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Satellite Comm Fundamentals

Satellite communication systems allow communication between remote terrestrial locations using satellites. They use uplinks from earth stations to satellites and downlinks from satellites to earth stations. Gateway earth stations connect satellite links to other networks. Geostationary satellites orbit at 22,300 miles above the equator, while non-geostationary satellites have lower orbits and require multiple satellites for coverage. Cellular systems divide geographic areas into cells and use frequency division multiple access to allow channel sharing between users through a network of cell sites and switching offices.

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78 views22 pages

Satellite Comm Fundamentals

Satellite communication systems allow communication between remote terrestrial locations using satellites. They use uplinks from earth stations to satellites and downlinks from satellites to earth stations. Gateway earth stations connect satellite links to other networks. Geostationary satellites orbit at 22,300 miles above the equator, while non-geostationary satellites have lower orbits and require multiple satellites for coverage. Cellular systems divide geographic areas into cells and use frequency division multiple access to allow channel sharing between users through a network of cell sites and switching offices.

Uploaded by

Allanki Sanyasi Rao
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Satellite and Mobile

Communications Fundamentals
Syed A. Rizvi

Satellite Communications
Systems
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Satellite communication systems use satellites


to communicate between two remote terrestrial
locations, a terrestrial location and a mobile
station (aircraft, ship, land vehicles etc.) or two
mobile stations.
Uplink is a communication link from an Earth
station to a satellite.
Downlink is a communication link from a
satellite to an Earth station.
Gateway Earth station also called a base
Earth station, connects satellite communication
links to other communication systems.
2

Satellite(Continued)
l

A communication link between a gateway Earth


station and a satellite is called a Feeder link.

Satellite(Continued)
l

Three generations of satellite communication


systems:

Satellite..(Continued)

Link

Frequency

Uplink

1.60 GHz (L band)

Downlink

1.50 GHz (L band)

Feeder Uplink

6.0/14.0 GHz (C/Ku band)

Feeder Downlink

4.0/12.0 GHz (C/Ku band)

Satellite(Continued)
l

Geosynchronous Orbits:

This is a circular orbit in Earths equatorial plane,


located 22,300 miles above the equator so that
the orbital period is the same as that of Earth.

Satellite..(Continued)
Due to large distance from Earth, the satellite
needs to have sufficiently high power to
communicate with compact ground antennas.
l

Nongeostationary Orbits:
Non-geostationary orbiting satellites have orbits
relatively close to Earth; however, multiple
satellites are needed in each orbit for effective
communication.

Satellite(Continued)
l

Examples of Non-geostationary Satellite


Systems:
Satellite System

Orbit

Number of Satellites

Iridium (LEO)

780 Km

66

Globalstar (LEO)

1,400 Km

48

Odyssey (MEO)

10,354 Km

12

Low Earth orbit (LEO) is less than 10,000 Km above Earth.


Medium Earth orbit (MEO) is more than 10,000 Km but less
than a Geostationary orbit.
8

Multiple Access
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Multiple access is a technique to use a radio


communications channel efficiently by
sharing the resources.
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA):
In this technique, transmitted signals occupy
non-overlapping frequency bands.
A guard band between two signals helps in
avoiding inter-channel interference.
Drawback: Inter-modulation products are
generated (degrading signal fidelity) due to the
nonlinear amplification when the satellite
transponder is operated close to its saturation.
9

Multiple Access (Continued)


Therefore, FDMA systems need to be operated less
than full capacity.
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Time division multiple access (TDMA):


In this technique, transmitted signals occupy nonoverlapping time slots with a guard band between
two successive signals.
TDMA does not have inter-modulation interference.
This permits the satellite amplifier to be operated in
full saturation.
Time slot assignments are easier to adjust than
frequency channel assignments (TDMA is more
flexible than FDMA).
10

Fundamentals of Cellular
Telephony
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Normal telephone connection is established


over a private line from the home/office to
the nearest service point.
Similarly, cellular telephony also requires the
assignment of a private radio channel for
each subscriber.
Problem:
Permanent assignment of the private-line radio
channel to a subscriber is prohibitively expensive.
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Cellular Telephony (Continued)


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Fix:
Radio channel must be shared on demand (FDMA),
where a particular channel is assigned to a user only
when a telephone call is in progress.

Operation:
Each user communicates through a radio channel
from a cellular telephone set to the call-site base
station.
The base station is connected to the mobile
telephone switching office (MTSO) through the
telephone lines.

12

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


MTSO connects the user to the called party.

13

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


For the land based called party, the connection is
made through central office (CO) to the
terrestrial telephone network.
For the mobile called party, the connection is
made to the cell site covering the area of called
partys current location.
As the mobile user travels from one cell to
another, the MTO automatically switches the
user to an available channel in the new cell,
thereby maintaining an uninterrupted telephone
conversation.
14

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


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Advantages:
Large subscriber capacity (number of cell times
number of channels per cell)
Highly effective use of radio spectrum
Nationwide compatibility
Service to handheld devices as well as to
vehicles
High quality telephone and data service to
mobile users at relatively low cost

15

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


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US Cellular System:
United states uses advanced mobile phone system
(AMPS) developed by AT&T and Motorola.
It uses frequencies from 806 to 890 MHz.
Two competitors are licensed in each geographical
region.
One licensee is a conventional telephone company called
B service or wireline service.
Other licensee is a non-telephone company common
carrier, called A service or non-wireline service.

Have fully duplex services (different frequencies


for sending and receiving carriers).
16

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


416 total channels (21 are used for paging and
control)
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Detailed Operation:
Each Cell phone contains a PROM (or EPROM)
called a numeric assignment module (NAM).
NAM is programmed to contain:
1. Telephone number, also called electronic service
number of the phone
2. Manufacturer assigned serial number
3. Personal codes to prevent unauthorized use of the
phone

17

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


Whenever a phone is turned on, its receiver
scans the paging channel to find the strongest
cell site and locks onto it.
On-the-air phone automatically transmits its
serial number to MTSO, which locks out phone
service to a reported stolen phone.
When a call is placed on a cell phone, MTSO
verifies that the telephone number is valid and
then assigns a radio channel to use for the call.
MTSO then sends out signals to ring the desired
telephone number (all of which occurs within ten
seconds).
18

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


Billing information is initiated when the called
party answers.
Billing is stopped when one of the party hangs
up and MTSO frees the radio channel in use.
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Hand-off sequence:
It is a series of operations by MTSO during an
active cellular telephone connection if the signal
drops below certain level.

19

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


MTSO inquires about the signal strength as
received at the adjacent cells.
MTSO then switches the cellular phone to an
appropriate channel in a new cell site receiving
the signal at sufficiently large strength.
This whole process usually takes less than 250
milliseconds and is unnoticeable to the
subscriber.

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Cellular Telephony (Continued)


Analog Cellular Telephone System
Item

A Service
(Non-wire Line)

B Service
(Wire Line)

Base cell station


Transmit bands (MHz)
Mobile station
Transmit bands (MHz)
Maximum power (watts)

869-880, 890-891.5

880-890, 891.5-894

824-835, 845-846.5
3

835-845, 846.5-849
3

Cell size, radius (Km)

2-20

2-20

Number of duplex
channels

416

416

Channel bandwidth (KHz)

30

30

FM, 12 KHz peak deviation


FSK, 8KHz peak deviation
10 Kb/s

FM, 12 KHz peak deviation


FSK, 8KHz peak deviation
10 Kb/s

Modulation
Voice
Control signals

21

Cellular Telephony (Continued)


With the increased popularity of cellular telephony,
wideband FM analog system does not seem to
have enough capacity to accommodate the
anticipated growth in number of future subscribers.
Narrowband FM systems (with 10 KHz BW for voice
and 30 KHz BW for paging) are replacing wideband
FM systems on a channel-by-channel basis as the
need arises.
Digital cellular systems offer even a higher
capacity.

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