NEED TO KNOW >.001 Is ‘can use soli tha fies ana folders that >.002 ed ne ed command ensbies you to move between directories on your system. Like the felloning, or exargle: Ws cd merase? 15 ep File Mhoneiseresktop/ile >004 mv ‘2 copy, mv instead move thera lost on daletingthaorigins [15 wv file Mhonehuser/Desktop/file >.005 rm ‘The rm command is for removing or deleting Flas and directories, Youcan use: [smn nite >_006 mkdir You can create elractories with the kale command using something ike [5 nkdir folder >007 nano Nano sone ofthe programs that enables you to edt tex in les ~ i ital for working ang eciinginthe command ine. Youuseit kes: [5 nano fie >008 Tab he Tab key enables you to auto-complet commands and fle names, end double tapping lets you stall ofthe objects that have 8 similar name. This auro-completion works wth unambiguous fle and command rames. For example, tr’ eves you “iraox because no other commands neain wt fi I you get mati inve typing *9 narrow the selection snd hit Tab again >.209 Up 2 99 the keyboard has the vey simple task af enabling you co pull up the last command that vas entered, torunitageinr eit >010 Copy text IF youre inthe terminal, you may wars ‘CuteAlt. copy 9.30 this, you >o11 Paste text IF youve found a carmand online or need to paste some text into nano, you can enter ary nthe clipzcarcith CuteAIV. > 012 Open terminal Thistckworksinalotot a shortout for pening the termina. canbe dane with: CuLeAlee, >013 sudo This lets you do commands as the super use. The super user in this ease fs root and you just sudo tothe start of any command >014 Access root ‘The superuser, or rat can alse be accecsae by logging in 85 from the terminal by yp ng. Bu You can enter the root user password and then mrmand as root without having to usesudo sal >015 Stop processes IF you have run a command and ether ies paused, taking ts done ts Job and you don't need e rest of, you can stop it forefuly by using either Ctr#C or HZ. Remember, onty do this the process is not writing any data as it isnot safe inthis instance and yeucould find yoursefin trouble. >016 Access root without password IF your regular user i n the sudoers let that thay ean use sudo in general to run things 8000, you.can access the su account by using sudo su, Thisuses yournarmal user passwers to ances root terminal functions. To ade a roguar user vvould need to first log in as the suner user by using eu. Then, you would simaly run adduser username sudo (placing ‘username. Be careful whoyou ads tote suloes ls, thougn > 017 Search for hidden files and directories ‘The Is command can be used in more than ust the base way of lating all the files ya “older. To begin wit, you can use te ist all the hidden items alongwith the narmalitems byosing >018 Home directory shortcut signify the home directory when moving between crecto ming. ding rmastiy anythingelse~ ike with he olloing, for Bs cd = >019 Link commands together Ifyou want todo series of emmards one af 1 other, ke updating and ther upgrading software in Debian, for example, you can use {&& to have a command rap ght after the ene before. For example IS sudo apt-get update 44 sudo apt-get install Libreoffice >020 Long terminal. input Sometimes when usirgalstorarythingelsa with ‘long terminal output, you might not be able to read it well. To mave it eaier to under 9 send ‘ough $ 1s | lessFeature Readable storage size eta bytes though which sno tweaked) >_022 Move to previous directory you wae to mave back tothe drectory that you were norkng on before, ther is aed commana eal, Tis one does not move yp the but rather book tote ast folder ha: Ised- >_023 Move up directory The cd command. also aeused to move upin the flasystem.Dotis with two fullstos, ke so: Ise >024 General wildcards is&{") can boused asa wildcard erminal to stand or anything. typoal usecase 's copying or removing specific ypes of les, Far example, fyouwant ta remove all PNG es from an Master the command line SYSTEM ESSENTIALS hat ll lgpiays isthe sze ofthe files that are orate onthe nard ove, sways that became more leibe simply by changing she ta th, where the lo ne human-readable option ¢h) salu Yeuean havait pars listing forms option (0 >_025 More with the pipe he pipe () can be used to feed all outputs into the next command, enabling you to calla piace of data or sting from one command and pur it Straight into the next command. This works wa grep andathercoreLnuxtoos 3-026 Delete directories everythingwithina dractary recursively using: [5 mm + rectory >_027 Shutdown command Yousan shutdown the systam from the terminal Using the shutdown command, the hat opt an which stope all running programe at same time, and sp ‘urnsoffimmediately IL sudo shutdom -h now >_028 Display all. information As wos meray isting the ies, we can use Ueto at allt te information relating ach fie, such as lst date modes, permssions [sisa >029 Reboot from command line Backinthedayrebootingresuired.aslighty mare compiax shutdown command: shutdown -f vith averysimle [1 sudo reboot >.030 Timed shutdown he timing function ofthe shutdown command can be very useful if you need to wait for {program of efon joo t0 finish before the shutdown occurs. You can use the time te do | normal haltshutdown, er even with =r for a reboot afzorzen minutes, withsomethingtke: (15 sudo shutdown -h +12 >031 Log out Logging out from the x session is generaly advisable from the desktop environment, but if you need t log back out t0 she login you can go the by restarting Tanager. In the case of many Linux distros, you Usethecammandielow IES sudo service Tightdn restartINSTALLATION : >.022 Debian: update repositories Debiar-based fond Uburturbased) dros use ‘spsget asthe corvmand na packaga manager (ne of the quis of aptget a5 a package ‘manager tat before uagrading or insaling sofa, tcoes not neck to ane thoes = enor version i the reaositones, Betore doing anyinstalaonin Debian. se IES sudo apt-get opiate >033 Debian: install software nike a graphical package manager cr software centre, you can’t quite search for the kind of packages you want to instal, eo yoU need ta know the package name before installing, Once youdoshougn, [15 sudo apt-get install package >_034 Debian: update software You can upgrade the sartwate in Debian from ‘tho trminal by fst performing tho repository Update command in Tip 32, falloned by the upgrade command below ILS sudo apt woerade >_035 Debian: uninstall software Ae part of package management, spt-pet ‘enables you to uninstall software as wel. Tris 's simaly done by replacing install with remove In tha same commana that you would use to instal said package (Tip $8). You ean also use purgeinstead ofremoveifyouwanttadeleteary configties along witht. >_936 Debian: upgrade distro Debian systems can often updace to a ‘newer version, especialy whenit'srolirg orf theres a new unt Sometimes the prompt won'show ‘up, So you candoitinthetermina ith 5 sudo aptget dist-uperade >_037 Debian: multiple packages -very simple thing you can dawhieinstalingon al platorms is ist muipie packages t install ‘at once with the normal intalation command. Soin Debian twouldbe: 8 sudo apt-get install packagel package? packages 2.038 Ddbian: dependencies ping dirs between saftware ana they" ‘ach have a guide on Mow fo go about i, One problem you might “eis that Rl top ure Sou can Fnd and instal the raht dependency. “ou can got around this ay instaling auto-apt are then sing during con guration nth IS sudo auto-apt run /eonfigure: >.039 Debian: force install Sometimes whon installing software, antget will refuse to install if specific requirements arent met (usualy in terms of other packages nese tobe installed forthe software te work proper. You can force the package to instal. ‘even vithouttne dependencies using sudo apt-get download package $ sudo dpkg ~1 package >.04@ Debian: install binary Ih Tip 39, wo used dpkg -ito install the binary installer package that we downloaded “om the repostaries. This same command can be used ‘instal: any downloaded sinary, ether am the regosorfromaebsite >04) Debian: manual force install package Irthe advice nTin 38s sti not working, you can force instal itn dpkg. To do this you just neod to add the option --foree-all to the installation cemmandto ignore any problems, tke so ILS suo dpkg —Force-sll “1 package >042 Red Hat: update software Unlike apt-get. the yum package manager for Red HatFacora-based distros does not reed you to specially undate the repositories. You ‘ean merly update alltheseftwave using I sudo yun update >.043 Red Hat: install software Irstallng itn yur vary simple as ong as yeu nou the package name. Yum does have some earch facitas though. you realy need tlle itup butenee you know what package you want, Use the folowing corsmane [1 suo yum instal package and updatin Managing y your sy rt of the comm and lit >044 Red Hat: uninstall software ‘Yum can aso be used to uninstall ary package you have on your system, whether you installed Ir direct trom yum or not. As ong a8 you know ‘repackage name youcan uninstall with Is sudo yum renove package >045 Red Hat: force install ‘The force instal funetion on Ree Hat ard Feaora-based Linux doe requires that you havea packago downloaded! ana ready to instal. You can dovncad things with yum anc then ‘orcethe install it [E'S sudo yum install -dounloadonly dowloaddir=[directory] package [E'$ sudo rpm ~ivh --force package >046 Red Hat: manual install PMs one af the package installers on ec Hat distros and can be used to instal downloaded packages. Youcenethar do something ko in Tip 48 and doanlaad the pacxage from the repos, o evra tram the hternet andinstal with IL sudo rpm package >_047 Red Hat: force manual installation AS in Tp 45, you can use RPM +9 force install packages if theres a dependency iesue or something else wrang with any other packages ‘nat you have oownloaded. The sare command should be used as in Tip 45, with the hand “force options present. > 048 Fedora: distro upgrade om as sown distribution upgrade command butoniyin Fedora ard they pete you notte use ituniss you have to, Nonethess you ean use tvefedora-upgrad package nyumth [15 suo yun install fedora-uperade WYou can force package to install even without the dependenciesFeature | Master the commandline See Rela ai Stop @ system service 2 system service is the kind of background software that aunchas at startup, These ar ‘onvollad by thesystem management daemons Uke int or systomd, and ean be centrale from the terminal with the service ATTA Start a service ee eae lopped by wig the eam sono BSCR wth sattorent operator. As ongas you now the ees name staritusing Pierre se ee reds on erry $ sudo service nane start eee eee grep —n hello file a eee fore cree cee. Restart a system service his ene is popular with setting up web servers that use n rescarts may be needed, slong her services that you ‘customise along the ws. hstesd of rurning both ‘he stop and stare commands sequer can instead restart services using TEC coerce 7 ees oo note) co eet S sudo service ane restart Know the ID ne ID that you can get forthe softwe top can be used to manipul fr ini that you can end the TUREMEE oroc05s if having trouble stopping itself or n the [Din hand Soe ag ec) eee ed Using too many resources, ee RSME you canicltwith oes S grep ‘\ch.o file eee eee . skin 1234 Kill multiple 1Ds ‘ometimes a process can be spilt up over with a eee mrultile Ds this usvaly web browser ~ Google fand you nec to Kil tultple ther try and auck'y 1 Ds, er use ne cornman nar for the itwith nt es rere cae eee 5 killall -v process List connections he standard command for listing your work conrecsons snd desais in the serminal i meraly ifconfig ~ ths wl it all, you" interfaces and thei stazuses. F you virelass ntefa: 't 8 sovefie one, say for the youcanuse: $ ifeonfig wlane List USB devices You may need te know wrich USB and USE- relates devi nected to a system, oF find our thet designation. You need to install it frst, but once you have ypu ean use Leusb inthe terminal the avalabiecevices. List, hard drives and partitions of certain drives for working on them 0 just need to gota general understanding of th systems layout, you can use fdisk tis al the hava drives. Dothis in thetemina ith $ sudo fis Check running software Sometimes yell want t cheok what's runing be done simpy wit top. I lst all the relevant usage, along uta thelD so yousan contriUnpack a ZIP file Iryouve downloaded ZP fieand you di trom the terminal er youre working from you unpackitusingte unzip command, Useitke so: $ unzip file zip Unpack a TAR file es Linux havea corp wed as a Aangz, or tarbal ck these or similar TAR ies mand, although you need the ‘tne comman i $ tar -a0f file.taree Copy and write disks Coming tom UNKis 2 powerul image tool calles 4, which woo 00" using lot rocontly to writing Raspberry PSO cards. Use ses andharacves, andor wring mage them back Theis fis 1 put Fie or erive an the hesame, mores ike so fevisda bs=IM Create an empty file Sometimes. ashen coding or instaling naw softnae a fle to write to, You he terminal has a commane sinilrto mkdir tha enabiosyoutocreateanempy tie thsistouch $ touch File Print into the terminal he terminal uses acho a princess trom fas ita the ten ive the C language. youre writing a Bash script and want to see tho ‘output ofthe current section, you ean use echo xo printout the rel > straight into the terminal output Check an MO5 hash hen covmloading certain files ican hap alot Alot of sites wil offer the mogrty of the downloaded file by comparing & nach sumbased on t, With that MDS and the fle location athand,you can compare twit $ mdSsun file Run commands to x Sometimes you need to do ec the x display, but the enly way you ccananter tne command ineis by switching to an a stance vith CumAtE+F2 or similar Create a new SSH key yal ned to generate a tong anya rey, you can abays havea go a reatig iin ‘he termina. You can do eis using yur emai suds a5 idertiieaton by entorng. the foloninginothetermirt S$ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C “your_evaillexanple.con” system details simple running and you can do this witn th uname which you ean use in the terminal he ellowing $ unare Kernel version |S part of uname, you aso get the kernel version. rowing th for downloading the ight header flas when coming madules 0 updating certain aspects. You can get purely the kerolverson by aang +r otion S$ unane =r (PU architecture IWyeu'e an an unknown machin ned te fine out what i running Find twat ther you might $ uname Everything else Uname enabiesyou tod spa avaiable from the system and by simply using th datathatis a al of ths informa -aoption htnecommand! $ unane a Ubuntu version th all the dstro updates you do, it ean be ey to keep tack of which version of Ubuntu you aren. Youcancheokty using 5 Isb-release -3 alas PERMISSIONS pam ze] ral alo vae file permissions ¢ sa ana ACoMtae them properly peer eescls er eee eer: Noraee ne een with dincestig 3 meeerennee iis cone dw stands for» ant nat tis re eee eaten Cea eScls Oe een an stare 7 eee Soe aa a ee eed eee i ot 'S cinod 777 file eet Phos read and ¢ coved eran ee erm a ors eeeFeature | Master the commandline ear CONTROLS >_You can control your tunes while working Open files in terminal IryouNe gota fie you can manager, stead of 9 ovigating to and then executing the fio srg for te termina ed to rghick ilasie Anal aC ana you ean usvaly run it eve’ oc this you usualy us Find files in terminal You can search ‘or specific fee through the flosystom by using the find commanc. You Peat ed to go find a location to search in and a EMM MCE 2ramec0r to sosrch or, For simply searching or EEE | 3 cfrom ootwth acpeciicnameyoucan use: oat $ find / name File chythnboeclient pause Locate files in terminal Similar t finds locate, a newer tool chat works 1 diferent ta ‘ind, While find aise has for fies by age, size, onner anc yreallyusesthenameto ‘pando tso much faster, Use tith eres es parent $ locate file 5 rrythnbowclient next ERC natch, Ws good f eee ae! ae or oieneet amie Current location minal you might find yourselt 8 tle (ost in the Flesystom, sy way to pipe your curert location omething ese. You can print salute ooation using pd vant 9 quck Move back through pushd Following on rom Tip antto start moving back up the stack tothe frst cirectory You can use popd in the terminal. You can alsa up by chock which dir have eae usingthe dirs comm Process priorities CPU prt for pro igh Priorty or #20 for owes priority fram 0 to ber Xs standing in for Ory sudo or root ean alovat the erorty of a process, but fnjonecansetone down thepronty chan, Download via the terminal mething via th want 10 se th take ary UBLyou epecity IF you Insert in weet command kw and downiosd it directly inte. your nin the terminal (as long, a permission te ao se). Use ke $ wget http: //exanple.con/File.2ip Move directories moving between directore might want beable to quiely ret previous one that you were using. Instead using €@ for moving 0 mnt use pushd to move ana erat ‘stack of directories to movebbetweerChange image formats ead of loading up an image editor ike GIMP, actualy change images in the terminal using the convert command. You can very to change the fletype oF even 72.Doitwith simply use canes the $ convert image-jpg inage-pne Alter image settings As wel as convert 19 mogtly, which is ‘ctthesare sofa package. Youcan sat orotate and do mare ta an mage mereeasly than with some of te convert commands. To $ mogrify resize 640x480! smage.one Send message to displays old school prank hat ean actualy have ses viben done rig. Xmessage enables you to send a message prom the same system, as long asyou know thecisplay youmantte send tt Ty 2 anxdiepiay 09 $ DISPLAYS nessage -center “Hello Worle!” Rename files with ep This is an extension of the way you can use op ~ ep will conya fie and name you want, so you can either directory and give ta deren ust copy tint the same folder with a sifferen name and olete the orignal. This aso works for Manual. screenshots odo during Raspberry Ss, but it works everywhere else, Fo NOME-based desktops you can do it in the terminal by caling gnome-sereenshat. in XFCE \s wfoe-screenshooter in LXOE Ws erat anc 000. Ths wil immediately take @soreenshot of This is something w Delayed screenshots monu.or needtoposeashotin general Aofthe screenshot tools allow you todelaybyading the UAV SS , Zags and other attempts by vare engineers to be funny ae eee corpubuntubstat- apt get noe 32) “NN oe ee eee ee eee eects eu ally write date nto the terminal ne noes erence Cae iy at enter are ner eee eter reenter 15 a Bash sort to simuiate eno mae Aer et Pees sight vow, at oe