Structural Analysis

CVL313

Dr. Aly Emam, PEng.

Email:
E il [email protected]
@
Office: MON-208
Office Hours: Monday 3:30-5:30 pm
Dr. A. Emam

Copyright 2016

Textbook
Kassimali, A. (2015), Structural Analysis , 5th ed.,
CENGAGE Learning.

R f
References
Hibbeler, R. C., Structural Analysis, 9th ed.,
Prentice Hall Inc.,
Credit
Most images used throughout the course are from
these textbooks.
Dr. A. Emam

Course Objectives
The main objective is to advance understanding of structural
behavior and to be familiar with the classical theories for
structural analysis

After the course, you are expected to:

Understand and apply the main concepts of structural
modeling and analysis
Fully analyze simple structures ; trusses, beams and frames
Developp a solid base for the next stepp in structural analysis:
y
large-size structures using computer structural analysis
programs
Ready to engage into more complex structural analysis topics
(e.g. Finite Element Method )
Dr. A. Emam

Course Content
Week No Topics
CVL 313 Course outline
1

4
5
Dr. A. Emam

Introduction to Civil Engineering structures; Types of structures;

Loads; Structural idealization; Stability and determinacy; Review
of internal/external forces with bending moment and shear force
diagrams (Assignment #1)
Deflections of Structures: moment-area theorems.
(Assignment #2)
Deflection of structures: conjugate-beam method.
(Assignment #3)
Principle of Virtual Work for deformable bodies
Application to various statically determinate structures
(d fl i off trusses, beams
(deflection
b
andd frames)
f
)
Assignment #4
Deflection of Structures (Truss, Beam and Frame: Castiglianos
theorem. (Assignment #5)
Break
4

Course Content (contd)

Week No Topics
Approximate Analysis of Frames; Portal and Cantilever methods.
methods
6
(Assignment #6)
Midterm Exam
Influence Lines for statically determinate structures Beams and
Trusses; Maximum influence due to a series of concentrated
loads. Absolute maximum shear and moment; Qualitative
influence line Muller Breslau principle (Assignment #7)
Analysis
ys s oof co
continuous
uous be
beamss and
d frames
es using
us g thee slope
s ope
deflection method.(Assignment #8)
Analysis of beams and frames using the moment distribution
method. (Assignment #9)
Final Exam (3 hours)

7
8-9

10-11
10
11
12-13
14
Dr. A. Emam

Course Evaluation

Midterm
Assignments (home: 65%, in-class:35%)
Final Exam
Total

25%
25%
50%
100%

Examinations
Midterm exam is two hours (closed-book, closed-notes) and will
cover Weeks 1-5.
The Final exam will be scheduled during exam period, 3 hours,
closed-book, closed-notes. The final exam will cover Weeks 5-13.

Tutorials
Tuesday :
Friday:

12:00-200 pm.
2:00-4:00 pm.

Please, write your section # and the name of your TA on all assignments.
Late submission of any assignment will not be accepted.
Dr. A. Emam

Non-valid Excuses
I forgot;
g ;
I was sick;
I didn't understand the assignment;
I overslept;
My alarm failed;
My grandma/grandpa was sicketc.
7

My expectations
The goal is to create an open friendly
classroom environment;
Not to be a distraction to the rest of the class;
Ask your question any time;
Working in group: yes; Cheating: no.
no

Important Notes
Please see course outline
Any alterations to the course information shall be
discussed in class prior to being implemented.
All of the required course-specific written reports
will be assessed not only on their technical/academic
merit, but also on the communication skills exhibited
through these reports.
Students are required to adhere to all relevant
University policies, such as the Student Code of
Academic Conduct.
9

Important Notes
Please see course outline

Instructor will communicate with the students only

through the e-mail address provided in the course
outline and may not (or will not) respond to any other
address.
All assignments and lab/tutorial reports must include
the standard cover page, completed electronically and
printed
i d from
f
the
h Department
D
website
b i at
www.ryerson.ca/civil. The cover page must be signed
by the student(s) prior to submission of the work.
Submissions without cover pages will not be accepted.
10

Etiquette for +ve Learning Environment

Arrive on time and if you arrive late do so quietly.
Turn off your cell phone & other electronics.
Web surfing
surfing, texting
texting, reading newspapers etc
etc are
not permitted during lectures.
Always use your Ryerson email in all
correspondence.
Treat your teaching Assistants (TAs) with respect.
All handouts, lecture notes ...etc. will be posted on the
course D2L Brightspace.
Please, read carefully the course outline

Dr. A. Emam

11

What is Structural
Engineering ?
Engineering?
Structural Engineering is the science and
art of planning, designing and constructing
safe and economical structures that will
serve their intended purpose

Dr. A. Emam

12

Role of Structural
Analysis
Structural Analysis
is an integral part of
any project and its
function is to
predict the
performance of the
proposed structure

Iterative
process
13

W y do we need
Why
eed to learn
ea
Classical Structural
Analysis?

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14

What can you do if you know Structural Analysis?

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15

What can you do if you know Structural Analysis?

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16

Types of Civil Engineering Structures

Buildings,
g,
Bridges,
Towers,
Tanks,
Dams,
etc.
17

Classification of Structures
The structural engineer must decide what
t
type
off structure
t t
should
h ld be
b used
d tto supportt
or transmit loads
Structures may be classified based on
what type of stresses they primarily
develop in their members
The five main categories are tension,
compression, truss, shear, and bending
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Tension structures
Tensile stress is
di t ib t d uniformly
if
l
distributed
over the cross-sections
of members
Cables are flexible and
can only support
tension
Examples include
hangers and cables

19

Compression structures
Compression
structures are subject
to axially compressive
loads
Secondary bending
and shear forces are
also often developed
Examples include
columns and arches
20

10

Trusses
Composed of straight
members connected
by joints at their ends
Members are in either
pure tension or pure
compression
Real trusses are often
bolted or welded to
gusset plates instead
of jointed

21

Shear structures
Shear structures are
used to reduce lateral
movement from wind
and earthquakes
Members develop
mostly in-plane
in plane shear
Examples include
concrete shear walls

22

11

Bending structures
Bending structures
mostly develop
bending stresses
Shear stresses are
sometimes also
important
Examples include
beams, rigid frames,
slabs, and plates

23

Bending structures

Rigid frame example

24

12

Loads on Structures

Dead loads
Live loads
Impact loads
Wind loads
Snow loads
Earthquake loads
Hydrostatic and soil
pressure
Other natural loads
blast, temperature
change, differential
settlement

Load combinations are specified by Design Codes

25

Equilibrium of Structures
3-D Structures

Fx = 0

Fy = 0

Fz = 0

Mx = 0

My = 0

Mz = 0

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26

13

Equilibrium of Structures
Plane Structures
Both the
structure and
applied loads are
in xyy pplane
Fx = 0

Fy = 0

Mz = 0

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27

External and Internal Forces

External
Actions of other bodies on
the structure:

Applied loads
Support reactions

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28

14

External and Internal Forces

Internal
Forces and couples within
the structure exerted by a
portion of the structure on
the rest of it.
Member stresses &
strains
Occurs in equal but
opposite pairs
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29

External and Internal Forces

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30

15

Analytical Models
A simplified representation of the real
structure for
f the
h purpose off analysis.
l i It
I
requires:

Resemblance of model and real structure.

Engineering experience.
Knowledge of design practices
practices.
Understanding of the behavior of structure.
Modeling of elements, connections, and supports.

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31

Analytical Models

(a) Real Structure

(b) Solid Model

(c) 3D Plate-Frame

(e) 2D Frame
Dr. A. Emam

(d) 3D Frame

(f) Grid-Plate

32

16

Analytical Models

Support

Hinged joint

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33

Analytical Models

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34

17

Analytical Models
Supports
Supports for plane structures are commonly
idealized as either, fixed, hinged, or roller.
Fixed support: does not allow any
movement.
Hinged
g support:
pp
prevents
p
translation but
permits rotation.
Roller supports: prevents translation in only
one direction, (rocker, weightless link)
Dr. A. Emam

Types of
Supports

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35

Rocker

Link

36

18

Rocker

Smooth Surface

Pinned or Hinged

Roller
Dr. A. Emam

Fixed

37

Recap: Types of Supports

Roller, Rocker, Link
Hinge
Fixed

Dr. A. Emam

One unknown
Two unknowns
Three unknowns

38

19

Free Body Diagrams

FBD Definition
FBD is a diagram of the structure under
consideration detached from its supports
and disconnected from all other bodies to
which it may be connected. It shows all
known forces and unknown reactions
being exerted on the structure.
Dr. A. Emam

39

Procedure for Drawing a FreeBody Diagram

1. Select coordinate axes
1
axes.
2. Draw outlined shape isolated or cut free from
its constraints and connections.
3. Show all forces and moments acting on the body.
Include applied loadings and reactions.
4 Identify
4.
Id tif eachh loading
l di andd give
i dimensions.
di
i
Label
L b l
forces and moments with proper magnitudes and
directions. Label unknowns.
Dr. A. Emam

40

20

Free Body Diagrams

Beam mass = 100 kg

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41

Free Body Diagrams

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42

21

Material Behavior
Elastic

Linear

Plastic
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43

Plastic Behavior

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22

Dr. A. Emam

45

Recap: Material Behavior

Material behavior for structural analysis and

design codes is characterized as:
Linear
Elastic
Isotropic
Small deformation
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46

23

Internal Stability
If the structure
maintains its
shape and
remains a rigid
body when
detached from
the supports.

Stable Structures
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47

Internal Stability
Unstable Structures
An internally
unstable
structures can
still be
externally
stable!
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48

24

Static Determinacy
Internally stable structure
Reactions are fully determined using
Equilibrium Equations (EE).
Three reactions! and 3 EE
External determinacy..why?

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49

Static Determinacy
Examples of statically determinate structure

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50

25

Static Determinacy

r<3

unstable externally

r=3

statically determinate externally

r>3

statically indeterminate externally

Degree
D
off iindeterminacy
d
i
(ie):
)

ie = r 3
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51

Static Indeterminacy
Examples of statically indeterminate structure
Only External

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52

26

Equations of Condition
Internally unstable
structure can be
externally stable ..how?
Statically indeterminate
can be made
determinate ..how?
Internal
andd
I
l hinges
hi
rollers provide
Equations of Condition
(ec).

ec = 1

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53

Equations of Condition
Internal Roller

Dr. A. Emam

ec = 2

54

27

Equations of Condition
If there are (ec) equations of condition for
an internally unstable structure,
structure which is
supported by (r) external reactions, then if:
r < 3+ ec

unstable

r = 3+ ec

statically determinate externally

r > 3+ ec

statically indeterminate externally

The degree of external indeterminacy (ie) is:

ie = r (3+ ec)
Dr. A. Emam

55

Application Example
EE
ie = r ((3+ ec)

Dr. A. Emam

Prob.

ec

ic

Ans.

indeterminate

indeterminate

unstable
0

determinate
56

28

Application Example (Contd)

Prob.

e
f

r
6

ec
3

ic
0

Ans.
determinate

determinate

determinate

Dr. A. Emam

ie = r (3+ ec)

57

Geometrical Instability
For a plane structure to be
geometrically stable externally so
that it can remain in equilibrium
g,
under anyy pplane arbitraryy loading,
it must:
Be supported by at least three
reactions, and
All reactions are neither parallel
no concurrent.

Dr. A. Emam

58

29

Geometrical Instability
P

More examples

roller

r=3

hinge

P
r=3

roller

Dr. A. Emam

roller

roller

59

Internal & External indeterminacy

Internal forces for beam/frame members
Any closed loop with
frame-type members
adds 3 redundants
(unknowns)

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60

30

Internal & External indeterminacy

roller

Any closed loop with

frame-type members
adds 3 redundants
(unknowns)
roller
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61

Example 1

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62

31

Example 2

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63

Static Determinacy & Indeterminacy of Trusses

How many unknowns are in a truss
problem?
m:
no. of members (member forces)
r:
no. of reaction forces
m+r: total no
no. of unknowns
j:
no. of joints
2j :
no. of joint equilibrium equations

A typical joint concurrent forces

m r 2 j Unstable Truss
m r 2 j Statically
y Determinate Truss
m r 2 j Statically Indeterminate Truss

(m r ) 2 j degree of Indeterminacy
64

32

Examples
For each of the structures shown, with truss-type member, state
whether it is unstable, statically determinate, or indeterminate. If
the structure is statically indeterminate, state the degree of
indeterminacy Central members are not connected at crossing.
crossing
indeterminacy.

65

Examples (Contd)

(g)

(f)
66

33

Construction of Straining Actions

Diagrams
Normal Force, Shear Force, and Bending
Moment

67

3-D Elements

68

34

2-D Elements

69

Any Section of a Beam or Frame

70

35

Beam Sign Convention

N

Positive normal force

Positive Shear Force will cause a clockwise

rotation of the member on which it acts.
Positive
Bending
Moment
P iti
B di
M
t will
ill cause
compression on the top surface of the member.
Positive Normal Force will cause tension in the
member.
71

Sign convention for trusses

C
C
C
T

If the arrows are pointing toward the joint, the member

is under compression.
If the arrow is pointing away from the joint, the member
is under tension.
72

36

Construction of Diagrams (contd)

Critical Sections
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Beginning/end of the member.

Support.
Point of application of concentrated load.
Point of application of concentrated moment.
Beginning of distributed load.
End of distributed load.
Change in distributed load intensity or slope.
73

Construction of Diagrams (contd)

Notes
1. Shear force is normal to the aaxis
1
is of member
member.
2. Normal force is parallel to the axis of member.
3. Symmetry of structure and loading results in
symmetric N.F.D and B.M.D, while S.F.D
will be anti-symmetric.
4. At point(s) of zero shear the bending moment
is either a local maximum or minimum.

74

37

Changes in Shear and Moment

y

w(x)

1.

VBC w(x)dx
B

2.

M BC Vdx

3.

Change in shear between B and C is the

negative of the area under the
distributed load curve between those
points.
Change in moment between B and C is
the area under the shear force curve
between those points.
Does not apply if concentrated force or
couple is applied between B and C.
75

Application Example
2 kN

2m
4

4 kN

2m

2 kN

2m

2m

S.F.D

2
Slope =2

Slope =4

12

B.M.D
76

38

Principle of Superposition

For linear elastic

structures, the effects
l d
off severall loads
acting simultaneously
is equal to the
algebraic sum of the
ff
effects
off each load
acting individually.

+
b
77

Application Example

78

39

 Another Example

=
+
79

Lecture Recap

Course outline, rules and regulations

Types of structures and structural components
Loads on the structures
Static equilibrium of plane structures (2-D)
External and internal forces
Analytical models
Free-body diagram (FBD)
Material behavior
Stability, static determinacy & indeterminacy
Beam and truss sign conventions
Straining action diagrams (N, S & M)
Principle of superposition
80

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