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    Soundness of Concrete PDF

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    This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for evaluating reinforced concrete structures. It describes several NDT methods including rebar locator tests, half-cell potential tests, and carbonation tests. The rebar locator test uses electromagnetic fields to detect the location and size of reinforcement bars within concrete. The half-cell potential test provides a quantitative assessment of reinforcement corrosion over a wide area. The carbonation test measures the depth that carbon dioxide has penetrated the concrete, which can impact corrosion of reinforcement. The document examines the principles, equipment, and methodologies used for these NDT tests to evaluate the structural health and condition of reinforced concrete structures.

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    Soundness of Concrete PDF

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    Ismail A Ismail
    196 views3 pages
    This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for evaluating reinforced concrete structures. It describes several NDT methods including rebar locator tests, half-cell potential tests, and carbonation tests. The rebar locator test uses electromagnetic fields to detect the location and size of reinforcement bars within concrete. The half-cell potential test provides a quantitative assessment of reinforcement corrosion over a wide area. The carbonation test measures the depth that carbon dioxide has penetrated the concrete, which can impact corrosion of reinforcement. The document examines the principles, equipment, and methodologies used for these NDT tests to evaluate the structural health and condition of reinforced concrete structures.

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    This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for evaluating reinforced concrete structures. It describes several NDT methods including rebar locator tests, half-cell potential tests, and carbonation tests. The rebar locator test uses electromagnetic fields to detect the location and size of reinforcement bars within concrete. The half-cell potential test provides a quantitative assessment of reinforcement corrosion over a wide area. The carbonation test measures the depth that carbon dioxide has penetrated the concrete, which can impact corrosion of reinforcement. The document examines the principles, equipment, and methodologies used for these NDT tests to evaluate the structural health and condition of reinforced concrete structures.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    196 views3 pages

    Soundness of Concrete PDF

    Uploaded by

    Ismail A Ismail
    This document discusses non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for evaluating reinforced concrete structures. It describes several NDT methods including rebar locator tests, half-cell potential tests, and carbonation tests. The rebar locator test uses electromagnetic fields to detect the location and size of reinforcement bars within concrete. The half-cell potential test provides a quantitative assessment of reinforcement corrosion over a wide area. The carbonation test measures the depth that carbon dioxide has penetrated the concrete, which can impact corrosion of reinforcement. The document examines the principles, equipment, and methodologies used for these NDT tests to evaluate the structural health and condition of reinforced concrete structures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

    eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

    STUDY ON SOUNDNESS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES


    BY NDT APPROACH
    Lokesh V1, B. Shivakumara Swamy2, S.Vijaya3
    1

    PG Student, civil engineering dept., Dr.AIT Bangalore, Karnataka, India


    Head of the department, Civil engineering department, Dr.AIT, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
    3
    Prof., Civil engineering department, Dr.AIT, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

    Abstract
    Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques, are being used for Structural Health Evaluation. Structures are assemblies of load
    carrying member capable of safely transferring the superimposed loads to the foundations. Their main and most looked after property
    is the strength of the material that they are made of. Concrete, as we all know, is an integral material used for construction purposes.
    Thus, strength of concrete used, is required to be known before starting with any kind of analysis. The various methods and
    techniques, called as NDT. In recent years, innovative NDT methods, which can be used for the assessment of existing structures, have
    become available for concrete structures, but are still not established for regular inspections. Therefore, the objective of this project is
    to study the applicability, performance, availability, complexity and restrictions of NDT.

    Key Words: Non Destructive Evaluation(NDE), Structural Health Evaluation, profometer half cell potentiometer,
    carbonation test, quality/strength, Structural health and reinforcement etc
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------1. INTRODUCTION
    Structural health monitoring is at the forefront of structural
    and materials research. Structural health monitoring systems
    enable inspectors and engineers to gather material data of
    structures and structural elements used for analysis. Ultrasonic
    can be applied to structural monitoring programs to obtain
    such data, which would be especially valuable since the wave
    properties could be used to obtain material properties.
    Any structure that is in use for which it is intended to, shows
    some structural disorder, requires to be assessed for its quality,
    structural integrity and in place concrete compressive strength.
    Standing structure can not be assessed by conventional
    methods adopted to evaluate structural integrity and in place
    concrete compressive strength same as by testing standard
    specimens up to failure. Hence for structures, standing decades
    together, an efficient system of assessment of structure for in
    place strength is urgently required. It is also true to the new
    structures, as more and more clients and their consultants are
    well aware of the quality assurance in booming infrastructure
    sector in India. Non Destructive Testing ( NDT ) has the
    potential of becoming an effective tool for quality assurance
    and damage assessment.

    2. NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHODS
    The objective of a non destructive test is to obtain an estimate
    of properties of material by measuring certain quantities which
    are empirically related to it. To make a strength estimation, it

    is necessary to know the relationship between the result of the


    non destructive test and strength of material. The accuracy of
    interpretation of results depends directly on the correlation
    between strength of material and measured quantity. Thus, the
    user of NDT should have an understanding of what quantity is
    measured by the test and how this quantity is related to the
    strength of material. Test methods range widely in reliability
    and complexity. Hence, appropriate experience is necessary in
    selection of the proper tests and corrects interpretation. The
    following NDT techniques are generally employed 1. Schmidts Rebound Hammer test for assessing the concrete
    compressive strength.
    2. Ultrasound pulse Velocity tests for establishing quality of
    concrete.
    3. Coring for taking out concrete cores for laboratory testing
    for determining compressive strength.
    4. Rebar locator tests for locating reinforcement bars and for
    determining their diameters and spacing.
    5. Carbonation test for determining the depth of carbonation of
    concrete.
    6. Half- cell potential test for determining the likelihood of
    corrosion.
    7. Determination of chloride contents of concrete
    In the present paper, health assessment methods such as A)
    Rebar locator test B) Carbonation test and C) Half- cell
    potential test are closely scrutinized to explore some
    fundamental aspects of R. C. structure health monitoring.

    __________________________________________________________________________________________
    Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

    265

    IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

    2.1 Profometer/Rebar Locator


    It is used for detecting location and size of the reinforcement,
    and the concrete cover.This instrument is also known as rebar
    locator. The method is based on measurement of the change in
    electromagnetic field caused by the steel embedded in the
    concrete. It is covered by BS 4408:1969-Part1. The device is a
    portable and handy instrument, normally used to locate the
    reinforcement, with an electronic display. To ensure
    satisfactory working of profometer and to get accurate results,
    it should be calibrated before starting the operations and at the
    end of the test. To check the calibration accuracy, the size and
    cover of the reinforcement of the test block is measured at
    different locations on test block and the recorded data should
    match with the standard values prescribed on the test block.
    Path measuring device and spot probes are together used for
    path measurements and scanning of reinforcement bars. These
    are connected with profometer and are moved on the concrete
    surface for scanning the reinforcement bars and measuring the
    spacing. Diameter and depth probes are used in conjunction
    with the profometer to measure the diameter of rebar and its
    concrete cover respectively For carrying out this test, proper
    access to the test section is essential. Before actual scanning,
    marking is done with chalk on the concrete surface by dividing
    it into panels of equal areas. The method is very fast and gives
    quite accurate results if the reinforcement is not heavily
    congested. The equipment is light and a single person can
    perform the test.

    eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

    Principle and code: Corrosion analyzer is based on electrochemical process to detect corrosion in the reinforcement bars
    of structure. During active corrosion, the steel-concrete system
    in the reinforced concrete element represents short-circuited
    galvanic cell, with the corroding area of the reinforcement bar
    acting as the anode, the passive surface as the cathode and
    concrete as electrolyte. The excess electrons generated during
    corrosion flow through the concrete between anodic and
    cathodic sites, generating current which is accompanied by an
    electric potential field surrounding the corroding bar. The
    equipotential lines intersect the surface of the concrete and the
    potential at any point can be measured using the half potential
    method.
    Device and Methodology: Before starting the test, the test
    surface is made wet (this should be done at least 45 minutes
    prior to conducting the test). To measure half-cell potentials,
    an electrical connection is made, through a small drilled hole)
    to the steel reinforcement in the concrete member to be tested.
    This is connected to a high impedance digital millivolt meter,
    often backed up with a data logging device. The other
    connection to the millivolt meter is taken to a copper/copper
    sulfate or silver/silver chloride half-cell, which has a porous
    connection at one end which can be touched to the concrete
    surface. This will then register the corrosion potential of the
    steel reinforcement nearest to the point of contact.

    Fig 1 profometer

    2.2 Half Cell Potentiometer Test/Corrosion Analyzer


    Electrochemical Half-cell Potentiometer test provides a
    quantitative assessment of reinforcement corrosion over a
    wide area without the need of major removal of the concrete
    cover. The method detects the likelihood of corrosion of steel
    but cannot indicate the rate of corrosion. Distinction can be
    made between corroded and non-corroded locations by
    making measurements over the whole surface.

    2.3 Carbonation Test


    Carbonation test was carried out on RC members at random
    using phenolphthalein indicator in 0.1 N methyl alcohol
    solution to assess the extent of carbonation in cover concrete.
    Carbonation of concrete occurs when the carbon dioxide, in
    the atmosphere in the presence of moisture, reacts with
    hydrated cement minerals to produce carbonates, e.g. calcium

    __________________________________________________________________________________________
    Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

    266

    IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology

    carbonate. The carbonation process is also called


    depassivation. Carbonationpenetrates below the exposed
    surface of concrete extremely slowly. The time required
    forcarbonation can be estimated knowing the concrete grade
    and using the following equation:

    Where
    t is the time for carbonation,
    d is the concrete cover,
    k is the permeability.
    Typical permeability values are shown in Table 5.1.

    2.3.1.

    Equipment

    for

    Carbonation

    Depth

    Measurement Test
    If there is a need to physically measure the extent of
    carbonation it can be determined easily by spraying a freshly
    exposed surface of the concrete with a 1% phenolphthalein
    solution. The calcium hydroxide is coloured pink while the
    carbonated portion is uncoloured.

    eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308

    3. APPLICATIONS
    Nondestructive testing has wide application in the field of civil
    engineering. Nondestructive testing can be carried out to know
    about feasibility and soundness of the structure In order to
    ascertain the structural soundness of the building for the
    proposed additional floor construction, following studies were
    carried out:
    1. Dimensional measurement of structural members.
    2. Examination of foundation and tests on soil at foundation
    level.
    3. Semi-destructive test to assess the quality/strength of in-situ
    concrete in RC footings
    4. Non-destructive tests to assess the quality/strength of in-situ
    concrete in RC member
    Ultrasonic pulse velocity test on RC columns and
    beams
    Rebound hammer test on RC slabs.
    5. Cover meter studies to map the disposition and probable dia
    of peripheral rebars in RC members
    6. Theoretical analysis and design verification for the
    proposed additional floor
    Depending on the results the strength of existing structure is
    evaluated.

    2.3.2. General Procedure for Carbonation Depth

    4 CONCLUSIONS

    Measurement Test

    In this study, various non-destructive condition evaluation


    methods have been studied and they have been used in the
    field testing of reinforced cement concrete structural members

    The 1% phenolpthalein solution is made by dissolving 1gm of


    phenolpthalein in 90 cc of ethanol. The solution is then made
    up to 100 cc by adding distilled water. On freshly extracted
    cores the core is sprayed with phenolphthalein solution, the
    depth of the uncoloured layer (the carbonated layer) from the
    external surface is measured to the nearest mm at 4 or 8
    positions, and the average taken. If the test is to be done in a
    drilled hole, the dust is first removed from the hole using an
    air brush and again the depth of the uncoloured layer measured
    at 4 or 8 positions and the average taken. If the concrete still
    retains its alkaline characteristic the colour of the concrete will
    change to purple If carbonation has taken place the pH will
    have changed to 7 (i.e. neutral condition) and there will be no
    colour change.

    REFERRENCES
    [1]. Guidebook on non destructive testing of concrete
    structures International atomic energy agency, Vienna, 2002
    [2]. Handbook on Non Destructive Testing of Concrete
    (second edition) by V.M. Malhotra and N.J. Carino

    2.3.3. Range and Limitations of Carbonation Depth


    Measurement Test
    The phenolphthalein test is a simple and cheap method of
    determining the depth of carbonation in concrete and provides
    information on the risk of reinforcement corrosion taking
    place. The only limitation is the minor amount of damage
    done to the concrete surface by drilling or coring.

    __________________________________________________________________________________________
    Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06 | May-2014 | RRDCE - 2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org

    267

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