Vagina
Vagina
Vagina
This article is about the body part. For other uses, see
Vagina (disambiguation).
2 STRUCTURE
2.2
sels, lymphatic vessels and nerve bers that is present between the pelvic organs.[11][15][16]
The wall of the vagina from the lumen outwards consists rstly of a mucosa of non-keratinized stratied squamous epithelium with an underlying lamina propria of
connective tissue, secondly a layer of smooth muscle with
bundles of circular bers internal to longitudinal bers,
and thirdly an outer layer of connective tissue called the
adventitia. Some texts list four layers by counting the two
sublayers of the mucosa (epithelium and lamina propria)
separately.[14][15] The lamina propria is rich in blood vessels and lymphatic channels. The muscular layer is composed of smooth muscle bers, with an outer layer of longitudinal muscle, an inner layer of circular muscle, and
oblique muscle bers between. The outer layer, the adventitia, is a thin dense layer of connective tissue, and it
blends with loose connective tissue containing blood ves-
Folds of mucosa (or vaginal rugae) are shown in the front third
of a vagina
The mucosa forms folds or rugae, which are more prominent in the caudal third of the vagina; they appear as transverse ridges and their function is to provide the vagina
with increased surface area for extension and stretching. Where the vaginal lumen surrounds the cervix of
the uterus, it is divided into four continuous regions or
vaginal fornices; these are the anterior, posterior, right
lateral, and left lateral fornices.[9][10] The posterior fornix
2.3
3
For blood and nerve supply, relevant arteries are the cervicovaginal (the uterine cervix and the vagina) branch of
the uterine artery, the vaginal artery, middle rectal artery,
and the internal pudendal artery. The veins are connected by anastomosis (the connection of separate parts
of a branching system to form a network), resulting in
the formation of the anterior and posterior azygos (unpaired) arteries. The nerve supply of the vagina is provided by the sympathetic and parasympathetic areas of
the pelvic plexus, with the pudendal nerve supplying the
lower area.[10]
The vaginal opening (or orice or introitus) is at the caudal end of the vulva, behind the opening of the urethra,
resting at the posterior end of the vestibule. It is closed
by the labia minora in female virgins and in females who
have never given birth (nulliparae), but may be exposed
is deeper than the anterior fornix.[10] While the anterior in females who have given birth (parous females).[10]
and posterior walls are placed together, the lateral walls,
The hymen is a membrane of tissue that surrounds or parespecially their middle area, are relatively more rigid; betially covers the vaginal opening.[10] The eects of vagicause of this, they vagina has a H-shaped cross section.[10]
nal intercourse and childbirth on the hymen are variable.
Behind, the upper one-fourth of the vagina is separated
If the hymen is suciently elastic, it may return to nearly
from the rectum by the recto-uterine pouch. Superits original condition. In other cases, there may be remcially, in front of the pubic bone, a cushion of fat called
nants (carunculae myrtiformes), or it may appear comthe mons pubis forms the uppermost part of the vulva.
pletely absent after repeated penetration.[23] Additionally,
Supporting the vagina are its upper third, middle third the hymen may be lacerated by disease, injury, mediand lower third muscles and ligaments. The upper third cal examination, masturbation or physical exercise. For
are the levator ani muscles (transcervical, pubocervical) these reasons, it is not possible to denitively determine
and the sacrocervical ligaments; these areas are also de- whether or not a girl or woman is a virgin by examining
scribed as the cardinal ligaments laterally and uterosacral her hymen.[23][24]
ligaments posterolaterally. The middle third of the vagina
concerns the urogenital diaphragm (also described as
the paracolpos and pelvic diaphragm). The lower third 2.4 Variations and size
is the perineal body; it may be described as containing the perineal body, pelvic diaphragm and urogenital Main article: Human vaginal size
In its normal state, there is anatomical variation in the
diaphragm.[9][17]
The epithelial covering of the cervix is continuous with
the epithelial lining of the vagina. The vaginal mucosa is
absent of glands. The vaginal epithelium consists of three
rather arbitrary layers of cells[18] supercial at cells,
intermediate cells and basal cells and estrogen induces
the intermediate and supercial cells to ll with glycogen.
The supercial cells exfoliate continuously and basal cells
replace them.[10][19][20] Under the inuence of maternal
estrogen, newborn females have a thick stratied squamous epithelium for two to four weeks after birth. After
that, the epithelium remains thin with only a few layers of
cells without glycogen until puberty, when the epithelium
thickens and glycogen containing cells are formed again,
under the inuence of the girls rising estrogen levels. Finally, the epithelium thins out during menopause onward
and eventually ceases to contain glycogen, because of the
lack of estrogen.[10][20][21] In abnormal circumstances,
such as in pelvic organ prolapse, the vaginal epithelium
may be exposed becoming dry and keratinized.[22]
3
3.1
Function
Secretions
The vagina provides a path for menstrual blood and tissue to leave the body. In industrial societies, tampons,
menstrual cups and sanitary napkins may be used to absorb or capture these uids. Vaginal secretions are primarily from the uterus, cervix, and transudation of the
vaginal epithelium in addition to miniscule vaginal lubrication from the Bartholins glands upon sexual arousal.
It takes little vaginal secretion to make the vagina moist.
The secretions may be minor in excess during sexual
arousal, the middle of the menstrual cycle, a little prior
to menstruation, or during pregnancy.[10]
The Bartholins glands, located near the vaginal opening and cervix, were originally thought to be the primary source for vaginal lubrication, but they provide
only a few drops of mucus for vaginal lubrication;[26]
the signicant majority of vaginal lubrication is generally believed to be provided by plasma seepage from
the vaginal walls, which is called vaginal transudation.
Vaginal transudation, which initially forms as sweat-like
droplets, is caused by vascular engorgement of the vagina
(vasocongestion); this results in the pressure inside the
capillaries increasing the transudation of plasma through
the vaginal epithelium.[26][27][28]
FUNCTION
vaginal sensations when stimulated during sexual activity, and many women additionally derive pleasure from a
feeling of closeness and fullness during penetration of the
vagina.[32][33] The vagina as a whole, however, lacks nerve
endings, which commonly hinders a womans ability to
receive sucient sexual stimulation, including orgasm,
solely from penetration of the vagina.[32][33][34] Although
some scientic examinations of vaginal wall innervation
indicate no single area with a greater density of nerve
endings, or that only some women have a greater density of nerve endings in the anterior vaginal wall,[35][36]
heightened sensitivity in the anterior vaginal wall is common among women.[35][37] These cases indicate that the
outer one-third of the vagina, especially near the opening, contains the majority of the vaginal nerve endings,
making it more sensitive to touch than the inner (or upper) two-thirds of the vaginal barrel.[32][34][38] This factor makes the process of child birth signicantly less
painful, because an increased number of nerve endings
means that there is an increased possibility for pain and
pleasure.[32][39][40]
Besides penile penetration, there are a variety of ways
that pleasure can be received from vaginal stimulation, including by masturbation, ngering, oral sex (cunnilingus),
or by specic sex positions (such as the missionary position or the spoons sex position).[41] Some women use sex
toys, such as a vibrator or dildo, for vaginal pleasure.[42]
Foreplay is often used to incite sexual arousal, and may
include one or more of the aforementioned sexual activities. The clitoris additionally plays a part in vaginal
stimulation, as it is a sex organ of multiplanar structure
containing an abundance of nerve endings, with a broad
attachment to the pubic arch and extensive supporting tissue to the mons pubis and labia; it is centrally attached to
the urethra, and research indicates that it forms a tissue
cluster with the vagina. This tissue is perhaps more extensive in some women than in others, which may contribute
to orgasms experienced vaginally.[34][43][44]
3.4
Vaginal microbiota
3.3
Childbirth
5
tion and estrogen ow is restored. The vaginal opening
gapes and is relaxed, until it returns to its approximate
pre-pregnant state by six to eight weeks in the period beginning immediately after the birth (the postpartum period); however, it will maintain a larger shape than it previously had.[51]
4 Clinical signicance
When the body prepares for childbirth, the cervix softens, thins, moves forward to face anteriorly, and may begin to open. This allows the fetus to settle or drop into 4.1
the pelvis.[48] When the fetus settles into the pelvis, this
may result in pain in the sciatic nerves, increased vaginal
discharge, and increased urinary frequency. While, for
women who have given birth before, these symptoms are
likelier to happen after labor has already begun, they may
happen approximately ten to fourteen days before labor
in women experiencing the eects of nearing labor for
the rst time.[48]
General
douching.[55] Since a healthy vagina is colonized by a mutually symbiotic ora of microorganisms that protect its
host from disease-causing microbes, any attempt to upset
this balance may cause many undesirable outcomes, including but not limited to abnormal discharge and yeast
infection.[55]
The vagina and cervix are examined during gynecological
examinations of the pelvis, often using a speculum, which
holds the vagina open for visual inspection or taking samples (see pap smear).[56] This and other medical procedures involving the vagina, including digital internal examinations and administration of medicine,[56][57] are referred to as being per vaginam, the Latin for via the
vagina,[58] often abbreviated to p.v..[57]
4.2
can aect the vagina, including candidal vulvovaginitis, vaginitis, vaginismus, sexually transmitted infections
(STIs) or cancer. Vaginitis is an inammation of the
vagina, and is attributed to several vaginal diseases, while
vaginismus is an involuntary tightening of the vagina
muscles caused by a conditioned reex, or disease, during vaginal penetration.[62] HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus (HPV), genital herpes and trichomoniasis are
some of the STIs that may aect the vagina, and health
authorities and health care providers recommend safe
sex practices when engaging in sexual activity to prevent STIs.[63][64] Cervical cancer may be prevented by
pap smear screening and HPV vaccines. Vaginal cancer is very rare, and is primarily a matter of old age; its
symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding or vaginal
discharge.[65][66]
There can be a vaginal obstruction, such as one caused
by agenesis, an imperforate hymen or, less commonly, a
transverse vaginal septum; these cases require dierentiation because surgery for them signicantly varies.[67]
When there is a lump obstructing the vaginal opening, it
is likely a Bartholins cyst.[68] Vaginal prolapse is characterized by a portion of the vaginal canal protruding
(prolapsing) from the opening of the vagina. It may result in the case of weakened pelvic muscles, which is
a common result of childbirth; in the case of this prolapse, the rectum, uterus, or bladder pushes on the vagina,
and severe cases result in the vagina protruding out of
the body. Kegel exercises have been used to strengthen
the pelvic oor, and may help prevent or remedy vaginal
prolapse.[69]
4.3 Modication
The vagina, including the vaginal opening, may be altered
as a result of genital modication during vaginoplasty or
labiaplasty; for example, alteration to the inner labia (also
known as the vaginal lips or labia minora). There is no
evidence that such surgery improves psychological or relationship problems; however, the surgery has a risk of
damaging blood vessels and nerves.[70]
Female genital mutilation (FGM), another aspect
of female genital modication, may additionally be
known as female circumcision or female genital cutting
(FGC).[71][72] FGM has no known health benets. The
most severe form of FGM is inbulation, in which there
is removal of all or part of the inner and outer labia (labia
minora and labia majora) and the closure of the vagina;
this is called Type III FGM, and it involves a small hole
being left for the passage of urine and menstrual blood,
with the vagina being opened up for sexual intercourse
and childbirth.[72]
5.2
5.1
Biological perceptions, symbolism and represents a powerful symbol as the yoni in Hindu, and
this may indicate the value that Hindu society has given
vulgarity
female sexuality and the vaginas ability to birth life.[86]
In Ancient times, the vagina was often considered equivalent (homologous) to the penis; anatomists Galen (129
AD 200 AD) and Vesalius (15141564), regarded the
organs as structurally the same, except for the vagina
being inverted. Anatomical studies over latter centuries, however, showed the clitoris to be the penile
equivalent.[43][87] The release of vaginal uids were considered by medical practitioners to cure or remedy a number of ailments; various methods were used over the centuries to release female seed (via vaginal lubrication
or female ejaculation) as a treatment for suocation ex
semine retento (suocation of the womb), female hysteria or green sickness. Methods included a midwife rubbing the walls of the vagina or insertion of the penis or
penis-shaped objects into the vagina. Supposed symptoms of female hysteria included faintness, nervousness,
insomnia, uid retention, heaviness in abdomen, muscle
spasm, shortness of breath, irritability, loss of appetite for
food or sex, and a tendency to cause trouble.[88] Women
considered suering from the condition would sometimes
undergo pelvic massage stimulation of the genitals
by the doctor until the woman experienced hysterical
paroxysm (i.e., orgasm). Paroxysm was regarded as a
medical treatment, and not a sexual release.[88] The categorization of female hysteria has ceased to be recognized
as a medical condition since the 1920s.
REFERENCES
5.3
In birds, monotremes, and some reptiles, a homologous part of the oviduct leads from the shell gland to
the cloaca.[101][102] In some jawless sh, there is neither oviduct nor vagina and instead the egg travels directly through the body cavity (and is fertilised externally
as in most sh and amphibians). In insects and other
invertebrates, the vagina can be a part of the oviduct (see
insect reproductive system).[103] Females of some waterfowl species have developed vaginal structures called
dead end sacs and clockwise coils to protect themselves
from sexual coercion.[104]
In addition to FGM, reasons for modication of the female genitalia include voluntary cosmetic operations and
surgery for intersex conditions, which can involve surgery
to the vagina, labia minora, or clitoris.[70] There are
two main categories of women seeking cosmetic genital
surgery: those with congenital conditions such as an intersex condition, and those with no underlying condition
who experience physical discomfort or wish to alter the
appearance of their genitals because they believe they do In 2014, the scientic journal Current Biology reported
not fall within a normal range.[70]
that four species of Brazilian insects in the genus
[71][72]
Signicant controversy surrounds FGM,
with the Neotrogla were found to have sex-reversed genitalia. The
openings,
World Health Organization (WHO) being one of many male insects of those species have vagina-like
[105][106][107]
while
the
females
have
penis-like
organs.
health organizations that have campaigned against the
procedures on behalf of human rights, stating that it is
a violation of the human rights of girls and women and
reects deep-rooted inequality between the sexes.[72]
FGM has existed at one point or another in almost all
human civilizations,[97] most commonly to exert control
over the sexual behavior, including masturbation, of girls
and women.[72][97] It is carried out in several countries,
especially in Africa, and to a lesser extent in other parts
of the Middle East and Southeast Asia, on girls from a
few days old to mid-adolescent, often to reduce sexual
desire in an eort to preserve vaginal virginity.[71][72][97]
It may also be that FGM was practiced in ancient Egypt
as a sign of distinction among the aristocracy"; there
are reports that traces of inbulation are on Egyptian
mummies.[97]
Custom and tradition are the most frequently cited reasons for FGM, with some cultures believing that not performing it has the possibility of disrupting the cohesiveness of their social and political systems, such as FGM
also being a part of a girls initiation into adulthood.[72][97]
Often, a girl is not considered an adult in a FGMpracticing society unless she has undergone FGM.[72]
Other animals
7 See also
Articial vagina
Gynoecium
Vaginal tightening
Vaginal weightlifting
Pubic hair
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9 External links
Media related to Vaginas at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary denition of vagina at Wiktionary
13
10
10.1
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