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HW 5 Sols

This document provides solutions to homework problems from a math class. It includes step-by-step workings for problems involving harmonic functions, complex exponential functions, logarithmic functions, and other topics. The solutions demonstrate techniques for showing that functions are harmonic, finding harmonic conjugates, evaluating complex expressions, and exploring properties of logarithms and exponentials of complex numbers.

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saul1505
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162 views8 pages

HW 5 Sols

This document provides solutions to homework problems from a math class. It includes step-by-step workings for problems involving harmonic functions, complex exponential functions, logarithmic functions, and other topics. The solutions demonstrate techniques for showing that functions are harmonic, finding harmonic conjugates, evaluating complex expressions, and exploring properties of logarithms and exponentials of complex numbers.

Uploaded by

saul1505
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Homework #5 Solutions

Math 128, Fall 2013


Instructor: Dr. Doreen De Leon

p. 81: 1 (b), (c)


1. Show that u(x, y) is harmonic in some domain and find a harmonic conjugate v(x, y).
(b) u(x, y) = 2x3 + 3xy 2
ux = 2 3x2 + 3y 2 = uxx = 6x
uy = 6xy = uyy = 6x.
Then,
uxx + uyy = 6x + 6x = 0.
So, u(x, y) is harmonic for all (x, y). Now to find a harmonic conjugate v(x, y).
ux = 2 3x2 + 3y 2 = vy
Z
= v = (2 3x2 + 3y 2 ) dy
= 2y 3x2 y + y 3 + g(x).
uy = 6xy = vx
0

= (6xy + g (x)) = 6xy


6xy g 0 (x) = 6xy
g 0 (x) = 0 = g(x) = c.
So, v(x, y) = 2y 3x2 y + y 3 + c. If we assume v(0, 0) = 0, then 0 = c. So,
v(x, y) = 2y 3x2 y + y 3 .
(c) u(x, y) = sinh x sin y
ux = cosh x sin y = uxx = sinh x sin y
uy = sinh x cos y = uyy = sinh x sin y.
Then,
uxx + uyy = sinh x sin y + ( sinh x sin y) = 0.

So, u(x, y) is harmonic for all (x, y). Now, we need to find a harmonic conjugate v(x, y).
ux = cosh x sin y = vy
Z
= v = (cosh x sin y) dy
= cosh x cos y + g(x).uy

= sinh x cos y = vx

= ( sinh x cos y + g (x)) = sinh x cos y


sinh x cos y g 0 (x) = sinh x cos y
g 0 (x) = 0 = g(x) = c.
So, v(x, y) = cosh x cos y + c. If we asume v(0, 0) = 1, then c = 0, and
v(x, y) = cosh x cos y .

p. 92: 1, 4, 8
1. Show that
(a) exp(2 3i) = e2
e2+3i


(b) exp

2 + i
4


=

e23i = e2 e3i
= e2 (1) .
= e2 .

= e2 e3i
= e2 (1)
= e2

e
(1 + i)
2

exp

2 + i
4


= exp
1


1
+ i
2 4

= e2 e 4 i
 
 

= e cos
+ i sin
4
4



1
1
= e + i
2
2
r
e
=
(1 + i).
2
(c) exp(z + i) = exp(z)
exp(z + i) = ez+i
= ez ei
= ez
= exp(z).
4. Show in two ways that the function f (z) = exp(z 2 ) is entire. What is its derivative?

(I) Let g(z) = ez and h(z) = z 2 . g and h are both entire. Therefore, (g h)(z) is entire.
Therefore, f (z) = (g h)(z) is entire.
(II)
2

f (z) = ez = e(x+iy)
= e(x

2 y 2 )+i(2xy)

= ex

2 y 2

= ex

2 y 2

x2 y 2

ei(2xy)
(cos(2xy) + i sin(2xy))
cos(2xy) + iex

2 y 2

sin(2xy).

2
2
2
2
u(x, y) = ex y cos(2xy)
v(x, y) = ex y sin(2xy)

2
2
2
2

ux
= 2xex y cos(2xy) 2yex y sin(2xy)

2
2
2
2
x
y
x
y
exist and continuous for all z.
uy
= 2ye
cos(2xy) 2xe
sin(2xy)

2
2
2
2

vx
= 2xex y sin(2xy) + 2yex y cos(2xy)

2
2
2
2

vy
= 2yex y sin(2xy) + 2xex y cos(2xy)
=e

It is clear that ux = vy and uy = vx , so the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied for all
z. Therefore, f (z) is differentiable everywhere and, thus, f (z) is entire.
Then,
d z2
2
e = 2zez .
f 0 (z) =
dz
8. Find all values of z such that
(a) ez = 2
First, ex eiy = 2ei . So,
ex = 2 and y = + 2n, n Z
x = ln 2 and y = (2n + 1), n Z.
So, z = ln 2 + (2n + 1)i, n Z.

(b) ez = 1 + 3i
1+

3i = rei

where r = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2, = tan1

So,

ex eiy = 2ei 3

= ex = 2 and y =

+ 2n, n Z
3

= x = ln 2.


So, z = ln 2 +
+ 2n i, n Z.
3
(c) exp(2z 1) = 1
1 = 1ei0
exp(2z 1) = exp(2(x + iy) 1)
= exp[(2x 1) + i(2y)]
= e2x1 ei(2y) .
3

!
3

= .
1
3

So,
e2x1 ei(2y) = ei(0)
= e2x1 = 1 and 2y = 0 + 2n, n Z
= 2x 1 = ln 1 and y = n, n Z
1
= x = .
2
So, z =

1
+ ni, n Z.
2

p. 97: 2, 3, 7, 9(a)
2. Show that
(a) log e = 1 + 2ni, n Z
e = e ei0 (so, r = e, = 0)
= log e = ln e + i(0 + 2n), n Z
= 1 + 2ni, n Z. X


1
i, n Z
(b) log i = 2n +
2

i = 1ei( 2 )



1
+ 2n , n Z
= log i = ln 1 + i
2


1
= 0 + i
+ 2n , n Z.So, log i
2
(c) log(1 +



1
= 2n +
i, n Z. X
2



1
3i) = ln 2 + 2 1 +
i, n Z
3
1 +

i
3i = re , where r = (1)2 + ( 3)2 = 2, = tan1

h
i
2
3i) = log 2ei( 3 )


2
= ln 2 + i
+ 2n , n Z
3


1
= ln 2 + i2
+ n , n Z.
3



1
Then, log(1 + 3i) = ln 2 + 2 n +
i, n Z.
3
So, log(1 +

3. Show that

!
3

=
1
3

(a) Log (1 + i)2 = 2Log (1 + i)




i 4

2e
Log (1 + i) = Log
 

= ln 2 + i
4
1

= ln 2 + i.So, 2Log (1 + i)
2
4
(1 + i)2 = 2i and
 
Log (2i) = Log 2ei 2

= ln 2 + i = 2Log (1 + i). X
2

= ln 2 +

i.
2

(b) Log (1 + i)2 6= 2Log (1 + i)





3
2ei( 4 )
 

3
= ln 2 + i
4
1
3
3
= ln 2 +
i.So, 2Log (1 + i) = ln 2 +
i.
2
4
2
But, Log (1 + i)2 = Log (2i)



= Log 2ei( 2 )

= ln 2 i 6= 2Log (1 + i).
2
Log (1 + i) = Log

7. Find all roots of the equation log z = i .


2
log z = ln |z| + i( + 2n), n Z

= ln |z| + i( + 2n) = i
2

= ln |z| = 0 and + 2n =
2

= |z| = 1 and = 2n = + 2n.


2
2
i( 2 +2n )
So, z = 1e
= i.
9(a) Show that the function f (z) = Log (z i) is analytic everywhere excepte on the portion x 0 of
the line y = 1.
Log (z i) = Log (x + yi i)
= Log (x + (y 1)i).
In class, we saw that Log z is analytic for all z except on the set {(x, y)|x 0 and y = 0} (i.e., for
all z except the portion x 0 of the x-axis). Therefore, Log (z i) is analytic for all z except on
the set
{(x, y)|x 0 and y 1 = 0} or {(x, y)|x 0 andy = 1},
i.e., everywhere except the portion x 0 of the line y = 1.
5

p. 100: 2
2. Show that for any two nonzero complex numbers z1 and z2
Log (z1 z2 ) = Log z1 + Log z2 + 2N i,
where N has one of the values 0, 1.
Let z1 = r1 ei1 and z2 = r2 ei2 , where 1 = Arg z1 and 2 = Arg z2 . Then, z1 z2 = r1 r2 ei(1 +2 ) . So,

if < 1 + 2
1 + 2
Arg (z1 z2 ) = 1 + 2 2 if 1 + 2 >
.

1 + 2 + 2 if 1 + 2
= Arg (z1 z2 ) = 1 + 2 + 2N , N {0, 1}
= Arg z1 + Arg z2 + 2N , N {0, 1}.
So,
Log (z1 z2 ) = Log

r1 r2 ei(Arg (z1 z2 ))

= ln(r1 r2 ) + iArg (z1 z2 )


= ln r1 + ln r2 + i(Arg z1 + Arg z2 + 2N ), N {0, 1}
= (ln r1 + Arg z1 ) + (ln r2 + Arg z2 ) + 2N , N {0, 1}
= Log z1 + Log z2 + 2N , N {0, 1}. X

p. 104: 1, 2
1. Show that




ln 2
,nZ
(a) (1 + i) = exp + 2n exp i
4
2
i

(1 + i)i = ei log(1+i) .

log(1 + i) = log( 2ei 4 )



= ln 2 + i
+ 2n , n Z
4


1
= ln 2 + i
+ 2n , n Z.
2
4
i[ 12 ln 2+i( 4 +2n )]
i
So, (1 + i) = e
,nZ
i 12 ln 2( 4 +2n )
=e
,nZ
ln 2

= e 4 2n ei( 2 ) , n Z
ln 2

= e 4 2n ei( 2 ) , n Z.

(b) (1) = e(2n+1)i , n Z


1

(1) = e log(1) .
log(1) = log(1ei )
= ln 1 + i( + 2n), n Z
= (2n + 1)i, n Z.
1

So, (1) = e (2n+1)i , n Z


= e(2n+1)i , n Z.
2. Find the principal value of
(a) ii
ii = eiLog i .

Log i = Log (ei 2 )

= ln 1 + i = i .
2
2
i(i 2 )
i
So, i = e

= e 2 .
(b)

he
2

(1

i3i
3i)
1

3i = rei , < .
q

r = (1)2 + ( 3)2 = 2,
!
2
3
1
= .
= tan
1
3

2
So, 1 3i = 2ei( 3 ) .

2
e
e
(1 3i) = ei( 3 )
2
2
2
= e ei( 3 ) .
he


i
2
Log
(1 3i) = Log e ei( 3 )
2
2
i
= ln e
3
2
=1
i.
3 


he
i3i
2
So,
(1 3i)
= exp 3i 1
2
3
= exp[3i + 2 2 ]
2

= e2 .

(c) (1 i)4i
(1 i)4i = e4iLog

(1i)

1 i = rei , < .
p

r = 12 + (1)2 = 2,
 

1 1
= .
= tan
1
4
i
So, 1 i = 2e ( 4 ) .Log (1 i)
1

ln 2 . = (1 i)4i
2
4
+2 ln 2i
=e
=

= e e2 ln 2i
= e (cos(2 ln 2) + i sin(2 ln 2)) .

2 i
4
4i( 12 ln 2 4 i)
=e
= ln

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