INTRODUCTION

Provides basic knowledge about principles of surveying for location ,

design and construction of engineering projects.Students develop skills
using surveying instruments including measuring tapes , automatic
levels , theodolites , and electronic distance measurement equipment.The
ability to identify error sources and the procedures to minimize errors are
important components of the course.Cooperative efforts to acquire
surveying data during laboratory periods and apply fundamental concepts
to adjust data and develop a preliminary route plan are necessary .

OBJECTIVES
Introducing the available surveying instruments at College of
Engineering , UNITEN .

PROBLEM STATEMENT
As a civil engineer , you are required to identify the relevant
surveying equipment and its corresponding function in the field work.

LOCATION
BM Building ,UNITEN

DURATION
1 day

APPARATUS

AUTOMATIC LEVEL

FIGURE 1
A professional levelling tool used by land surveyors , engineers and
contractors . The automatic level is known to providing users with
consistent levelling accuracy every time using it . Commonly use in
measuring ,surveying and setting vertical and horizontal levels . This
instrument is normally placed on a tripod and then calibrated to a levelled
position using the levelling screws . The user will look through the
telescope attached to the instrument and while one person will holds a
graduated staff at the target position.

FIGURE 2

DIGITAL THEODOLITE

FIGURE 3
A digital theodolite is a survey instruments to precisely measure
horizontal and vertical angles . It is also used to establish straight lines , to
establish horizontal and vertical distances through the use of stadia and to
establish elevations when used as a level.Digital theodolite consist of
telescope that is mounted on a base , as well as an electronic readout
screen that is used to display horizontal and vertical angles.
A theodolite works by combining optical plummets or plumb bobs , a
spirit ( bubble level) and graduated circles to find vertical and horizontal
angles in surveying .An optical plummet ensure the theodolite is placed as
close to exactly vertical above the survey point.The bubble level makes
sure the device is level to horizon.The graduated circles , one vertical and
one horizontal allow user to actually survey for angles.

FIGURE 4
Below is the procedure on how to use a theodolite :
1. Mark the point at which the theodolite will be set up with a
surveyors nail or a stake. This point is the basis for measuring
angles and distances.
2. Set up the tripod. Make sure the height of the tripod allows the
instrument (the theodolite) to be eye-level. The centered hole of the
mounting plate should be over the nail or stake.
3. Drive the tripod legs into the ground using the brackets on the sides
of each leg.
4. Mount the theodolite by placing it atop the tripod, and screw it in
place with the mounting knob.
5. Measure the height between the ground and the instrument. This
will be used a reference to other stations.
6. Level the theodolite by adjusting the tripod legs and using the bullseye level. You can make slight tunings with the leveling knobs to get
it just right.
7. Adjust the small sight (the vertical plummet) found on the bottom of
the theodolite. The vertical plummet allows you to do ensure the
instrument remains over the nail or stake. Adjust the plummet using
the knobs on the bottom.
8. Aim the crosshairs in the main scope at the point to be measured.
Use the locking knobs on the side of the theodolite to keep it aimed
on the point. Record the horizontal and vertical angles using the
viewing scope found on the theodolites side.

TRAVERSING TARGET

FIGURE 5

to bend the optical path by 90 degrees so the operator's eye

position does not change as the elevation is changed through a
complete 180 degrees.

TRIPOD

FIGURE 6
A surveyor's tripod is a device used to support any one of a number
of surveying instruments, such as theodolites, total stations, levels or
transits. The tripod is placed in the location where it is needed. The
surveyor will press down on the legs' platforms to securely anchor the legs
in soil or to force the feet to a low position on uneven, pock-marked
pavement. Leg lengths are adjusted to bring the tripod head to a
convenient height and make it roughly level.
Once the tripod is positioned and secure, the instrument is placed on the
head. The mounting screw is pushed up under the instrument to engage
the instrument's base and screwed tight when the instrument is in the
correct position. The flat surface of the tripod head is called the foot plate
and is used to support the adjustable feet of the instrument.
Positioning the tripod and instrument precisely over an indicated mark on
the ground or benchmark requires intricate techniques.

LEVELLING STAFF

FIGURE 7
A level staff, also called levelling rod, is a graduated wooden or
aluminium rod, used with a levelling instrument to determine the
difference in height between points or heights of points above
a datum surface. It cannot be used without a leveling instrument.
Between the major marks are either a pattern of squares and spaces in
different colours or an E shape (or its mirror image) with horizontal
components and spaces between of equal size. In both parts of the
pattern, the squares, lines or spaces are precisely one centimetre high.
When viewed through an instrument's telescope, the observer can easily
visually interpolate a 1 cm (10mm) mark to a quarter of its height,
yielding a reading with accuracy of 2.5 mm. Usually readings

are interpolated to mm. On this side of the rod, the colours of the
markings alternate between red and black with each meter of length.
The imperial graduations are in feet (large red numbers), tenths of a foot
(small black numbers) and hundredths of a foot (unnumbered marks or
spaces between the marks). The tenths of a foot point is indicated by the
top of the long mark with the upward sloped end. The point halfway
between tenths of a foot marks is indicated by the bottom of a medium
length black mark with a downward sloped end. Each mark or space is
approximately 3mm, yielding roughly the same accuracy as the metric
rod.

STAFF BUBBLE

FIGURE 8
The staff bubble is an attachment for the staff which makes sure
that the staff is vertical and not tilted. When the bubble in the tube level is
centered the telescope's line of sight is supposed to be horizontal (i.e.,
perpendicular to the local vertical).

MEASURING TAPE

FIGURE 9
A measuring tape is very useful in measuring distance horizontally .

HAMMER & NAILS

FIGURE 10
Hammer and nails is used to fix the target plate to the target rod .

SPRAY PAINT

FIGURE 11

A spray paint is used to mark the point of where the target is being
placed .

CONCLUSION
After we had been briefly explained by the lecturer , we can
concluded that we all understand on how to use the instrument and
handle it during surveying practical training. By understanding all
the functions of the instrument , we can easily use it and read the
result without any error .

REFERENCES
https://www.reference.com/home-garden/automatic-level42f9ad933d1043a0#
http://www.johnsonlevel.com/News/TheodolitesAllAboutTheodo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_staff