EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS (BIO610)

NAME: MOHAMAD HAIRUL AZIZI BIN NORHISAM STUDENTS ID: 2014564739

PHONE NO: 017-5766953
GROUP: RAS2015A
TITTLE : PEARSON PRODUCT MOMMENT CORRELATION
NO
.

YEA
R

TITLE

VARIABLE

1.

2013

Assessing daily egestion

rates in earthworms:
using fungal spores as a
natural soil marker to
estimate gut transit time

MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Species of
earthworm
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Gut transit time
(GTT)
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Marked soil
Water content

FINDINGS

This study aimed to

estimating daily soil
egestion rates of
Aporrectodea
caliginosa and
Lumbricus terrestris,
refining the most
common approach for
estimating GTT by
using fungal spores as
natural markers in
ingested soil. This
INDEPENDENT
approach avoids the use
VARIABLE:
of artificial markers that
Species of
earthworm
may adversely affect the
earthworms. Gut transit
DEPENDANT VARIABLE: time was estimated to
Gut transit time
be faster for A.
(GTT)
caliginosa than L.
terrestris. Gut content
averaged 46540(
standard error (SE))mg
dw g1 dw worm for A.
caliginosa and 26580
mg dw g1 dw worm
for L. terrestris. From
these values, daily
egestion rates of 1.16
and 0.66 g dw faeces
g1 dw worm d1 were
calculated for A.
caliginosa and
L.terrestris,

respectively.

2.

2007

Influence of different
Food sources on
growth and
reproduction
performance of
composting epigeics:
Eudrilus eugeniae,
Perionyx excavatus
and Perionyx
sansibaricus

This study is to
investigate the
impact of organic
material quality on
biomass production
and reproduction
potential of
commercial
composting
earthworm species
was studied, by
using three
different type of
culture material
under laboratory
conditions. The
culture materials
have different
palatability,
particle size and
physiochemical
composition. All
the three studied
earthworm species
showed maximum
biomass production
DEPENDANT VARIABLE:
rate. Individual
Biomass
cocoon production
production
rate varied
reproduction
drastically. The
potential of
hatchling success
commercial
of cocoons
composting
earthworm
obtained from
species
different beddings
was also observed
and cocoon
obtained from Kw
+ Ll culture
exhibited
maximum
MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Different food
source
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Biomass
production
reproduction
potential of
commercial
composting
earthworm
species
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
species of
earthworm :
Eudrilus
eugeniae,
Perionyx
excavatus and
Perionyx
sansibaricus
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
Different food
source

hatchling success
(%) in all the three
species studied.
The cocoons of
both E. eugeniae
and P. sansibaricus,
obtained from Fym
culture showed the
highest number of
hatchlings,
whereas cocoons
of P. excavatus
showed the highest
hatchling number.
In this present
study, there was a
consistent trend of
decreasing
individual biomass
as well as cocoon
production rate,
followed by their
peak values with
ageing of the
culture materials.
The biomass
production rate
and hatching
success in all the
three species
studied showed
direct correlation
(p<0.05) with Ncontent of the
culture material.
However,
beddings Ncontent did not
affect the
individual cocoon
production rate,
except to P.
sansibaricus (r =
0.987, P<0.001).
The number of

hatchlings per
cocoon for P.
sansibaricus,
showed good
correlation (r =
0.935 p<0.01) with
N-content of
organic material
used for worm
culture. Results
clearly show a
possible relation
between hatchling
success/number of
hatchlings per
cocoon, and
chemistry of
culture substrate

3.

2008

Earthworm abundance
related to soil
physicochemical and
microbial properties in
Accra, Ghana.

MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
nine locations
across Accra, the
capital of Ghana,
the soil-litter layer
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Earthworm
abundance
Bacterial load in
soil
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Type of
earthworm

4.

2010

Vermicomposting of
Vegetable Wastes with
Cowdung Using Three
Earthworm Species
Eisenia foetida, Eudrilus
eugeniae and Perionyx
excavatus.

MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Type of
earthworm
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Composting
efficiency
Nitrogen,
potassium and
organic carbon
level

This study is to evaluate

the occurrence and
abundance of surface
dwelling earthworms
and to investigate the
relationship between
earthworm abundance
and soil properties.
Earthworm densities
ranged between 35 and
2175 individuals m-2.
Significant (P< 0.05)
negative correlations
existed between
earthworm abundance
INDEPENDENT
and organic C and
VARIABLE:
exchangeable Na. All
nine locations
locations tested positive
across Accra, the
for the microbial
capital of Ghana,
indicators; Total
the soil-litter layer
coliforms, Escherichia
coli, Staphylococcus,
DEPENDANT VARIABLE:
Yeast and Moulds and
Earthworm
Aspergillus. There was a
abundance
significant (P< 0.01)
Microbial load in
positive correlation
soil
between earthworm
abundance and all the
bacterial indicators
tested. Earthworm
abundance was also
weakly correlated (P <
0.1) with the yeast and
mould load
Comparative study was
performed to evaluate
composting efficiency
of three earthworm
species viz. Eisenia
foetida, Eudrilus
eugeniae and Perionyx
excavatus. The results
clearly elucidate that
experiment (2) with
Eisenia foetida gives

CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Vegetable waste
Cow dung

over all best results

followed by experiment
(3), experiment (4) and
experiment (1). The
INDEPENDENT
results show a high
VARIABLE:
increase in nitrogen,
Species of
potassium and high
earthworm
decrease in organic
carbon, C/N and C/P
DEPENDANT VARIABLE:
ratios in
Vegetable waste
experiments (2), (3) and
Cow dung
(4). There was
maximum (117.39%)
increased found in
nitrogen content of
experiment (2), while
minimum (9.13%) in
experiment (1). The
maximum (110%)
increased found in
potassium content of
experiment (2) while
minimum (51.61%)
increase observed in
experiment (1)
5.

2014

Coffee husk composting:

An investigation of the
process using molecular
and non-molecular tools

MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Compost ratio
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Nitrogen and
organic carbon
level
Microbial count
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Coffee husk
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
Compost ratio

This study, using a

multi-parameter
approach, has revealed
differences in quality
and species diversity of
the three composts.
Various parameters
were measured during a
90-day composting
process of coffee husk
with cow dung (Pile 1),
with fruit/vegetable
wastes (Pile 2) and
coffee husk alone (Pile
DEPENDANT VARIABLE: 3). C/N ratios of Piles 1
Nitrogen and
and 2 decreased
organic carbon
significantly over the 90
level
days. The highest
Microbial count
bacterial counts at the
start of the process and

highest actinobacterial
counts at the end of the
process (Piles 1 and 2)
indicated microbial
succession with
concomitant production
of compost relevant
enzymes. Denaturing
gradient gel
electrophoresis of
rDNA and
COMPOCHIP
microarray analysis
indicated distinctive
community shifts during
the composting process,
with day 0 samples
clustering separately
from the 32 and 90-day
samples.
6.

2015

Soil Invertebrates
as Bio-Monitors of
Toxic Metals
Pollution in
Impacted Soils

MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Collection of
earthworm from
different site
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Accumulation of
toxic metal
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Type of
earthworm

The study involved

collection of earthworm
and their site soil
samples from different
impacted and nonimpacted soils in ten
locations spread over
four Local Government
Areas. Metals in all
soils were higher than
the background levels,
and were classified as
unpolluted to very
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
strongly polluted. Pb,
Collection of
Fe, Zn and Cd were
earthworm from
higher in Eudrilus
different site
eugeniae, and Ni in
Pachybolus ligulatus at
DEPENDANT VARIABLE: 0.05 level. The
Accumulation of
organisms absorbed all
toxic metal
metals (BAF<1), but
Eudrilus eugeniae
accumulated Cd and Fe
and Pachybolus

ligulatus, Ni and Fe
(BAF>1). Metals were
clustered into three
(Eudrilus eugeniae) and
two (Pachybolus
ligulatus) dissimilar
groups. Two principal
components extracted
each for Eudrilus
eugeniae and
Pachybolus ligulatus
accounted for 64% and
72% of total variations,
respectively. The
invertebrates exhibited
varying levels of
affinity in metals
uptake. Eudrilus
eugeniae appeared to
accumulate Pb, Fe and
Cd more, and could
serve as a better bioindicator for monitoring
these metals.
Pachybolus ligulatus
accumulated 3-folds
more Ni, and could
provide a monitoring
tool especially in
agriculture, in the Niger
Delta Region of
Nigeria, plagued by
crude oil pollution of its
land and water bodies.
7.

2013

The maturity tests during MANIPULATED

VARIABLE:
the composting of
Type of widrow
municipal solid wastes

RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Maturity of the
compost
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Temperature
humidity

This study
investigated at first
the evolution of cocomposting
process of
municipal solid
waste and sewage
sludge under
Tunisian pedoclimatic conditions.

Results showed
that the
temperature
profiles established
in the system
DEPENDANT VARIABLE: revealed three
Temperature
classical steps, the
humidity
mesophilic phase
during the first 25
days, the
thermophilic phase
between 30 and
130 days and the
cooling phase
began after the
14th week in the
two windrows W1
(100% of municipal
solid wastes) and
W2 (60% of
municipal solid
wastes and 40% of
dried sewage
sludge). Potential
toxic heavy metal
content appeared
generally more
important in W2
than W1, and both
finished products
of compost
obtained in this
study satisfied
most parts of the
recommended
norms of
agronomical use.
The presence or
absence of
nitrifying activity
allowed
determining that
the compost W1
was more mature
than the compost
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
Type of widrow

W2. Composting
cannot only
transform waste by
reducing its
harmful effect but
also corrects when
added to soil, the
deficit in organic
matter. The nature
of the raw material
used in composting
may affect the
quality of the final
product. There is a
significant need for
the amendment of
soils by compost.
The quality
of the amendment
may have a
significant impact
on environment

8.

2016

Antioxidant compounds
and minerals in tomatoes
by Trichodermaenriched
biofertilizer and their
relationship with the soil
environments

MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Treatment
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Antioxidant
Mineral in ripe
tomatoes
Soil health
improvement
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Seedbed
Tomatoes plant
Stem height
spacing
INDEPENDENT
VARIABLE:
Treatment
DEPENDANT VARIABLE:

The experiment
was conducted to
evaluate the
efficacy of
Trichodermaenriched
biofertilizer
(BioF/compost) on
antioxidants and
minerals in ripe
tomatoes and soil
health
improvements in
terms of nutrient
availability and
microbial
populations. The
study was
comprised of six

Antioxidant
Mineral in ripe
tomatoes
Soil health
improvement

treatments. It was
found that the
application of
100%
BioF/compost
enhanced plant
growth, leaf
greenness, and
produced 12.9%
higher yield
compared to the
recommended
doses of NPK and
other treatments.
Mineral
Contents in tomato
roots, shoots and
fruits and
antioxidant
compounds were
increased
significantly in
fruits fertilized with
100%
BioF/compost. The
high efficiency of
Trichoderma
compost might be
the result of its
potential of
nutrient
solubilization and
harboring soil
microorganisms.
Collectively,
BioF/compost
increased soil
fertility and
favored growth of
microbes in the
rhizosphere which
ultimately
contributed to
higher yield,
antioxidant, and

mineral
concentrations in
tomatoes. Thus,
Trichodermaenriched
biofertilizer may
reduce application
of chemical
fertilizers and
therefore, can be
considered as a
noble practice in
sustainable
agriculture
9.

2016

Use of grass and spent

mushroom compost as a
growing medium
of local tomato
(Lycopersicon
esculentum miller)
seedling in the nursery

The objective of
this study was to
investigate the
response of local
tomato
(Lycopersicon
esculentum Miller)
seedlings growth
on media
containing grass
and spent
mushroom
compost in the
nursery. The
experiments were
arranged in
Completely
Randomized
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
Type of seed
Design with three
Seedling
replications.
maintenance
Growth parameters
observed i.e.
INDEPENDENT
seedling growth,
VARIABLE:
dry weight
Growing medium
production and leaf
indices. Results
DEPENDANT VARIABLE:
showed that
Seedling height
growing medium
Stem diameter
containing spent
Ratio of height per paddy straw
MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Growing medium
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Seedling height
Stem diameter
Ratio of height per
diameter
Number of leaf
per seedling
Leaf area per
seedling
Total dry weight
Specific leaf area
Leaf area ratio

diameter
Number of leaf
per seedling
Leaf area per
seedling
Total dry weight
Specific leaf area
Leaf area ratio

mushroom
compost was the
best to improve
seedlings growth in
general. However,
the lowest specific
leaf area and leaf
area ratio indices
were obtained by
the seedlings on
the medium
without compost.
Correlation
analysis showed
that highest
correlations were
recorded for the
TS+HC+OC
medium. The
tomato seedling
growth was
improved on the
media

MANIPULATED
VARIABLE:
Poplar species
and clones
RESPONDING
VARIABLE:
Earthworm
abundance and
biomass
Soil texture
Bulk and particle
density
pH
organic carbon
total nitrogen,
phosphorus and
potassium
CONSTANT VARIABLE:
poplar species
planted at
Safrabasteh
Poplar Research

This study evaluated

earthworm abundance
and biomass in
plantations of different
poplar species and
clones as well as the
effect of some soil
chemical and physical
properties on them. The
results showed that the
earthworm abundance
and biomass, OC, P and
N in P. d. 63/51 were
higher than in the other
poplar species and
clones. The correlation
coefficients showed a
positive correlation of
OC, N and a negative
correlation of pH, clay,
BD and P with

10.

2014

Earthworm biomass
and abundance, soil
chemical and physical
properties under
different poplar
plantations
in the north of Iran

Station

earthworm biomass.
Based on the results,
INDEPENDENT
compared to the other
VARIABLE:
species and clones P. d.
Poplar species
63/51 creates favorable
and clones
conditions to produce
more organic matter and
DEPENDANT VARIABLE:
higher abundance and
Earthworm
biomass of earthworms,
abundance and
hence it could be
biomass
beneficial for
Soil texture
maintaining the soil
Bulk and particle
quality status for
density
successive plantings.
pH
organic carbon
total nitrogen,
phosphorus and
potassium