ADDITIONAL THEORY

Gears are used to transmit motion, and therefore power, between one
shaft and another shaft. The function of a gear box is to transmit rotational
motion from a driving prime move to a driven machine. Gear also known as
toothed wheel designed to transmit torque to another gear or toothed
component. Different size gears are often used in pairs, allowing the torque of
the driving gears to produce a large torque in the driven gear at lower speed, or
a smaller torque at higher speed. The large gear known as wheel and the smaller
gear as a pinion.

N1

N2

And another theory of gear is a component within a transmission device

that transmits rotational torque by applying a force to the teeth of another gear
or device. A gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a round wheel that
has linkages that mesh with other gear teeth, allowing force to be fully
transferred without slippage. Depending on their construction and arrangement,
geared devices can transmit forces at different speeds, torque, or in a different
direction, from the power source. The gears most important feature is that gears
of unequal sizes (diameters) can be combined to produce a mechanical
advantage, so that the rotational speed and torque or the second gear are
different from those of the first.

OBSERVATIONS

Gear with different size produce different motor speed (rpm)

Speed motor with the same size or different size gear 0 to 3, the value of speed
motor from result will decrease until the lowest value in the data from the gear 0
to 3.

The highest speed (rpm) is at gear 1. At gear set 1, 700 motor speeds recorded
160.6 rpm and at gear set 2 on 700 motor speed states at 332.2 rpm.

Each block gear set are two heavy, it may complicated if the entire group
member are girls.

Contact tachnometer for gear 3 only detected at speed 300 until 700 rpm at 5
sec

The higher speed produce a smaller torque mean while large torque in the driven
gear produce lower speed.CALCULATION
Calculation for stage gear with different size gear (gear at set 2)
Gear ratio (theoretical)

Gear Ratio=

input speed N 1
=
output speed N 2

Gear 1=

18
=0.474
38

Gear 2=

18
18
( gear 1 )= ( 0.474 )=0.109
78
78

Gear 3=

18
18
( gear 2 )=
( 0.109 )=0.016
118
118

Gear ratio (experiment)

Gear Ratio=

input speed N 1
=
output speed N 2

46.7 97.3 149.9 190.3 239.3 282.5 332.3

+
+
+
+
+
+
(
100 200 300
400
500
600
700 )
gear 1=
=0.479
7

11.0 21.1 32.8 44.7 52.9 66.8 74.2

+
+
+
+
+
+
(
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
gear 2=
=0.380
7

2.5 3.7 6.7 6.9 8.4 10.1 11.6

+
+
+
+
+
+
(
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
gear 3=
=0. 019
7

Calculation for stage gear with same size gear (gear at set 1)
Gear ratio (theoretical)

Gear Ratio=

input speed N 1
=
output speed N 2

Gear 1=

18
=0.231
78

Gear 2=

18
18
( gear 1 )= ( 0.231 )=0.053
78
78

Gear 3=

18
18
( gear 2 )=
( 0.053 )=0.012
118
118

Gear ratio (experiment)

Gear Ratio=

input speed N 1
=
output speed N 2

24.1 48.8 70.0 92.6 121.8 136.7 160.6

+
+
+
+
+
+
(
100 200 300 400 500
600
700 )
gear 1=
=0.236
7

12.2 11.6 16.5 21.3 26.1 31.7 38.3

+
+
+
+
+
+
(
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
gear 2=
=0. 064
7

11.7 7.8 8.1 4.9 6.3 7.4 8.6

+
+
+
+
+
+
(
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
gear 3=
=0.033
7

DISCUSSION
a. From table 3.1 and 3.2, calculate gear ratio theoretically and
experimentally and compare the results.
Set 1
G.R (theoretical)
G.R (experiment)

Gear 1
0.231
0.236

Gear 2
0.053
0.064

Gear 3
0.012
0.033

Gear 1
0.474
0.479

Gear 2
0.109
0.380

Gear 3
0.016
0.019

Set 2
G.R (theoretical)
G.R (experiment)

On the calculations, the result for both set 1 and set 2 have slightly different
from the theoretical values.

b. what are the input torque and the output torque of the gear system.
Given that the input power pin equal to 20 kW and the efficiency,
equal to 0.7

Power output
Power input

0.7=

Pout
20 10 3

Pout =14000 N
Set 1 same size gear
Gear 0,

w=

2 N 2 (100)
=
=10.47 rad /s
60
60

3
P ( 20 10 )
T= =
=1910.2 Nm ( I nput torque )
w
10.47

Gear 1,

w=

2 N 2 (24 .1)
=
=2.52 rad /s
60
60

P ( 14000 )
T= =
=55547.31 Nm ( Out put torque )
w
24.1

Gear 2,

w=

2 N 2 (5.5)
=
=1.37 rad /s
60
60

P ( 14000 )
T= =
=10958.21 Nm ( Output torque )
w
1.37
Gear 3,

w=

2 N 2 (1 1.7)
=
=1.23 rad /s
60
60

P ( 14000 )
T= =
=11426.5 Nm ( Output torque )
w
1.23

N
(rpm
)
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
av
g

400

Gear
0
w
(Nm)

T
(Nm)

10.4
7
20.9
4
31.4
2
41.8
9
52.3
6
62.8
3
73.3
0

1910
.2
955.
1
636.
5
476.
4
381.
9
318.
3
272.
8
707.
31

N
(rpm
)
24.1

Gear
1
w
(Nm)
2.52

48.8

5.11

70.0

7.33

92.6

9.70

121.
8
136.
7

12.7
5
14.3
2
16.8
2

1
60.6
93.5

T
(Nm)
5547
.3
2739
.6
1909
.9
1443
.7
1097
.6
977.
9
832.
4
2078
.4

N
(rpm
)
12.2

Gear
2
w
(Nm)
1.28

11.6

1.21

16.5

1.72

21.3

2.23

26.1

2.73

31.7

3.32

38.3

4.01

22.5

T
(Nm)
10958
.2
11525
.0
8102.
4
6276.
5
5122.
2
4217.
4
3490.
6
7098.
91

N
(rpm
)
11.7

Gear
3
w
(Nm)
1.23

7.8

0.82

8.1

0.85

4.9

1.54

6.3

0.66

7.4

0.77

8.6

0.90

7.8

T
(Nm)

11426.
5
17139.
8
16504.
9
27283.
7
21220.
7
18066.
2
15545.
37

18169.
6

Set 2 different size gear

Gear 0,

w=

2 N 2 (100)
=
=10.47 rad /s
60
60

3
P ( 20 10 )
T= =
=1910.2 Nm ( Input torque )
w
10.47

Gear 1,

w=

2 N 2 ( 46.7)
=
=4.8904 rad /s
60
60

P ( 14000 )
T= =
=2862.74 Nm ( Output torque )
w 4.8904

Gear 2,

w=

2 N 2 (11.0)
=
=1.1519 rad / s
60
60

P ( 14000 )
T= =
=12153.65 Nm ( Output torque )
w 1.1519
Gear 3,

w=

2 N 2 (2.5)
=
=0.2618 rad / s
60
60

P ( 14000 )
T= =
=53476.06 Nm ( Output torque )
w 0. 2618

N
(rpm
)
100
200
300
400

Gear
0
w
(Nm)

T
(Nm)

10.4
7
20.9
4
31.4
2
41.8
9

1910
.2
955.
1
636.
5
476.
4

N
(rpm
)
46.7
97.3
149.
9
190.
3

Gear
1
w
(Nm)
4.89
10.1
9
15.6
9
19.9
3

T
(Nm)
2862
.7
1372
.9
891.
9
702.
5

N
(rpm
)
11.0

Gear
2
w
(Nm)
1.15

21.1

2.21

32.8

3.43

44.7

4.68

T
(Nm)

N
(rpm)

12153
.7
6336.
0
4075.
9
2990.
8

2.5

Gear
3
w
(Nm
)
0.26

3.7

0.39

6.7

0.70

6.9

0.72

T
(Nm)

53476
.1
36132
.5
19953
.8
19375
.4

500
600
700
av
g

400

52.3
6
62.8
3
73.3
0

381.
9
318.
3
272.
8
707.
3

239.
3
282.
5
332.
2
191.
19

25.0
6
29.5
8
34.7
9

558.
7
473.
2
402.
32
1037
.9

52.9

5.54

66.8

6.99

74.2

7.77

43.4

2527.
2
2001.
4
1801.
8
4555.
3

8.4

0.88

10.2

1.06

11.6

1.21

7.1

15915
.5
13236
.7
11525
.0
24230
.7

c. Calculate the efficiency of gear system (gear set 1 and set 2) of

the following combination gear. Given

P =20 kW

are idle,

a) Gear 1 to gear 0

Average Speed Gear 0, ( gear set 12 )

speed =

100+ 200+300+400+ 500+600+700

7

N 1=400rp m

Average Speed Gear 1, ( same gear )

speed gear 1=

( 24.1+ 48.8+70.0+ 92.6+121.8+136.7+160.6 )

7

N 2=93.5 rp m

Average Speed Gear 1, ( different gear )

speed gear 1=

( 46.7+ 97.3+149.9+190.3+239.3+282.5+332.3 )
7

N 2=191.19 rp m

efficiency gear 10( same gear )

( 2 N 2 T 2 60 )
( 2 N 1 T 1 60 )

and system

[ 2 ( 93.5 )( 2078.4 )( 60 ) ]
[2 ( 400 ) ( 707.31 )( 60 ) ]

0.69

efficiency gear 10(different gear )

( 2 N 2 T 2 60 )
( 2 N 1 T 1 60 )

[ 2 ( 191.19 ) ( 1037.91 )( 60 ) ]
[ 2 ( 400 )( 707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]

0.70
b) Gear 2 to 0

Average Speed Gear 2, ( same gear )

speed gear 2=

( 12.2+ 11.6+16.5+21.3+26.1+31.7 +38.3 )

7

N 2=20.79 rp m

Av erage Speed Gear 2, ( different gear )

speed gear 2=

( 11.0+21.1+32.8+ 44.7+52.9+66.8+74.2 )
7

N 2=43.36 rp m

efficiency gear 20(same gear )

( 2 N 2 T 2 60 )
( 2 N 1 T 1 60 )

[ 2 ( 20.79 )( 7098.91 ) ( 60 ) ]
[ 2 ( 400 )( 707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]

0.5216

efficiency gear 20(different gear )

( 2 N 2 T 2 60 )
( 2 N 1 T 1 60 )

[ 2 ( 43.36 ) ( 4555.3 ) ( 60 ) ]
[ 2 ( 400 ) ( 707.31 )( 60 ) ]

0.6981

c) Gear 3 to 0

Average Speed Gear 3 , ( same gear )

speed gear 3=

( 11.7+ 7.8+ 8.1+4.9+6.3+ 7.4+8.6 )

7

N 2=6.16 rp m

Av erage Speed Gear 2, ( different gear )

speed gear 3=

( 2.5+3.7+6.7 +6.9+8.4+ 10.1+ 11.6 )

7

N 2=7.13 rp m

efficiency gear 30( same gear )

( 2 N 2 T 2 60 )
( 2 N 1 T 1 60 )

[ 2 ( 6.16 )( 18169.6 )( 60 ) ]
[ 2 ( 400 ) (707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]

0.3956
efficiency gear 30( different gear)

( 2 N 2 T 2 60 )
( 2 N 1 T 1 60 )

[ 2 (7.13) ( 24230.7 )( 60 ) ]
[ 2 ( 400 )( 707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]

 0.6106

QUESTION
a. Beside that compound gear train, give another type of gearbox
constructions and also describe the applications.
Worm gearbox worm gears
Worm gears are able to withstand high shock loads, low in noise level and
maintenance-free but are less friction than other gear types. Worm gear can be
used in right angle configuration. The worm gearbox configuration allows the
worm to turn the gear with ease; however, the gear cannot turn the worm. The
prevention of the gear to move the worm can be used as a braking system.
When the worm gearbox is not active, it is held in a locked position. In additional,
worm gears are used in applications in mining, rolling mills, presses and
escalator drive system. In elevators, worm gears can often be found in the
machinery of common elevators because of their compact size and nonreversible properties. As the gear/load cannot transmit motion back through the
worm/hoist, using this type of gear can act as a secondary braking system. This
means the load cannot free fall and load speed is easily regulated.

CONCLUSION
From the experiment, the objective have been achieved which are
describe the different type of gear system and some of their application. Other
than that, we are able to improve our knowledge about the concept of gears
system, type of gears and it related function and its applications. Furthermore,
from the calculations, all the efficiency has been stated.
When we do this experiment, we faced some problem that was to get
accurate rpm and to hold the tachnometer. The problem from that, make a
reading in error readings. Furthermore, the technometer accuracy are not in
good condition especially pointing reflector for low speed gear.
My suggestion is improve the quality of technometer such as do
maintenance. In this way, it may give on accurate reading in other experiment.

REFERENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

En.wikipedia.org/wiki/worm-drive
www.holroyd.com/blog/worm-gear-applications-uses/
www.anaheimautomation.com/manuals/forms/gearbox-guide
www.scrib.com/doc/20622467/computerized-gear-system
www.gearsandstuff.com/type-of-gear.htm