Topic: Magnetism and Electrostatics Circuits

I.

Magnetic Circuits
Magnetism is the property of a material to attract and repel other materials.
Magnet is a substance that attracts pieces of iron. The phenomenon by which this
attraction takes place is called magnetism.
Methods of Magnetization:
1. Wrapping
2. Stroking
3. Placing in contact
Types of Magnet:
1. Natural Magnets
2. Artificial Magnets
a. Temporary Magnet
b. Permanent Magnet
Artificially Magnetized Material:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Iron
Nickel
Cobalt
Steel
Alloy (Permalloy, Hipernik, Perminvar, Alnico)

The Coulomb's Law

1st Law: The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly
proportional to their strengths.
2nd Law: The force of attraction or repulsion between two poles is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The Law of Magnetism
1st Law: Like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
2nd Law: A magnetic field always tends to arrange itself so that the greatest numbers of
lines of force are created.
Electrical and Magnetic Units
ELECTRICAL UNITS
Quantity
Symbol
EMF
V
Field Strength

Current
I
Current Density
J
Resistance
R
Resistivity

Conductance
G
Conductivity

Relative Conductivity
-

Unit
V
V/m
A
A/m2

-m
S
S/m
-

MAGNETIC UNITS
Quantity
Symbol
Unit
MMF
Fm
At
Magnetization
H
A/m
Magnetic Flux

Wb
Flux Density
B
T
Reluctance
Rm
H
Reluctivity
V
M/H
Permeance
Pm
H
Permeability

H/M
Relative Permeability
r
numeric

Permeability is a measure of ease with which magnetic flux lines can be established in the
material.

 = r o

where:

weber

o = 4 x 10 7 ampere - meter

H
or m

Note: relative permeability is the ratio of permeability of any dielectric to that of vacuum.
Ohm's Law of Magnetic Circuits

mmf
NI
=
R
R =

NI
l
r o AN

; Weber

where:
R = reluctance of the magnetic circuit, it is the reciprocal of permeance.
Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field

1
WL = 2 LI 2 ; Joules
Magnetizing Force (Magnetic Field Strength or Magnetic Field Intensity)

NI
H= l = l

At
m

note:

B
= H ; permeability
Magnetic Units
Quantity
Magnetomotive Force

Definition
Force that sets up or tends
to set magnetic flux.
Number of magnetic lines of

CGS
Gilbert (Gb)
mmf = 0.4 NI
Maxwells (Mx)
0.4 NI
=
R

MKS
Ampere - Turn (At)
mmf = NI
Weber (Wb)
mmf
=
R

force in a magnetic field.

Number of lines per unit area
through any substance in a
plane but always at right
angle to the lines of flux.

Gauss (G)
Mx/cm2
=/A

Tesla (T)
Wb/m2
=/A

MMF per unit length of path

of the magnetic flux.

Oerste (Oe)
Gb/cm

Ampere - Turn per meter

Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux Density

Magnetic Field
Intensity
(Magnetizing Force or
Magnetic Potential
Gradient)

Unit

Property of material to

G/Mx

oppose flux.
Reciprocal of Reluctance

1/R

Reluctance
Permeance

NI mmf
H= l = l
At/Wb
mmf
R=
Wb/At

Material Classifications:
1.

Diamagnetic Materials are those that have permeability slightly less than that of
free space. Examples; Bismuth, Antimony, Zinc, Mercury, Gold, and Silver.

2. Paramagnetic Materials are those that have permeability slightly greater than
of free space. Examples: Aluminum, Platinum, Manganese, and Chromium.
3. Ferromagnetic Materials are those that have high permeability (hundreds or
even thousands that of free space). Examples: Iron, Nickel, Steel, Cobalt, and Alloys.
Sample Problems:
1.

If a 20 V potential is applied across a relay coil with 50 turns having 1 ohm of resistance,
the total magneto motive producing magnetic flux in the circuit is ________.

2. What is the reluctance of a magnetic path having a length of 2 x 10 -3 m2. The relative
permeability is 100.
3. Calculate the permeability of a magnetic material that has a relative permeability of 300.
4. Calculate the flux density that will be produced by the field intensity of 2000 At/m for a
permeability of 126 x 10 -6 T/At/m.
5.

A solenoid 25 cm long is wound with 200 turns, what is the value of the field inside the
solenoid, when carrying a current of 2A?

6. Two similar poles, each of 1 Wb, placed 1 m apart in air will experience force of
_________.
II. Electrostatics
Electrostatics it is the study of the behavior of static electricity.
Gauss Theorem: (Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777)
The total electric flux extending from a closed surface is equal to the algebraic sum of the
charges inside he closed surface.

= Q ; Wb = Coul
where:
1 Wb = 108 Mx = 108 lines of force
1 Mx = 1 line of force
Coulomb's Laws of Electrostatics
1st Law of Electrostatics: Unlike charges attract each other while like charges repel each
other.
2nd Law of Electrostatics: The force of attraction, or repulsion between charges is directly
proportional to the product of the two charges but inversely proportional to the square of distance
between them.
Electric Flux Density (D)
It is defined as the electric flux per unit area.

D= A
where:
D = flux density, Tesla (T) or Wb/m2
= electric flux, Weber (Wb)
A = plate area, m2
Electric Field Strength ()
-

The electric field strength or intensity at a point is the force acting on a unit positive
charge at that point.

F
= Q ; Newton / Coulomb
-

The electric field strength or intensity between capacitor plates is the ratio of the
voltage across the plates to he distance between them.

V
=d

; Volt / meter

Permittivity () is the ratio of electric flux density to he electric field strength. It is he

measure of how the dielectric will permit the establishment of flux lines within the dielectric.

D
weber
F
= ; volt - meter or m
F

= r o where: o = 8.854 x 10 12 m
note: Relative permittivity (or dielectric constant) is the ratio of permittivity of any dielectric to
that of vacuum.
Sample Problems:
1.

If the relative permittivity of a material is 10, then its permittivity is ________.

2. The electric field intensity between two parallel plate air capacitor is 20 N/C. If
an insulating slab of relative permittivity is 5 is placed between the plates, then
electric field density will be______ .
III. Capacitance and Inductance
A. Capacitance a measure of how ell a capacitor can store electrical charge.
1.

Electrically capacitance is the charge per unit volt.

Q
C=V
where:
C = capacitance (Farad)
Q = charge of body (Coulomb)
V = voltage across the capacitor (volts)
2.

Physically (based on construction)

Capacitance of Parallel Plate Capacitor
a. Uniform Dielectric Medium

A
C = r o d ; Farad
where:
A = area of each plate in m2
d = thickness of dielectric medium in meter
= relative permittivity of the medium

b. Complete Dielectric Medium

c. Dielectric Medium Partly Air
d. Capacitance of Multiple Plate Capacitances

3. Capacitance in Series and Parallel Connection

a. Series Connection

1
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+

+
Ct C1 C2 C3
Cn
V t = V1 + V2 + V3 + + Vn
Qt = Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = = Qn
b. Parallel Connection

Ct = C1 + C2 + C3 + + Cn
V t = V1 = V2 = V3 = = Vn
Qt = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + + Qn
4. Energy stored in a Capacitor
WC =

1
1
Q2
2=
CV
QV
=
2
2
2C ; Joules

5. Dielectric Constant (Relative Permittivity) of Materials

Dielectric Material
Vacuum
Air
Teflon
Paper, paraffin
Rubber
Transformer Oil
Mica
Porcelain
Bakelite
Glass
Distilled Water
Barium - Strontium Titanite (Ceramic)

o (Average Value)
1.00
1.0006
2.0
2.5
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
7.5
80.0
7500.00

B. Inductance is the property of AC circuits that opposes any change in the amount of
current. Its unit is Henry.
1. Expression of Self Inductance

L=

N
r o AN2
=
; Henry
l
l

where:
A = is the area of cross section of the core in m2.
l = is the length of the core in m.
= is the magnetic flux in Wb
r = is the relative permittivity of the core
o = is the permeability in a vacuum = 4 x 10 7 H/m
= is the absolute permeability of a material.

2. Expression of Mutual Inductance

M = k L1 L2 =

r o AN1 N2
; Henry
l

where:
k = coefficient of coupling
L1, L2 = respective self inductance of the two coils
N1, N2 = respective number of turns
3. Inductance in Series and Parallel Connection
a. Inductance in Series
- When M assists L1 and L2
L = L1 + L2 + 2M
- When M opposes L1 and L2
L = L1 + L2 - 2M
b. Inductance in Parallel
- When M assists L1 and L2

L1 L2 - M2

L = L1 + L2 - 2M
- When M opposes L1 and L2

L1 L2 - M2

L = L1 + L2 + 2M
Sample Problems:
1.

How many electrons accumulate on the negative plate of a 4 F capacitor when it is

connected across a 16 v battery?

2. Three capacitors have capacitances C1 = 2 F, C2 = 6 F. What is the total capacitance

of the combination when connected in parallel and series?
3. How much energy is stored in a 10 F capacitor that is charged to have a voltage of 12
V?
4.

Two coils of inductances 4 h and 6 H are connected in parallel. If their mutual

inductance is 3 H, calculate the equivalent inductance of the combination if mutual
inductance assist and if mutual inductance opposes the self inductance respectively.

Important Terms:
1.

Choke A term applied to an inductor, due to the ability of an inductor to resist a

change in the current through it.

2. Coercitivity Amount of magnetizing force to counter balance the residual

magnetism of a magnetic material.
3. Curie Temperature (named after Pierre Curie) is the critical temperature such that
when ferromagnets are heated above a certain temperature their ability to possess
permanent magnetism disappears.
4. Dielectric Strength (breakdown voltage) It is the indication of the voltage required
per unit length to establish conduction in a dielectric.
5.

Residual Magnetism Quantity of magnetism retained by a magnetic material after

withdrawal of the magnetizing force.

6. Retentivity Property of magnetic materials of retaining magnetism after withdrawal

of magnetizing force.

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Who discovered the most important electrical effects which are the magnetic effect?
C James Maxwell
A George Simon Ohm
B Hans Christian Oersted
D Andre Ampere
2. Materials that have very high permeabilities (hundred and even thousand times that of free space)
C Ferromagnetic
A Paramagnetic
B Diamagnetic
D Conductor
3. The current of the electric circuit is analogous to which quantity of a magnetic circuit.
C Flux Density
A Mmf
B Flux density
D Flux
4. The lagging effect between flux density of the material and the magnetizing force applied, is
known as
C Hysteresis
A Permeance
B Elastance
D Reluctance
5. Flux linkages equal
C Flux times number of turns
A Flux times area of core
B Flux times number of turns times area of core
D None of the above
6. The magnetic flux of 2000 lines is how many maxwells?
C 3000
A 1000
B 2000
D 4000
7. How many electrons are needed in the valence orbit to give a material stability?
C 5
A 1
B 4
D 8
8. A 6 volt battery is connected across a solenoid of 100 turns having a resistance of 2 ohms.
Calculate the number of ampere turn.
C 300
A 1200
B 120
D 400
9. A test charge means a charge of
C +1C
A -1C
B 1 electron
D None of the above
10. Electric lines of force leave or enter the charge surface at an angle of
C 900
A 1800
B 450
D 300

A
B

11. Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an emf is induced in it. This is known as
C Faradays Law
A Coulombs Law
B Joules Law
D Ohms Law
12. Whenever the flux linking a coil or current changes, an emf is induced in it. This is known as
C Faradays First Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Joules Law
D Faradays Second Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Jude Law
13. What do you call the flux that does not follow the intended path in a magnetic circuit?
C Lost Flux
A Leakage Flux
B Linked Flux
D Leakage Factor
14. What is the coefficient of coupling of two coils whose mutual inductance is 1H and whose self
inductance are 1.2H and 2H?
C 0.645
A 1.549
B 2.4
D 0.912
15. A capacitor store _________.
C Charge
A Voltage
B Current
D Power
16. Another name for relativity permittivity is ___________.
C Specific Inductive Capacity
A Dielectric Strength
B Breakdown Voltage
D Potential Gradient
17. If the area of the capacitor plate is increased two times, then capacitance is
C Increased four times
A Increased two times
B Decreased two times
D Decreased four times
18. Two capacitors of capacitance 3 F and F in series will have a total capacitance of _________.
C 18 F
A 9 F
B 2 F
D 24 F

19. The total capacitance of 5 capacitors, each of 10 F in series is

C 2 F
A 50 F
B 25 F
D None of the above
20. The reluctance of non magnetic circuit is 12 units. How much flux will be set up if surrounded
by a coil 600 turns carrying a current 3A?
C 50
A 150
B 16.67
D 200
21. Find the flux density in Gauss having a flux of 20,000 Mx through a perpendicular area of 2 cm2.
C 40,000 G
A 20,000 G
B 10,000 G
D 22,000 G
22. Two small pith balls are given positive electric charges. When they are 5.0 cm apart, the repulsive
force between them have a magnitude of 0.10 N. What are the charges on q2 if: a. two charges are
equal; b. if the second ball has twice the charge of the other?
C 1.2 x 10 7 C and 2.4 x 10 7 C
A 1.7 x 10 7 C and 2.4 x 10 7 C
B 1.7 x 10 7 C and 1.2 x 10 7 C
D 1.8 x 10 7 C and 2.8 x 10 7 C
23. The unit volt is equal to
C C/s
A J / sec
B J/C
D C/J
24. ____________ stores energy in the magnetic field.
C Resistors
A Capacitors
B Transistors
D Thomas Alva Edison
25. What is the magnetic equivalent of electric voltage?
C Magnetic Field
A Flux
B Magnetomotive Force
D Reluctance