UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING LABORATORY 2
(CHE 523)
NAME /STUDENT NO.
:
GROUP
:
EXPERIMENT
:
DATE PERFORMED
:
DATE REPORT SUBMITTED :
SEMESTER
:
LECTURER
:
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Title
Abstract/Summary
Introduction
Aims
Theory
Apparatus
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Calculations
Discussion
Conclusion
Recommendations
Reference / Appendix
Supervisors grading
TOTAL MARKS

Comments:
Checked by:

Content

SITI AQUILAH SALIM

(2014377175)
EH2203A
SHELL AND TUBE
24 MARCH 2016
7 APRIL 2016
3
NORHASLINA CHE RADZI
Allocated Marks (%)
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
10
20
5
5
5
10
100

Marks

CONTENT
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
THEORY
OBJECTIVE
APPRATUS/MATERIALS
PROCEDURE
RESULT
CALCULATION
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX

PAGES

Abstract
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger is the most common type of heat exchanger in industrial
applications such in heating or cooling process fluids and gases (Yunus A.Cengel). The
objectives of this experiment is to evaluate and study the heat balance, LMTD and overall
heat transfer coefficient, to calculate Reynoldss number at the shell and tube heat exchanger,
to study the working principle of counter flow heat exchanger, to study the effect of fluid
flow rated on heat exchanger performance. The apparatus that has been used in order to run
this experiment is the SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Study Unit Model: HE158C and the type of
flow is counter current flow. This experiment were divided into 2 parts which are in the first
run students keep constant the flow rate of hot water flow at 10 LPM and changer the flow
rates of cold water flow from 2,4,6,8,10 LPM meanwhile in the second run we keep the flow
rate of cold water flow at 10 LPM and change the flow rates of hot water flow from
2,4,6,8,10 LPM. At the end of this experiment, it was observed that the temperature
difference, T between the hot and cold fluids is large at the inlet of the heat exchanger but
decreases at the outlet. In conclusion, shell and tube heat exchanger follows the basic law of
Thermodynamics and all the aims in this experiment had been achieved.

Introduction

A heat exchanger is a device that allows heat from a fluid (a liquid or a gas) to pass to a
second fluid (another liquid or gas) without the two fluids having to mix together or come
into direct contact. If that's not completely clear, consider this. In theory, we could get the
heat from the gas jets just by throwing cold water onto them, but then the flames would go
out! The essential principle of a heat exchanger is that it transfers the heat without
transferring the fluid that carries the heat.

Figure 1 : How heat exchanger work

Heat exchanger usually used for all kinds of places, usually working to heat or cool
buildings or helping engines and machines to work more efficiently. Refrigerators and airconditioners, for example, use heat exchangers in the opposite way from central heating
systems: they remove heat from a compartment or room where it's not wanted and pump it
away in a fluid to some other place where it can be dumped out of the way.
In power plants or engines, exhaust gases often contain heat that's heading uselessly away
into the open air. That's a waste of energy and something a heat exchanger can certainly
reduce (though not eliminate entirelysome heat is always going to be lost). The way to
solve this problem is with heat exchangers positioned inside the exhaust tail pipes or
smokestacks. As the hot exhaust gases drift upward, they brush past copper fins with water
flowing through them. The water carries the heat away, back into the plant. There, it might be
recycled directly; maybe warming the cold gases that feed into the engine or furnace, saving
the energy that would otherwise be needed to heat them up. Or it could be put to some other
good use, for example, heating an office near the smokestack (Chris Woodfird , 2016)
There are many types of heat exchanger and some of them are shell
and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers and regenerative heat
exchanger. Shell and tube heat exchangers are comprised of multiple
tubes through which liquid flows. The tubes are divided into two sets: the
first set contains the liquid to be heated or cooled. The second set
contains the liquid responsible for triggering the heat exchange, and
either removes heat from the first set of tubes by absorbing and
transmitting heat awayin essence, cooling the liquidor warms the set
by transmitting its own heat to the liquid inside. When designing this type
of exchanger, care must be taken in determining the correct tube wall
thickness as well as tube diameter, to allow optimum heat exchange. In

terms of flow, shell and tube heat exchangers can assume any of three
flow path patterns.
Plate heat exchangers consist of thin plates joined together, with a small
amount of space between each plate, typically maintained by a small
rubber gasket. The surface area is large, and the corners of each
rectangular plate feature an opening through which fluid can flow between
plates, extracting heat from the plates as it flows. The fluid channels
themselves alternate hot and cold fluids, meaning that heat exchangers
can effectively cool as well as heat fluidthey are often used in
refrigeration applications. Because plate heat exchangers have such a
large surface area, they are often more effective than shell and tube heat
exchangers
In a regenerative heat exchanger, the same fluid is passed along both
sides of the exchanger, which can be either a plate heat exchanger or a
shell and tube heat exchanger. Because the fluid can get very hot, the
exiting fluid is used to warm the incoming fluid, maintaining a near
constant temperature. A large amount of energy is saved in
a regenerative heat exchanger because the process is cyclical, with
almost all relative heat being transferred from the exiting fluid to the
incoming fluid. To maintain a constant temperature, only a little extra
energy is need to raise and lower the overall fluid temperature
(ThomasNet, 1898 )
For this experiment, counter-current heat exchanger is used. In counter flow heat
exchangers, the two fluids flow against each other, maintaining a maximum temperature
difference between the hot and cold streams which allows for maximum heat transfer. Figure
2 shows how the
counter-current
heat
exchanger works

Figure 2 : The flow of hot & cold water in counter-current heat exchanger

Objectives

To evaluate and study the heat balance, LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient.

To calculate Reynoldss number at the shell and tube heat exchanger

To study the working principle of counter flow heat exchanger.

To study the effect of fluid flow rated on heat exchanger performance.

Theory
The general function of a heat exchanger is to transfer heat from one fluid to another. The
basic component of a heat exchanger can be viewed as a tube with one fluid running through
it and another fluid flowing by on the outside. There are thus three heat transfer operations
that need to be described:
1. Convective heat transfer from fluid to the inner wall of the tube,
2. Conductive heat transfer through the tube wall, and
3. Convective heat transfer from the outer tube wall to the outside fluid.
Heat exchangers are typically classified according to flow arrangement and type of
construction. The simplest heat exchanger is one for which the hot and cold fluids move in
the same or opposite directions in a concentric tube (or double-pipe) construction. In the
parallel-flow arrangement of Figure 3(a), the hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow
in the same direction, and leave at the same end. In the counter flow arrangement of
Figure 3(b), the fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and leave at
opposite ends (Prof. Z. S. Spakovszky ,nd)

[Parallel flow]

[Counterflow]
Figure 3: Concentric tubes heat exchangers
In this experiment, students conduct this experiment using counter current flow of shell
and tube heat exchanger. The tube side is used for the fluid that is more likely to foul the

walls, or more corrosive, or for the fluid with the higher pressure (less costly). Cleaning of
the inside of the tubes is easier than cleaning the outside. When a gas or vapor is used as a
heat exchange fluid, it is typically introduced on the shell side. Also, high viscosity liquids,
for which the pressure drop for flow through the tubes might be prohibitively large, can be
introduced on the shell side. 2 The most common material of construction is carbon steel.
Other materials such as stainless steel or copper are used when needed, and the choice is
dictated by corrosion concerns as well as mechanical strength requirements. Expansion joints
are used to accommodate differential thermal expansion of dissimilar materials (R. Shankar
Subramanian , nd )
Basic concept and in shell and tube heat exchanger
Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of a substance
1C in temperature, or, the amount of energy needed to raise one pound of a substance 1F in
temperature.
Q = m.Cp. (T2 T1)
Where: Q = heat energy (Joules) (Btu),
m = mass of the substance (kilograms) (pounds),
Cp = specific heat of the substance (J/kgC) (Btu/pound/F),
(T2 T1 ) = is the change in temperature (C) (F)
The higher the specific heat, the more energy is required to cause a change in temperature.
Substances with higher specific heats require more of heat energy to lower temperature than
do substances with a low specific heat.
The main basic Heat Exchanger equation is (Jurandir Primo, PE , 2012) :
Q = U x A x Tm
The log mean temperature difference Tm is:
Tm : [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out)
/(Th,out- Tc,in)]
Where:
Th,in = Inlet tube side fluid temperature
Tc,out = Outlet shell side fluid temperature
Th,out = Outlet tube side fluid temperature
Tc,in = Inlet shell side fluid temperature
When used as a design equation to calculate the required heat transfer surface area, the
equation can be rearranged to become:
A = Q/ (U x Tm)
Where:
A = Heat transfer area (m) (ft)
Q - Heat transfer rate (kJ/h) (Btu\h);
U - Overall heat transfer coefficient (kJ/h.m.C) (Btu/hr.F)
Tm - Log mean temperature difference (C) (F)

The assumptions are negligible heat transfer between the system and its surroundings,
negligible potential or kinetic energy changes, constant specific heats, and that the fluids are
not undergoing any phase change. The basic theory in this experiment is Qh=Qc, which the
amount of heat transfer is equal to the amount of heat absorb. In this case, the heat transfer
rate across a heat exchanger is usually expressed in the form Q = mCp T and the calculation
that being used in this experiment are:
Qh

Heat transfer rate for hot water,

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

Heat loss Rate =

Efficiency =

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)

where : Q is heat exchanged
m is flowrate
Cp is heat capacity
T is the temperature difference

Qc

= mh Cp T
= mc Cp T

QhQc

Qc
x 100
Qh

There were also calculation of Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD).

LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /( Th,out - Tc,in)]
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U
Overall heat transfer coefficient at which equivalent to U D can be calculated by using
equation below. In this case, the value of total heat transfer area A has been given and equal
to 0.05 m2

Q
A LMTD FT

Where:
Q Heat rate with respect to the average head load
FT Correction factor

Reynolds Number Calculation

v ( d sd o )

At which
do Tube outside diameter, m

ds = Shell diameter, m
Viscosity, taken at average fluid temperature in the shell, Pa.s
As Exchange area, m2

Apparatus

SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Study Unit Model: HE158C

Figure 2: SOLTEQ Heat Exchanger Study Unit Model: HE158C

Procedure

General Start-up Procedures:

1. A quick inspection was performed to make sure that the equipment is in proper working
condition.

2. All valves were initially closed except V1 and V12.

3. Hot tank was filled via a water supply hose connected to valve V27. Once the tank is full,
the valve was closed.
4. The cold water tank was filled up by opening valve V28 and the valve was left opened for
continuous water supply.
5. A drain hose was connected to the cold water drain point.
6. Main power was switched on. The heater for the hot water tank was switched on and the
temperature controller was set to 50oC.
7. The water temperature in the hot water tank was allowed to reach the set point.
8. The equipment was now ready to be run.

General Start-up Procedures:

1. The heater was switched off. The hot water temperature was waited until it dropped below
40oC.
2. Pump P1 and pump P2 were switched off.
3. The main power was switched off.
4. All water in the process line was drained off. The water in the hot and cold water tanks
were retained for next laboratory sessions.
5. All valves were closed.
Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger Procedures :
1. General start-up procedures was performed.
2. The valves to counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger arrangement was switched.
3. Pumps P1 and P2 were switched on.
4. Valves V3 and V14 were adjusted and opened to obtain the desired flowrates for hot water
and cold water streams, respectively.
5. The system was allowed to reach steady state for 10 minutes.
6. FT1, FT2, TT1, TT2, TT3 and TT4 were recorded.
7. Pressure drop measurements for shell-side and tube side were recorded for pressure drop
studies.
8. Steps 4 to 7 were repeated for different combinations of flowrate FT1 and FT2.

9. Pumps P1 and P2 were switched off after the completion of experiment.

Result
Experiment A : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (constant FI 1).
FI 1

FI 2

TT 1

TT 2

TT 3

TT 4

TT 5

DPT 1

DPT 2

(LPM)
(LPM)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
10
2
44.1
32.2
47.2
48.3
50.2
87
4
10
4
39.5
32.1
46.1
48.9
50.2
84
9
10
6
37.8
31.4
46.5
49.7
51.2
86
44
10
8
35.9
31.8
44.6
47.8
49.6
85
108
10
10
35.7
32.0
48.3
49.0
50.8
85
202
Table 1 : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger with constant FI 1

Experiment B : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger (constant FI 2).

FI 1

FI 2

TT 1

TT 2

TT 3

TT 4

TT 5

DPT 1

DPT 2

(LPM)
(LPM)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(0C)
(mmH2O) (mmH2O)
2
10
33.5
31.9
40.6
47.9
51.6
5
205
4
10
33.9
32.0
43.7
48.6
50.4
3
201
6
10
34.6
32.0
43.9
48.5
51.9
23
187
8
10
35.2
32.1
44.3
48.3
60.1
53
196
10
10
36.0
32.2
45.6
49.2
50.8
89
198
Table 2 : Counter-current Shell & Tube Heat Exchanger with constant FI 2

Sample Calculation
Experiment A: Counter-Current Flow
Hot Water
Density:

988.18 kg/m3

Heat Capacity:

4175.00 J/kg.K

Thermal cond:

0.6436 W/m.K

Viscosity:

0.0005494 Pa.s

Cold Water
Density:

995.67 kg/m3

Heat Capacity:

4183.00 J/kg.K

Thermal cond:

0.6155 W/m.K

Viscosity:

0.0008007 Pa.s

EXPERIMENT 1 :
1. Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat load (constant FT1) and Calculation of Log
Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

Heat transfer rate for hot water,

Qh

Qh

L
1 m3
= 10.0 min x 1000 L

= mh Cp T

1 min
x 60 s

kg
x 988.18 m 3

J
x 4175 kg.C

(48.3-47.2) C
= 756.37 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

Qc

= 2.0

L
min x

1m
1000 L

(44.1-32.2) C
= 1652.07 W

Heat loss Rate =

QhQc

QhQc

= 756.37-1652.07

= -895.70 W
=

Qc

Q 895.70
=
100 =54.21
Qmax 1652.07

= mc Cp T
1 min
60 s

kg
x 995.67 m3

x 4183

J
kg .C

Efficiency

Qc
x 100
Qh

1652.07
x 100
756.37

= 21.82 %

LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out)

/(Th,out- Tc,in)]

( 48.344.1 )(47.232.2)
(48.344.1)

( 47.232.2)

= 8.48C

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)

= 0.5 (756.37+165.07)
= 1204.22

EXPERIMENT 2 :
1. Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT2) and Calculation of Log Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD) :

Qh

Heat transfer rate for hot water,

= 2.0

L
min x

1 m3
1000 L

1 min
60 s

= mh Cp T
kg
x 988.18 m3

x 4175

J
kg .C

x (47.9-40.6)

C
= 1003.91 W

Heat transfer rate for cold water,

= 10.0
31.9) C

L
min x

1 m3
1000 L

Qc

1 min
60 s

= mc Cp T
kg
x 995.67 m3

x 4183

J
kg .C

x (33.5-

= 1110.64 W

Heat loss Rate =

QhQc

= 1003.91-1110.64
= -106.73 W
=

Q 106.73
=
100 =9.61
Qmax 1110.64

Qc
x 100
Qh

Efficiency

1110.64
x 100
1003.91

= 110.63 %

LMTD, TLM = [( Th,in Tc,out) (Th,out Tc,in)] / ln[( Th,in Tc,out) /( Th,out - Tc,in)]

( 33.547.9 )(31.940.6)
(33.547.9)

(31.940.6)

= 11.31C

Dirt Factor, Q = 0.5 (Qh+Qc)

= 0.5 (1003.91+1110.64)
= 1057.28

EXPERIMENT 1 :
Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat load (constant FT1) and Calculation of Log Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD) :
FI 1

FI 2

(LPM)

(LPM)

Heat
transfer rate
for hot

Heat transfer
rate for cold

Heat loss
Rate
(W)

Efficiency
(%)

LMTD,
TLM

Dirt
Factor, Q

(%)

water,
Qh
10
10
10
10
10

2
4
6
8
10

water,

Qc

()

(W)

(W)
756.37
1925.30
2200.35
2200.35
481.32

1652.07
2054.68
2665.30
2276.81
2568.45

-895.70
-129.38
-465.18
-76.48
-2087.45

21.82
106.72
121.14
103.47
533.63

8.48
11.55
13.48
12.34
14.75

1204.22
1989.99
2432.94
2238.58
1524.89

-54.18
-6.30
-17.45
-3.36
-81.27

EXPERIMENT 2 :
Calculation On Heat Transfer and heat lost (constant FT2) and Calculation of Log Mean
Temperature Difference (LMTD)

FI 1

FI 2

(LPM)

(LPM)

2
4
6
8
10

10
10
10
10
10

Heat
transfer rate
for hot
water,
Qh

Heat transfer
rate for cold
Qc
water,

Heat loss
Rate
(W)

Efficiency
(%)

LMTD,
TLM
(

Dirt
Factor, Q

-106.73
28.83
93.02
48.49
-137.32

110.63
97.86
95.10
97.80
105.49

11.31
12.07
12.87
12.64
13.30

1057.28
1333.30
1851.29
2176.11
2569.10

(%)

(W)

(W)
1003.91
1347.71
1897.80
2200.35
2500.44

1110.64
1318.88
1804.78
2151.86
2637.76

Sample Calculation of the shell and tube heat transfer coefficient

EXPERIMENT 1
0.8
0.33
At tube side (hot water-cooling process): Nu=0.023 Pr

3
3
1 min
L
1m
m
V =10

=1.67 104
min 1000 L 60 s
s

A=

d 2 (0.02664)
=
=0.000557 m2
4
4

-9.61
2.14
4.90
2.20
-5.21

4
V 1.67 10
m
v= =
=0.299
A 0.000557
s

vd
=

988.18

Cp
Pr=
=
k

kg
m
0.299 0.02664 m
3
s
m
=14327 ( turbulent flow )
0.0005494 Pa s

( 0.0005494 Pa s ) ( 4175

J
)
kg K

W
0.6436
mK

=3.564

Nu=0.023 0.8 Pr0.33 =0.023 143270.8 3.564 0.33=73.55

h=

Nuk
=
d

W
m K
W
=1776.91 2
0.02664 m
m K

73.55 0.6436

0.8

Nu=0.023 Pr

At shell side (cold water-heating process):

EXPERIMENT 2
For (2 LPM)
1 min
L
1m
m
V =2

=3.33 105
min 1000 L 60 s
s
3

0.085

( 2( 0.0334 )2)

(d 2sd 2o)
A=
=
4

5
V 3.33 10
m
v= =
=0.0069
A
0.0048
s

0.4

v ( d sd o )
=

955.67

kg
m
0.0069 ( 0.0850.0334 m)
3
s
m
0.0008007 Pa s

425 ( laminar flow )

Cp
Pr=
=
k

( 0.0008007 Pa s ) (4183

J
)
kg K

W
0.6155
m K

0.8

0.4

=5.49

0.8

0.4

Nu=0.023 Pr =0.023 425 5.49 =5.76

W
Nuk
m K
W
h=
=
=68.68 2
d
(0.085 m0.0334 m)
m K
5.76 0.6155

FT2
(LPM)

A
2

( m

m
( s

Pr

Nu

( s

W
m2 K

3.33 10 0.0048
5

0.0069

425

5.49

5.76

)
68.68

5.49

10.80

120.26

5.49

13.91

166.03

( laminar flow )
4

5
6.67 10 0.0048

0.0139

856

( laminar flow )
6

1 104

0.0048

0.0208

1281

( laminar flow )

0.0048
1.333 104

0.0278

1712

5.49

17.55

209.38

5.49

20.96

250.02

( laminar flow )
10

1.667 10 0.0048
4

0.0347

2137

( laminar flow )

Sample Calculation for Overall heat transfer coefficient:

Total exchange area , A= tube od length= 0.02664 m 0.5 m=0.05 m2

U=

Qhot
756.37 W
W
=
=1783.89 2
2
A T lm 0.05 m 8.48
m K

FT1 (HOT) Constant=10 LPM

FT1

FT2

(LPM)

(LPM)

10
10
10
10
10

2
4
6
8
10

Qhot
(W)

A
2
( m

LMTD

( m2 K

756.37
1925.30
2200.35
2200.35
481.32

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

8.48
11.55
13.48
12.34
14.75

1783.89
3333.85
3264.61
3566.21
652.64

Qhot

LMTD

FT2 (COLD) Constant=10 LPM

FT1

FT2

(LPM)

(LPM)

2
4
6
8

10
10
10
10

(W)
1003.91
1347.71
1897.80
2200.35

2
( m

0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05

( m2 K

11.31
12.07
12.87
12.64

1775.26
2233.16
2949.18
3481.57

10

10

2500.44

0.05

13.30

3760.06

Discussion
In this experiment, students need to solve the objectives which are to evaluate and study
the heat balance, LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient, to calculate Reynoldss number
at the shell and tube heat exchanger, to study the working principle of counter flow heat
exchanger and to study the effect of fluid flow rated on heat exchanger performance. Students
studied about the effect of fluid temperature on counter-current flow heat exchanger
performance.In counter flow, on the other hand, the hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger in opposite ends and flow in opposite direction while in parallel flow both hot and
cold fluids enter the heat exchanger in same direction and same ends (Yunus A.Cengel 2015).
So, one of the reason why student need to run this experiment are which method is more
effective.
In a co-current flow, the temperature of the cold stream outlet, Th, out must greater than Tc,out .
Therefore, the heat transfer is restricted by the cold stream's outlet temperature, while in a
counter current flow, there is no restriction and Tc, out can exceed Th,out. Hence in this design,
the heat transfer is restricted by the cold stream's inlet temperature, Tc,in. In order to achieve
greater heat recovery, many researcher preferred to use counter current flow.
In experiment 1 , the heat transfer coefficient reading increase and some are decrease as the
flowrates increases. This problem occurs maybe because the technique of the fluids flow is
not smooth. In order to improve the result, students need to do some enchancement on the
fluid sid such as finned surface. In experiment 2, the heat transfer coefficient increase as the
flowrate increase. The LMTD for both experiment also increases when any of the flowrate
increases. The Reynolds number that calculated by the students in experiment 1 is turbulent
flow and for experiment 2 , all the flow are laminar flow.
In experiment 1, students run the experiment at constant LPM of hot water which is 10 LPM
and the flow of cold water are 2 LPM, 4 LPM, 6 LPM, 8 LPM, and 10 LPM. For experiment
2, the cold water is constant at 10 LPM while hit water is change to 2,4,6,8 and 10 LPM. The
reason why the flow rates are change is to study the heat transfer in different flow rates. The
result that students get is heat transfer of hot water and also cold water did not constantly
increase or decrease as flow rates of cold water increase which are It is also same to
experiment 2 which is the heat transfer of hot water and cold water did not constantly
increase or decrease as flow rates of hot water is increases. Some of the experiments result
that had done by other researcher , it shows that heat transfer hot water and cold water for
both experiment increase as the flow rates increase. Students assume that maybe the heat loss
to surrounding affect the result. To avoid this error, the shell and tube heat exchanger must
well insulate.

Lastly, the working principle of counter current flow in shell and tube heat exchanger is the
hot and cold fluids enters the heat exchanger from opposite sides and the outlet temperature
of the cold fluid in this case may exceed the outlet temperature of the hot fluid. In the limiting
case, the cold fluid will be heated to the inlet temperature of the hot fluid. However, the outlet
temperature of the cold fluid can never exceed the inlet temperature of the hot fluid, since this
would be the violation of the second law of thermodynamics, (Yunus A. Cengel, 2015).

Conclusion
As the conclusion, all the objective are solve by the student which are, students need to solve
study the heat balance were evaluated, LMTD and overall heat transfer coefficient were
determined, the Reynoldss number at the shell and tube heat exchanger were calculated,
working principle of counter flow heat exchanger the effect of fluid flow rated on heat
exchanger performance were determined. The results that students get are not perfectly
correct due some errors that occur while running this experiment.

Recommendations
1. Make sure there are no air bubbles at the tube because when present of air bubble at
the tube it will affect the reading and also will have error in the calculation.
2. It is recommended to insulate the heat shell and tube exchanger. This is because the
heats will not loss to the surrounding. Presently, the shell and tube in the laboratory
did not cover by insulator, so the result that obtained by the students have some error
due to heat loss to surrounding.
3. The readings of FT1, FT2, DPT1, and DPT2 must be taken when the system is
stabilized and reach its steady state. This is because the flow of water must run
completely in order to get the accurate reading.
4. The improvement that can be made is the shell and tube heat exchanger should the
exact time when to take the reading. The students or engineer that run the experiment
should be take the reading at the correct timing so that the reading hat obtained is
correct and have less error.
5. The water to the tube side should be the first and last flow rate to be turned on. After
the water start to flow through the tube side , then turn on the steam and the water
should be turned on only after the steam has been turned on so that the tube and shell
heat exchanger can operates effectively.

References
Jurandir Primo, PE.(2012),Shell and Tube. Retrieved March 29, 2016,from
http://www.pdhcenter.com/courses/m371/m371content.pdf

R. Shankar Subramanian.(nd),Shell and Tube Projects.Retrieved March 29, 2016,from

http://web2.clarkson.edu/projects/subramanian/ch302/notes/shelltube.pdf
ThomasNet.(1898).Thermodynamic .Retrieved March 29, 2016,from
http://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node131.html
Yunus A. Cengel, A. J. (2015). Heat and Mass Transfer; Fundamentals and Application. New
York: McGraw-Hill Education.

Appendix