + c1 x + x + x + = c0 + c1 n=1 xn
2!
3!
n!

4.

n(n 1)cn x

n2

ncn x

n1

=2

n=1

n=2

{z

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x +

k=0

{z

(k + 1)ck+1 xk

k=0

k=n1

[2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck+1 ]xk = 0

k=0

ck+1
2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck+1 = 0; ck+2 =
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . ;
2(k + 2)
c1
c1
c2
c1
c3
c1
c2 =
=
, c3 =
= 2
, c4 =
= 3
,
22
2 2!
23
2 3!
2 4!
2 4
1
1
1 2
x + 2
x3 3
x4 +
y = c0 + c1 x
2 2!
2 3!
2 4!

5.

n(n 1)cn xn2 x

n=2

cn xn =

n=0

{z

k=n2

{z

k=n+1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

ck1 xk

k=1

k=1

}
= 2c2 +

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck1 ]xk = 0

k=0

ck1
c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 ck1 = 0; ck+2 =
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ;
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0
c2
c3
c0
c4
c1
c3 =
, c5 =
= 0, c6 =
=
, c7 =
=
32
54
65
6532
76
7643
c5
c6
c0
c7
c1
c9 =
= 0, c9 =
= c9 =
, c10 =
=
8 7
98
986532
10 9
10 9 7 6 4 3
1 3
1
1
y = c0 1 +
x +
x6 +
x9 +
32
6532
986532


1 4
1
1
7
10
+ c1 x +
x +
x +
x +
43
7643
10 9 7 6 4 3

16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS

6.

n(n 1)cn xn2 +x2

cn xn =

n=0

n=2

{z

k=n2

309

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

ck2 xk

k=2

| {z }

k=n+2

= 2c2 + +c3 x +

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck2 ]xk = 0

k=2

ck2
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ;
c2 = c3 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck2 = 0; ck+2 =
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0
c1
c2
c3
c4
c0
c4 =
, c5 =
, c6 =
= 0, c7 =
, c8 =
=
43
54
76
76
87
8743
c5
c1
c6
c7
c9 =
=
, c10 =
= 0, c11
= 0,
98
9854
10 9
11 10
c8
c0
c9
c1
c12 =
=
, c13 =
=
,
12

11
12

11

3
13

12
13

12

9 8 5 4
 

1
1
1
1 4
x +
x8 c1 x
x5 +
x9
y = c0 1
43
8743
54
9854

7.

n(n 1)cn xn2 2x

n=2

cn xn1 +

n=1

{z

k=n2

cn x n

n=0

}
=

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x

k=0

X
k=1

= c0 + 2c2 +

kck x +

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (2k 1)ck ]xk = 0

k=1

c0 + 2c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (2k 1)ck = 0; c2 =

c0
2

c1
c1
3c2
3c0
(2k 1)ck
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
= , c4 =
=
,
(k + 2)(k + 1)
32
3!
43
4!
5c3
5c1
7c4
7 3c0
9c5
9 5c1
c5 =
=
, c6 =
=
, c7 =
=
5  4
5!
65
6!
7

6
7!



1 2
3 4 73 6
5
95 7
1 3
y = c0 1 x x
x + c1 x + x + x 5 +
x +
2!
4!
6!
3!
5!
7!
ck+2 =

8.

n(n 1)cn xn2 x

n=2

ncn xn1 + 2

n=1

{z

k=n2

cn xn

n=0

}
=

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

= 2c0 + 2c2 +

X
k=1

kck xk + 2

ck x k

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k 2)ck ]xk = 0

k=1

2c0 + 2c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k 2)ck = 0; c2 = c0

(k 2)ck
c1
c1
c3
c1
ck+2 =
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
= , c4 = 0, c5 =
= ,
(k + 2)(k + 1)
32
3!
54
5!

310

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

3c5
3c1
5c7
5 3c1
c6 = c8 = c10 = 0, c7 =
=
, c9 =
=
7

6
7!
9

8
9! 

1 5
3 7 53 9
1 3
2
x +
y = c0 (1 x ) + c1 1 x x x
3!
5!
7!
9!

9.

n(n 1)cn xn2 + x2

ncn xn1 + x

n=1

n=2

{z

k=n2

|
=

cn x n

n=0

{z

k=n+1

{z

k=n+1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

X
k=2

= 2c2 + (6c3 + c0 )x +

(k 1)ck1 xk +

ck1 xk

k=1

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck1 ]xk = 0

k=2

c0
2c2 = 0, 6c3 + c0 = 0 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck1 = 0; c2 = 0, c3 =
32
kck1
2c1
4c3
4c0
ck+2 =
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 =
, c5 = 0, c6 =
=
(k + 2)(k + 1)
43
65
6532
5c4
5 2c1
7c6
7 4c0
c7 =
=
, c8 = c11 = c14 = = 0, c9 =
=
76
7643
98
986532
8c7
8 5 2c1
c10 =
=
10 9 7 6 4 3



 10 9
22 4 52 22 7 82 52 22 10
1 3 42 6 72 42 9
x + c1 x x +
x
x +
y = c0 1 x + x
3!
6!
9!
4
7!
10!

10.

n(n 1)cn xn2 +2x

n=2

ncn xn1 + 2

n=1

{z

k=n2

cn x n

n=0

}
=

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 2

k=0

= 2c2 + 2c0 +

X
k=1

kck xk + 2

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 2(k + 1)ck ]xk = 0

k=1

2c0 + 2c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 2(k + 1)ck = 0; c2 = c0

2c1
2c2
2c0
2c3
22 c1
ck
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
, c4 =
=
, c5 =
=
,
ck+2 =
k+2
3
4
4
5
53
2
3
3
2c4
2 c0
2c5
2 c1
2c6
2 c0
c6 =
=
, c7 =
=
, c8 =
=
64
7
753
864
6

8

2 4
22 6
23
2 3
22 5
23
2
8
7
y = c0 1 x + x
x +
x + +c1 x x +
x
x +
4
64
864
3
53
753

16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS

11. (x 1)

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2

311
ncn xn1

n=1

n(n 1)cn xn1

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2

n=2

{z

|
=

k=n1

(k + 1)kck+1 xk

k=1

ncn xn1

n=2

{z

k=n2

{z

k=n1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

(k + 1)ck+1 xk

k=0

= c1 2c2 +

k=0

[(k + 1)kck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck+1 ]xk = 0

k=1

c1 2c2 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k + 1)ck+1 = 0; c2 =

(k + 1)ck+1
2c2
c1
3c3
c1
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
= , c4 =
=
k+ 2
3
4
4
 3

X
1 n
1 2 1 3 1 4
x
y = c0 + c1 x + x + x + x + = c0 + c1
2
3
4
n
n=1

c1
2

ck+2 =

12. (x + 2)

n(n 1)cn xn2 + x

ncn xn1

n(n 1)cn xn1 +2

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2

n=2

cn xn

n=0

n=1

n=2

{z

k=n1

(k + 1)kck+1 xk + 2

k=1

= 4c2 c0 +

X
n=1

{z

k=n2

cn xn

n=0

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

kck xk

k=1

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 1)ck ]xk = 0

k=1

4c2 c0 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 1)ck = 0; c2 =

c0
4

(k + 1)kck+1 + (k 1)ck
kck+1
(k 1)ck
=

, k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
2(k + 2)(k + 1)
2(k + 2) 2(k + 2)(k + 1)
c2
c0
2c3
c2
c0
c0
c3 =
=
, c4 =

=0
2
23
234
24 243
234
2 3 42
c9
4c5
c0
2c3
=
, c6 =
0=
c5 = 0
5 42 3 2
26
 254
 6 5 4 3 22
1
1
1
y = c0 1 + x2
x3 +
x5 + c1 x
2
4
432
54 32
ck+2 =

k=0

ncn xn

312

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

13. (x2 1)

n(n 1)cn xn2 + 4x

n=2

ncn xn1 + 2

n=1

n(n 1)cn xn

n=2

cn xn

n=0

n(n 1)cn xn2 +4

k(k 1)ck xk

k=2

ncn xn + 2

n=1

n=2

{z

|
=

cn xn

n=0

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 4

k=0

kck xk + 2

k=1

= (2c0 2c2 ) + (2c1 + 4c1 6c3 )x +

ck xk

k=0

[k(k 1)ck (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 4kck + 2ck ]xk

k=2

=0
2c0 2c2 = 0; 6c1 6c3 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0; c2 = c0 , c3 = c1 ;
ck+2 =ck , k = 2, 3, 4, . . .; c4 = c2 = c0 , c5 = c3 = c1 ,Pc6 = c4 = c0 , Pc7 = c5 = c1

y = c0 1 + x2 + x4 + + c1 [x + x3 + x5 + ] = c0 n=0 x2n + c1 n=0 x2n+1

14. (x2 + 1)

n(n 1)cn xn2 6

cn xn

n=0

n=2

n(n 1)cn xn +

n=2

k=2

k(k 1)ck x +

ncn xn

n=0

n=2

{z

n(n 1)cn xn2 6

k=n2

}
k

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 x 6

k=0

= (2c2 6c0 ) + (6c3 6c1 )x +

ck x k

k=0

[k(k 1)ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 6ck ]xk = 0

k=2

2c2 6c0 = 0; 6c3 6c1 = 0; (k 3)(k + 2)ck + (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0; c2 = 3c0 , c3 = c1 ;

c2
c4
c0
(k 3)ck
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 =
= c0 , c5 = 0, c6 = =
ck+2 =
k+1
3
5
5
3c6
3c0
5c8
5 3c0
c7 = c9 = c11 = = 0, c8 =
=
, c10 =
=
7  75
9
975

3 6
2
4
3
y = c0 1 + 3x + x
x + + c1 (x + x )
53

16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS

15. (x2 + 2)

n(n 1)cn xn2 + 3x

n=2

313

ncn xn1

n=1

n(n 1)cn xn + 2

n=2

cn x n

n=0

n(n 1)cn xn2 +3

k(k 1)ck xk + 2

{z

k=2

ncn xn

cn xn

n=0

k=n2

X
n=1

n=2

|
=

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 3

k=0

kck xk

k=1

= (4c2 c0 ) + (12c3 + 3c1 c1 )x +

ck xk

k=0

[k(k 1)ck + 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3kck ck ]xk

k=2

=0
c1
c0
, c3 = ;
4
6
(k 2 + 2k 1)ck
7c2
7
14c3
=
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 =
=
c0 , c5 =
=
2(k + 2)(k + 1)
243
4 4!
254

4c2 c0 = 0; 12c3 + 2c1 = 0; 2(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + (k 2 + 2k 1)ck = 0; c2 =

ck+2

14
c1
2 5!



23c4
23 7
34c5
34 14
7 4 23 7 6
1
c6 =
= 3
c0 , c7 =
=
c1 y = c0 1 + x2
x +
x +
265
2 6!
2 7 6
4 7!
4
4 4!
8 6!

14 5 34 14 7
1 3
c1 x x +
x
x +
6
2 5!
4 7!

16. (x2 1)

n(n 1)cn xn2 + x

ncn xn1

n(n 1)cn xn

|
=

k=2

n(n 1)cn xn2 +

n=2

n=2

cn xn

n=0

n=0

n=2

k(k 1)ck xk

ncn xn

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

= (2c2 + c0 ) + (c1 6c3 c1 )x +

cn x n

n=0

n=1

{z

X
k=1

kck xk

ck x k

k=0

[k(k 1)ck (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + kck ck ]xk

k=2

=0
c0
, c3 = 0;
2
(k 1)ck
c2
c0
3c4
=
, k = 2, 3, 4, . . . ; c4 =
=
, c5 = c7 = c9 = = 0, c6 =
=
k+2
4
42
6

2c2 + c0 = 0; 6c3 = 0; (k + 1)(k 1)ck (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 = 0; c2 =

ck+2
c0

4 22
y = c0


1 2 1 4
1 6
1 x x x + c1 x
2
8
16

314

17.

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

n(n 1)cn xn2 (x + 1)

n=2

ncn xn1

n=1

n(n 1)cn xn2

ncn xn

n=1

{z

cn xn

n=0

n=2

ncn xn1
{z

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

= 2c2 c1 c0 +

cn x n

k=n1

kck xk

k=1

X
n=0

n=1

k=n2

(k + 1)ck+1 xk

k=0

ck x k

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 kck (k + 1)ck+1 ck ]xk = 0

k=1

c0 + c1
2
ck + ck+1
c1 + c2
c1 + c0 /2 + c1 /2
c0 + 3c1
ck+2 =
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
=
=
k+2
3
3
6
c2 + c3
c0 /2 + c1 /2 + c0 /6 + c1 /2
2c0 + 3c1
c4 =
=
=
4
4
12
c3 + c4
c0 /6 + c1 /2 + c0 /6 + c1 /4
4c0 + 9c1
c5 =
=
=
5
60
5



1 2 1 3 1 4
1 2 1 3 1 4
y = c0 1 + x + x + x + + c1 x + x + x + x +
2
6
6
2
2
4
2c2 c1 c0 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 1)ck+1 (k + 1)ck = 0; c2 =

18.

n(n 1)cn xn2 x

n=2

ncn xn1 (x + 2)

n=1

n(n 1)cn x

n2

ncn x

n=1

{z

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

X
k=1

cn x

n+1

n=0

k=n2

= 2c2 2c0 +

cn xn

n=0

n=2

cn xn

n=0

{z

k=n+1

kck xk

ck1 xk 2

k=1

ck x k

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 kck ck1 2ck ]xk = 0

k=1

2c2 2c0 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k + 2)ck ck1 = 0; c2 = 0

ck1
c1
c0
c0
c1
ck
++
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
+
=
+
ck+2 =
k+1
(k + 2)(k + 1)
2
32
3!
2
c2
c1
2c0
2c1
c3
c2
c1
c0
c0
11c0
3c1
c4 =
+
=
+
, c5 =
+
=
+
+
=
+
3
43
3!
4!
4
54
42
4!
54
5!
4!
c4
c3
2c0
2c1
c1
c0
52c0
4c1
c6 =
+
=
+
+
+
=
+
5 6 5
5 3!
5!
6 5 2 6 5 3!
6!
5!

1 3
2 4 11 5
1 3
2 4
3 5
2
y = c0 1 + x + x + x + x + + c1 x + x + x + x +
3!
3!
5!
2
4!
4!

16.5. POWER SERIES SOLUTIONS

19. (x 1)

n(n 1)cn xn2 x

n=2

315

ncn xn1 +

n=1

n(n 1)cn xn1

n(n 1)cn xn2

n=2

{z

k=n1

cn xn

n=0

n=2

k=1

{z

k=n2

= c0 2c2 +

cn xn

n=0

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk

k=0

ncn xn +

n=1

(k + 1)kck+1 xk

kck xk +

k=1

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 1)kck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 kck + ck ]xk = 0

k=1

c0 2c2 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 (k 1)ck = 0; c2 =

1
c0
2

2c2
c0
(k + 1)kck+1 (k 1)ck
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
=
(k + 2)(k + 1)
32
32
3 2c3 c2
c0 c0 /2
c0
c4 =
=
=
4

3
4

3
4

32




1 3
1
1
1 2
x +
x4 + + c1 x; y 0 = c0 x + x2 + + c1
y = c0 1 + x +
2
32
432
2
Using the initial conditions, we obtain 2 = y(0) = c0 and 6 = y 0 (0) = c1 . The solution is
ck+2 =



1 3
1
1
1 4
1
x +
x4 + + 6x = 2 + 6x x2 x3
x +
y = 2 1 + x2 +
2
32
432
3
43

20. (x 1)

n(n 1)cn x

n2

2x

n=2

ncn x

n1

+8

n=1

cn x n

n=0

n(n 1)cn xn2 2

n=2

ncn xn + 8

n=1

{z

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk 2

k=0

= 2c2 + 8c0 +

cn xn

n=0

k=n2

X
k=1

kck xk + 8

ck xk

k=0

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 2kck + 8ck ]xk = 0

k=1

2c2 + 8c0 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 2(k 4)ck = 0; c2 = 4c0

2(k 4)ck
2 3c1
2 2c2
4
ck+2 =
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 =
= c1 , c4 =
= c0
(k + 2)(k + 1)
32
43
3
2 1c3
1
2 0c4
c5 =
=
c1 , c 6 =
= 0, c8 = c10 = c12 = = 0
52 
5 4
 65

4 4
1 5
2
3
y = c0 1 4x + x + c1 x x + x +
3 
10



16
1
0
3
2
4
y = c0 8x + x + c1 1 3x + x +
3
2

316

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Using the initial conditions, we obtain 3 = y(0) = c0 and 0 = y 0 (0) = c1 . The solution is


4 4
2
y = 3 1 4x + x = 3 12x2 + 4x4
3

Chapter 16 in Review
A. True/False
1. True
2. True. We know a general solution is y = Aex + Bex . Now
 x

 x

e + ex
e ex
C1 cosh x + C2 sinh x = C1
+ C2
2
2




C1
C
C2
C
1
2
x
=
+
e +

ex .
2
2
2
2
By varying C1 and C2 , we see that the two equations are different forms of the same general
solution.
3. False. y2 is a constant multiple of y1 . Specifically, y2 = 0 y1 .
4. False. Plugging yp = A into the DE gives 0 = 10, a contradiction.
5. True. Any constant function solves the DE.
6. False. Py = 2x while Qx = 2x.
7. True
8. True

B. Fill in the Blanks

1. By inspection, the constant function y = 0 solves the DE.
2. The auxiliary equation is m2 m = 0, so m = 0 or m = 1. The general solution is y =
C1 + C2 ex . Boundary conditions yield y(0) = C1 + C2 = 
1 and y(1)
 = C1 + C2 e = 0, which
e
1
e
1
and C2 =
. Therefore, y =

ex .
give C1 =
e1
e1
e1
e1
3. 10 = k(2.5) = k = 4 lb/ft;
32 = 4x = x = 8 ft
4. We have a repeated root m = 7. Therefore, y = C1 e7x + C2 xe7x .
5. yp = Ax2 + Bx + C + Dxe2x + Ee2x

CHAPTER 16 IN REVIEW

317

C. Exercises
1. Py = 6xy 2 sin y 3 = Qx , and the equation is exact.
fx = 2x cos y 3 , f = x2 cos y 3 + g(y), fy = 3x2 y 2 sin y 3 + g 0 (y) = 1 3x2 y 2 sin y 3 ,
g 0 (y) = 1, g(y) = y, f = x2 cos3 y y.
Therefore, the solution is x2 cos y 3 y = C.
2. Py = 6y 2 = Qx , and the equation is exact. fx = 3x2 + 2y 3 , f = x3 + 2xy 3 + g(y), fy =
6xy 2 + g 0 (y) = 6xy 2 + y 2 ,
y3
y3
g 0 (y) = y 2 , g(y) = , f = x3 + 2xy 3 + .
3
3
3
y
Therefore, the solution is x3 + 2xy 3 +
= C.
3
3. Py = 2xy 5 = Qx , and the equation is exact.
fx = 21 xy 4 , f = 14 x2 y 4 + g(y), fy = x2 y 5 + g 0 (y) = 3y 3 x2 y 5
g 0 (y) = 3y 3 , g(y) = 32 y 2 , f = 14 x2 y 4 32 y 2 .
Therefore, the general solution is 14 x2 y 4 32 y 2 = C. Since y(1) = 1, we have 41 (1)(1) 32 (1) =
C or C = 54 . Thus, the solution is 41 x2 y 4 32 y 2 = 54 .
4. Py = 2x + sin x = Qx and the equation is exact.
1
fx = y 2 + y sin x, f = xy 2 y cos x + g(y), fy = 2xy cos x + g 0 (y) = 2xy cos x 1+y
2,
1
, g(y) = tan1 (y), f = xy 2 y cos x + tan1 (y). Therefore, the general
g 0 (y) =
1 + y2
solution is xy 2 y cos x + tan1 (y) = C. Since y(0) = 1, we have 1 + 4 = C. Thus, the

solution is xy 2 y cos x + tan1 (y) = 1

4

5. m2 2m 2 = 0 = m = 1 3; y = C1 e(1 3)x + C2 e(1+ 3)x

6. m2 8 = 0 = m = 2 2; y = C1 e2 2x + C2 e2 2x
7. m2 3m 10 = 0 = (m 5)(m + 2) = 0 = m = 2, 5; y = C1 e2x + C2 e5x
8. 4m2 + 20m + 25 = 0 = (2m + 5)2 = 0 = m = 5/2, 5/2; y = C1 e5x/2 + C2 xe5x/2
1
x
x
9. 9m2 + 1 = 0 = m = i; y = C1 cos + C2 sin
3
3
3
10. 2m2 5m = 0 = m(2m 5) = 0 = m = 0, 5/2; y = C1 + C2 e5x/2
11. Letting y = ux we have
dx
eu du = 0
x
= ln |x| eu = C1 = ln |x| ey/x = C1 .

(x + uxeu )dx xeu (udx + xdu) = 0 = dxxeu du = 0 =

Using y(1) = 0 we find C1 = 1. The solution of the initial-value problem is ln |x| = ey/x 1.
12. The auxiliary equation is m = m2 + 4m + 4 = 0, so m = 2 is a repeated root. The
general solution is y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x . Initial conditions yield y(0) = C1 = 2 and
y 0 (0) = 2C1 +C2 = 0 which give C1 = 2 and C2 = 4. The solution is y = 2e2x 4xe2x .

318

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

13. m2 m 12 = 0 = (m 4)(m + 3) = 0 = m = 3, 4; yc = C1 e3x + C2 e4x

yp = Axe2x + Be2x , yp0 = 2Axe2x + (A + 2B)e2x ; yp00 = 4Axe2x + 4(A + B)e2x
[4Axe2x +4(A + B)e2x ] [2Axe2x + (A + 2B)e2x ] 12[Axe2x + Be2x ]
= 10Axe2x + (3A 10B)e2x = xe2x + ex
Solving 10A = 1, 3A 10B = 1 we obtain A = 1/10 and B = 13/100. Thus,
y = C1 e3x + C2 e4x

1 2x
13 2x
xe
e .
10
100

14. The auxiliary equation is m2 + 4 = 0, so m = 2i. Therefore, yc = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x.

Assume a particular solution of the form yp = Ax2 + Bx + C. Substituting into the DE, we
have
2A + Ax2 + Bx + C = 16x2 .
Equating coefficients, we get 2A+C = 0, B = 0, and A = 16. This gives C = 32. Therefore,
yp = 16x2 32. The general solution is y = yc + yp = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + 16x2 32.
15. m2 2m + 2 = 0 = m = 1 i; yc = ex (C1 cos
 x + C2 sin x)
x
x


e
cos
x
e
sin
x
 = e2x
W = 
x
x
x
x
e sin x + e cos x e cos x + e sin x 
sin2 x
cos2 x 1
1
=
= cos xsec x, u = sin xln | sec x+tan x|
u0 = 2x ex sin x ex tan x =
e
cos x
cos x
1
v 0 = 2x ex cos x ex tan x = sin x, v = cos x
e
yp = ex cos x(sin x ln | sec x + tan x|) ex sin x cos x = ex cos x ln | sec x + tan x|
y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) ex cos x ln | sec x + tan x|

 x
 e
ex 
2
x
x

=2
16. m 1 = 0 = m = 1, 1; yc = C1 e + C2 e ; W = 
ex ex 
1
2ex
e2x
e3x
u0 = ex x
= x
= 2x
x
x
2Z e + e
e +e
e +1
e3x
x
x
u=
dx t = e , dt = e dx
e2x + 1

Z 
Z
1
t2
dt
=

=
dt = tan1 t t = tan1 ex ex
t2 + 1
t2 + 1
1
2ex
1
ex
v 0 = ex x
=
=
e + ex
ex + ex
e2x + 1
Z2
ex
v=
dx t = ex , dt = ex dx
e2x + 1
Z
dt
= tan1 t = tan1 ex
=
t2 + 1
yp = ex (tan1 ex ex ) + ex tan1 ex = (ex + ex ) tan1 ex 1
y = C1 ex + C2 ex + (ex + ex ) tan1 ex 1


 cos x sin x 
=1
17. m2 + 1 = 0 = m = i; yc = C1 cos x + C2 sin x; W = 
sin x cos x 
1
u0 = sin x sec3 x = tan x sec2 x, u = sec2 x; v 0 = cos x sec3 x = sec2 x, v = tan x
2

CHAPTER 16 IN REVIEW

319

1
1
sin2 x
1
yp = cos x sec2 x + sin x tan x = sin x tan x sec x =

2
2
cos x
2 cos x
2 sin2 x 1
sin2 x cos2 x
1
1
=
=
= sin x tan x cos x
2 cos x
2 cos x
2
2
1
1
0
y = C3 cos x + C2 sin x + sin x tan x, y = C3 sin x + C2 cos x + sin x sec2 x + sin x
2
2
Using the initial conditions, we obtain C3 = 1 and C2 = 1/2. Thus,

1
2 cos2 x
sin2 x
1
1
sin x + sin x tan x =
+
+ sin x
2
2
2 cos x
2 cos x 2
cos2 x + 1 1
1
=
+ sin x = (sin x + cos x + sec x).
2 cos x
2
2

y = cos x +

18. The auxiliary equation is m2 +2m+2 = 0, so m = 1i. Therefore, yc = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x) .
Assume a particular solution of the form yp = A. Substituting this into the DE, we have
2A = 1, or A = 21 . Therefore, the general solution is y = yc +yp = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x)+ 21 .
The initial conditions yield y(0) = C1 + 12 = 0 and y 0 (0) = C
1 + C2 = 1 which give C1 = 21
and C2 = 12 . Thus, the solution is y = ex 21 cos x + 12 sin x + 12 .

19.

n(n 1)cn xn2 + x

cn xn =

n=0

n=2

{z

k=n2

{z

k=n+1

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk +

k=0

ck1 xk

k=1

}
= 2c2 +

[(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck1 ]xk = 0

k=1

ck1
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . .
c2 = 0; (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + ck1 = 0; ck+2 =
(k + 2)(k + 1)
c0
c1
c3
c0
c3 =
, c4 =
, c5 = 0, c6 =
=
,
32
43
65
6532
c4
c1
c7 =
=
76
7643
c6
c0
c7
c1
c8 = 0. c9 =
=
, c10 =
=
98
986532
10 9
10

 97643
1 3
1
1
y = c0 1
x +
x6
x9 +
32
6532
986532


1 4
1
1
7
10
+ c1 x
x +
x
x +
43
7643
10 9 7 6 4 3

320

CHAPTER 16. HIGHER-ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

20. (x 1)

n(n 1)cn xn2 + 3

n=2

cn xn

n=1

(n)(n 1)cn xn1

n(n 1)cn xn2 +3

n=2

n=2

{z

k=n1

(k + 1)kck+1 xk

k=1

= 3c0 2c2 +

cn xn

n=0

{z

k=n2

(k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 xk + 3

k=0

ck x k

k=0

[(k + 1)kck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3ck ]xk = 0

k=1

3c0
;
3c0 2c2 = 0; (k + 1)kck+1 (k + 2)(k + 1)ck+2 + 3ck = 0; c2 =
2
kck+1
3ck
c2 3c1
c0 c1
2c3 3c2
ck+2 =
+
, k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; c3 = +
= + , c4 =
+
=
k + 2 (k + 2)(k + 1)
3 32
2 2
4
43
c0
c1
3c0
5c0
c1
+
+
=
+ ,
4
4
8
8
4
3c4
3c3
3c0
3c1
3c0
3c1
9c0
9c1
c5 =
+
=
+
+
+
=
+
5
54
8
20
40  40  20
40

1 3 1 4
3 3 1 3 5 4
y = c0 1 + x + x + x + + c1 x + x + x +
2
2
8
2
4
21. The differential equation is mx00 + 4x0 + 2x = 0. The solutions of the auxiliary equation are

1
1
(4 16 8m) = (2 4 2m).
2m
m
The motion will be non-oscillatory when 4 2m 0 or 0 < m 2.
22. Substituting xp = A into the differential equation we obtain 2 A = A, so = 1/ 2 and
xp = A/ 2 .
1 00
x + x0 + 3x = et ; x(0) = 2,
8
x0 (0) =0. The auxiliary equation ism2 /8 + m +
3 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, m =
4 2 2i. Thus, xc = e4t (C1 cos 2 2t + C2 sin 2 2t). Using xp = Aet , we find A = 8/17.
Thus,

8
x(t) = e4t (C1 cos 2 2t + C2 sin 2 2t) + et
17

23. Using m = W/g = 4/32 = 1/8, the inital value problem is

8
and x0 (t) = e4t [(2 2C2 4C1 ) cos 2 2t (2 2C1 4C2 ) sin 2 2t] et .
17

Using the initial conditions,

we obtain 2 = C1 + 8/17 and 0 = 2 2C2 4C1 8/17. Then
C1 = 26/17 and C2 = 28 2/17 and



28
8
26
cos 2 2t +
2 sin 2 2t + et .
x(t) = e4t
17
17
17

CHAPTER 16 IN REVIEW

321

24. (a) From k1 = 2W and k2 = 4W we find 1/k = 1/2W + 1/4W = 3/4W. Then k = 4W/3 =
4mg/3. The differential equation
mx00 + kxp= 0 then becomes x00 + (4g/3)x = 0. The
p
sin 2 g/3t. The initial conditions x(0) = 1 and
solution is x(t) = C1 cos 2 g/3t + C2
x0 (0) = 2/3 imply C1 = 1 and C2 = 1/ 3g.
(b) To find the maximum speed of the weight we compute
r
r
r
r
g 4
g
g 2
g
2p
0
3g + 1.
x (t) = 2
sin 2
+ cos 2
t and |x (t)| = 4 + =
3
3 3
3
3 9
3
0

25. The auxiliary equation is m2 /4 + m + 1 = 0 or (m + 2)2 = 0, so m = 2, 2 and x(t) =

C1 e2t + C2 te2t and x0 (t) = 2C1 e2t 2C2 te2t + C2 e2t . Using the initial conditions, we
obtain 4 = C1 and 2 = 2C1 +C2 . Thus, C1 = 4 and C2 = 10. Therefore x(t) = 4e2t +10te2t
and x0 (t) = 2e2t 20te2t . Setting x0 (t) = 0 we obtain the critical point t = 1/10. The
maximum vertical displacement is x(1/10) = 5e0.2 4.0937.