Revision Solution

7-9
Entropy Changes of Pure Substances
7-28C Yes, because an internally reversible, adiabatic process involves no irreversibilities or heat transfer.
7-29E A piston-cylinder device that is filled with water is heated. The total entropy change is to be determined.
Analysis The initial specific volume is
v1
V1
m
2.5 ft 3
1.25 ft 3 /lbm
2 lbm
H2O
300 psia
2 lbm
2.5 ft3
which is between vf and vg for 300 psia. The initial quality and the entropy are
then (Table A-5E)
x1
v1 v f
v fg
(1.25 0.01890) ft 3 /lbm

(1.5435 0.01890) ft 3 /lbm
0.8075
s1 s f x1 s fg 0.58818 Btu/lbm R (0.8075)( 0.92289 Btu/lbm R ) 1.3334 Btu/lbm R

The final state is superheated vapor and
T2 500F
s 2 1.5706 Btu/lbm R (Table A - 6E)

P2 P1 300 psia
P
1
Hence, the change in the total entropy is
S m( s 2 s1 )
(2 lbm)(1.5706 1.3334) Btu/lbm R

0.4744Btu/R
7-30 An insulated rigid tank contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at a specified pressure. An electric heater
inside is turned on and kept on until all the liquid vaporized. The entropy change of the water during this process is to be
determined.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6)
P1 200 kPa v 1 v f x1v fg 0.001061 0.250.88578 0.001061 0.22224 m 3 /kg
x1 0.25
s1 s f x1 s fg 1.5302 0.255.5968 2.9294 kJ/kg K
v 2 v 1 0.22224 m 3 /kg
x 2 1 (sat. vapor)
s 2 6.6335 kJ/kg K
H2O
3 kg
200 kPa
We
Then the entropy change of the steam becomes
S ms 2 s1 (3 kg)(6.6335 2.9294) kJ/kg K 11.1 kJ/K
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7-10
7-31 The radiator of a steam heating system is initially filled with superheated steam. The valves are closed, and steam is
allowed to cool until the temperature drops to a specified value by transferring heat to the room. The entropy change of the
steam during this process is to be determined.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6),
P1 200 kPa v 1 0.95986 m 3 /kg
T1 150C s1 7.2810 kJ/kg K
v 2 v f 0.95986 0.001008
T2 40C
0.04914
x2
v 2 v1
19.515 0.001008
v fg
H2O
200 kPa
150C
s 2 s f x 2 s fg 0.5724 0.049147.6832 0.9499 kJ/kg K

The mass of the steam is
0.020 m 3
V
0.02084 kg
v 1 0.95986 m 3 /kg
Then the entropy change of the steam during this process becomes
S ms 2 s1 0.02084 kg0.9499 7.2810 kJ/kg K 0.132 kJ/K
7-32
A rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. One part is filled with compressed liquid water while
the other side is evacuated. The partition is removed and water expands into the entire tank. The entropy change of the water
during this process is to be determined.
Analysis The properties of the water are (Table A-4)
P1 400 kPa v 1 v f @60C 0.001017m 3 /kg
T1 60C
s1 s f @60C 0.8313 kJ/kg K
Noting that
v 2 2v 1 20.001017 0.002034 m 3 /kg
2.5 kg
compressed
liquid
Vacuum
400 kPa
60C
v 2 v f 0.002034 0.001026
0.0002524
x2
v fg
3.993 0.001026
3
v 2 0.002034 m /kg s s x s 1.0261 0.00025246.6430 1.0278 kJ/kg K
2
2 fg
f
P2 40 kPa
Then the entropy change of the water becomes
S ms 2 s1 2.5 kg1.0278 0.8313 kJ/kg K 0.492 kJ/K
7-20
7-44 The heat transfer during the process shown in the figure is to be determined.
Assumptions The process is reversible.
Analysis No heat is transferred during the process 2-3 since the
area under process line is zero. Then the heat transfer is equal to
the area under the process line 1-2:
T
(C)
600
1
3
T1 T2
( s 2 s1 )
2
1
(600 273)K (200 273)K
(1.0 0.3)kJ/kg K
2
471kJ/kg
q12 Tds Area
200
2
0.3
1.0
s (kJ/kgK)
7-45E The heat transfer during the process shown in the figure is to be determined.
Assumptions The process is reversible.
Analysis Heat transfer is equal to the sum of the areas under the process 1-2 and 2-3.
2
q12 Tds Tds
T1 T2
( s 2 s1 ) T2 ( s 3 s 2 )
2
(55 460)R (360 460)R

(3.0 1.0)Btu/lbm R
2
(360 460)R (2.0 3.0)Btu/lbm R

515 Btu/lbm
T
(F)
3
360
55
s (Btu/lbmR)
7-33
Entropy Change of Incompressible Substances
7-59C No, because entropy is not a conserved property.
7-60 A hot copper block is dropped into water in an insulated tank. The final equilibrium temperature of the tank and the
total entropy change are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Both the water and the copper block are incompressible substances with constant specific heats at room
temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3 The tank is wellinsulated and thus there is no heat transfer.
Properties The density and specific heat of water at 25C are = 997 kg/m3 and cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The specific heat of
copper at 27C is cp = 0.386 kJ/kg.C (Table A-3).
Analysis We take the entire contents of the tank, water + copper block, as the system. This is a closed system since no mass
crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as
E Eout
in
Net energy transfer

by heat, work, and mass
Esystem
Changein internal, kinetic,

potential,etc. energies
WATER
0 U
or,
Copper
50 kg
UCu U water 0
[mc(T2 T1)]Cu [mc(T2 T1)]water 0
90 L
where
mwater V (997 kg/m3 )(0.090 m 3 ) 89.73 kg

Using specific heat values for copper and liquid water at room temperature and substituting,
(50 kg)(0.386 kJ/kg C)(T2 140)C (89.73 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg C)(T2 10)C 0
T2 = 16.4C = 289.4 K
The entropy generated during this process is determined from
T
289.4 K
6.864 kJ/K
S copper mc avg ln 2 50 kg 0.386 kJ/kg K ln
413 K
T1
T
289.4 K
8.388 kJ/K
S water mc avg ln 2 89.73 kg 4.18 kJ/kg K ln
283 K
T1
Thus,
S total S copper S water 6.864 8.388 1.52 kJ/K
7-61
7-97 A container filled with liquid water is placed in a room and heat transfer takes place between the container and the air
in the room until the thermal equilibrium is established. The final temperature, the amount of heat transfer between the water
and the air, and the entropy generation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 3 The
room is well-sealed and there is no heat transfer from the room to the surroundings. 4 Sea level atmospheric pressure is
assumed. P = 101.3 kPa.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are R = 0.287 kPa.m3/kg.K, cp = 1.005 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.718 kJ/kg.K.
The specific heat of water at room temperature is cw = 4.18 kJ/kg.K (Tables A-2, A-3).
Analysis (a) The mass of the air in the room is
ma
Room
90 m3
12C
(101.3 kPa)(90 m 3 )
PV
111.5 kg
RTa1 (0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K)(12 273 K)
An energy balance on the system that consists of the water in the container and the
air in the room gives the final equilibrium temperature
Water
45 kg
95C
0 m w c w (T2 Tw1 ) ma cv (T2 Ta1 )

0 (45 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg.K)(T2 95) (111.5 kg)(0.718 kJ/kg.K)(T2 12)
T2 70.2C
(b) The heat transfer to the air is
Q ma cv (T2 Ta1 ) (111.5 kg)(0.718 kJ/kg.K)(70.2 12) 4660kJ

(c) The entropy generation associated with this heat transfer process may be obtained by calculating total entropy change,
which is the sum of the entropy changes of water and the air.
Sw mwcw ln
P2
ma RT2
T2
(70.2 273) K
(45 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg.K)ln
13.11 kJ/K
Tw1
(95 273) K
(111.5 kg)(0.287 kPa m3/kg K)(70.2 273 K)
(90 m3 )
122 kPa
T
P
S a m a c p ln 2 R ln 2
Ta1
P1
(70.2 273) K
122 kPa
(111.5 kg) (1.005 kJ/kg.K)ln
(0.287 kJ/kg.K)ln
14.88 kJ/K
(12 273) K
101.3 kPa
S gen S total S w S a 13.11 14.88 1.77 kJ/K
7-115
7-156 Liquid water is heated in a chamber by mixing it with superheated steam. For a specified mixing temperature, the
mass flow rate of the steam and the rate of entropy generation are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 There are no work interactions.
Properties Noting that T < Tsat @ 200 kPa = 120.21C, the cold water and the exit mixture streams exist as a compressed liquid,
which can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature. From Tables A-4 through A-6,
P1 200 kPa h1 h f @15 C 62.98 kJ/kg

s s
0.2245 kJ/kg K
T1 15C
f @15 C
1
P2 200 kPa h2 2769.1 kJ/kg
T2 150C s 2 7.2810 kJ/kg K
1200 kJ/min
15C
4.3 kg/s
P3 200 kPa h3 h f @80 C 335.02 kJ/kg

s s
1.0756 kJ/kg K
T3 80C
f @80 C
3
Analysis (a) We take the mixing chamber as the system,
which is a control volume. The mass and energy balances for
this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
150C
MIXING
CHAMBER
80C
200 kPa
in m
out m
system0 (steady) 0
1 m
2 m
3
m
m
Mass balance:
Energy balance:
E E out
in
E system0 (steady)
Rate of net energy transfer

Rate of changein internal, kinetic,

E in E out
m 1h1 m 2h2 Q out m 3h3
Combining the two relations gives
1h1 m
2h2 m
1 m
2 h3 m
1h1 h3 m
2 h2 h3
Qout m
2 and substituting, the mass flow rate of the superheated steam is determined to be
Solving for m
m 2
Also,
Q out m 1 h1 h3 (1200/60kJ/s) 4.3 kg/s62.98 335.02kJ/kg
0.4806 kg/s
h2 h3
(2769.1 335.02)kJ/kg
3 m
1 m
2 4.3 0.4806 4.781 kg/s
m
(b) The rate of total entropy generation during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an extended
system that includes the mixing chamber and its immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended
system is 25C at all times. It gives
S Sout
in
Rate of net entropy transfer

by heat and mass
m 1s1 m 2 s2 m 3s3
Sgen
Rate of entropy
generation
Ssystem0 0
Rate of change
of entropy
Q out
Sgen 0
Tb,surr
Substituting, the rate of entropy generation during this process is determined to be
Q
S gen m 3 s 3 m 2 s 2 m 1 s1 out
Tb,surr
4.781 kg/s1.0756 kJ/kg K 0.4806 kg/s7.2810 kJ/kg K
(1200 / 60 kJ/s)
4.3 kg/s0.2245 kJ/kg K
293 K
0.746 kW/K
7-132
7-175 A horizontal cylinder is separated into two compartments by a piston, one side containing nitrogen and the other side
containing helium. Heat is added to the nitrogen side. The final temperature of the helium, the final volume of the nitrogen,
the heat transferred to the nitrogen, and the entropy generation during this process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 Nitrogen and helium are ideal gases with constant
specific heats at room temperature. 3 The piston is adiabatic and frictionless.
Properties The properties of nitrogen at room temperature are R = 0.2968 kPa.m3/kg.K, cp = 1.039 kJ/kg.K, cv = 0.743
kJ/kg.K, k = 1.4. The properties for helium are R = 2.0769 kPa.m3/kg.K, cp = 5.1926 kJ/kg.K, cv = 3.1156 kJ/kg.K, k = 1.667
(Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Helium undergoes an isentropic compression process,
and thus the final helium temperature is determined from
( k 1) / k
P
THe,2 T1 2
P1
321.7K
120 kPa
(20 273)K
95 kPa
(1.6671) / 1.667
N2
0.2 m3
He
0.1 kg
(b) The initial and final volumes of the helium are
V He,1
mRT1 (0.1 kg)(2.0769 kPa m 3 /kg K)(20 273 K)
0.6406 m 3
P1
95 kPa
V He,2
mRT2 (0.1 kg)(2.0769 kPa m 3 /kg K)(321.7 K)
0.5568 m 3
P2
120 kPa
Then, the final volume of nitrogen becomes
V N2,2 V N2,1 V He,1 V He,2 0.2 0.6406 0.5568 0.2838m3

(c) The mass and final temperature of nitrogen are
m N2
P1V1
(95 kPa)(0.2 m 3 )
0.2185 kg
RT1 (0.2968 kPa m 3 /kg K)(20 273 K)
TN2,2
P2V 2
(120 kPa)(0.2838 m 3 )
525.1 K
mR
(0.2185 kg)(0.2968 kPa m 3 /kg K)
The heat transferred to the nitrogen is determined from an energy balance
Qin U N2 U He
mcv (T2 T1 )N2 mcv (T2 T1 )He

(0.2185 kg)(0.743 kJ/kg.K)(525.1 293) (0.1 kg)(3.1156 kJ/kg.K)(321.7 293)
46.6 kJ
(d) Noting that helium undergoes an isentropic process, the entropy generation is determined to be
T
P Qin
S gen S N2 S surr m N2 c p ln 2 R ln 2
T1
P1 TR
525.1 K
120 kPa
46.6 kJ
(0.2185 kg) (1.039 kJ/kg.K)ln

(0.2968 kJ/kg.K)ln
293 K
95 kPa (500 273) K
0.057kJ/K
8-47
8-58 Steam expands in a turbine from a specified state to another specified state. The actual power output of the turbine is
given. The reversible power output and the second-law efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Potential energy change is negligible. 3
The temperature of the surroundings is given to be 25C.
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6)
P1 6 MPa h1 3658.8 kJ/kg
T1 600C s1 7.1693 kJ/kg K

P2 50 kPa h2 2682.4 kJ/kg
T2 100C s 2 7.6953 kJ/kg K
1 m
2 m
. We take the turbine as the system, which is a
Analysis (b) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m
control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate
form as
E E
inout
Rate of net energy transfer

E system0 (steady)
80 m/s
6 MPa
600C
Rate of changein internal, kinetic,

E in E out
m (h1 V12 / 2) W out m (h2 V 22 / 2)

W out
STEAM
V 2 V22
m h1 h2 1
5 MW
Substituting,
(80 m/s) 2 (140 m/s) 2 1 kJ/kg

5000 kJ/s m 3658.8 2682.4
2
1000 m 2 / s 2
m 5.156 kg/s
50 kPa
100C
140 m/s
The reversible (or maximum) power output is determined from the rate form of the exergy balance applied on the turbine
and setting the exergy destruction term equal to zero,
X X
inout
Rate of net exergy transfer

by heat, work,and mass
X destroyed0 (reversible) X system0 (steady) 0

Rate of exergy
destruction
Rate of change
of exergy
X in X out
m W
1
2
rev,out m
W rev,out m ( 1 2 ) m [( h1 h2 ) T0 ( s1 s 2 ) ke pe 0 ]
Substituting,
T0 ( s1 s2 )
W rev,out Wout m
5000 kW (5.156 kg/s)(298 K)(7.1693 7.6953) kJ/kg K 5808 kW
(b) The second-law efficiency of a turbine is the ratio of the actual work output to the reversible work,
W out
II
W
rev,out
5 MW
86.1%
5.808 MW
Discussion Note that 13.9% percent of the work potential of the steam is wasted as it flows through the turbine during this
process.
8-71
8-78 An insulated cylinder initially contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water. The cylinder is connected to a supply
line, and the steam is allowed to enter the cylinder until all the liquid is vaporized. The amount of steam that entered the
cylinder and the exergy destroyed are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is an unsteady process since the conditions within the device are changing during the process, but it can
be analyzed as a uniform-flow process since the state of fluid at the inlet remains constant. 2 The expansion process is
quasi-equilibrium. 3 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 4 The device is insulated and thus heat transfer is
negligible.
Properties The properties of steam are (Tables A-4 through A-6)
h1 h f x1h fg 561.43 0.8667 2163.5 2436.5 kJ/kg
x1 13 / 15 0.8667 s1 s f x1 s fg 1.6716 0.8667 5.3200 6.2824 kJ/kg K
P1 300 kPa
P2 300 kPa h2 hg @ 300kPa 2724.9 kJ/kg
sat.vapor
s 2 s g @ 300kPa 6.9917 kJ/kg K
Pi 2 MPa hi 3248.4 kJ/kg
Ti 400C si 7.1292 kJ/kg K

Analysis (a) We take the cylinder as the system, which is a control volume.
Noting that the microscopic energies of flowing and nonflowing fluids are
represented by enthalpy h and internal energy u, respectively, the mass and
energy balances for this unsteady-flow system can be expressed as
H2O
300 kPa
P = const.
2 MPa
400C
min mout msystem mi m2 m1
Mass balance:
Energy balance:
E E
inout
Net energy transfer

E system

mi hi Wb,out m 2 u 2 m1u1 (since Q ke pe 0)

Combining the two relations gives 0 Wb,out m2 m1 hi m2 u 2 m1u1
0 m2 m1 hi m2 h2 m1h1
or,
since the boundary work and U combine into H for constant pressure expansion and compression processes. Solving for
m2 and substituting,
m2
Thus,
hi h1
(3248.4 2436.5)kJ/kg
m1
(15 kg) = 23.27 kg
hi h2
(3248.4 2724.9)kJ/kg
mi m2 m1 23.27 15 8.27 kg
(b) The exergy destroyed during a process can be determined from an exergy balance or directly from its
definition X destroyed T0 S gen where the entropy generation Sgen is determined from an entropy balance on the insulated
cylinder,
S S out
in
Net entropy transfer

by heat and mass
S gen S system
Entropy
generation
Change
in entropy
mi s i S gen S system = m 2 s 2 m1 s1
S gen m 2 s 2 m1 s1 mi s i
Substituting, the exergy destruction is determined to be
X destroyed T0 S gen T0 [m2 s 2 m1 s1 mi si ]

(298 K)(23 .27 6.9917 15 6.2824 8.27 7.1292)
2832 kJ
8-94
8-101 Two rigid tanks that contain water at different states are connected by a valve. The valve is opened and steam flows
from tank A to tank B until the pressure in tank A drops to a specified value. Tank B loses heat to the surroundings. The
final temperature in each tank and the work potential wasted during this process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Tank A is insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 2 The water that remains in tank A undergoes a
reversible adiabatic process. 3 The thermal energy stored in the tanks themselves is negligible. 4 The system is stationary
and thus kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 5 There are no work interactions.
Analysis (a) The steam in tank A undergoes a reversible, adiabatic process, and thus s2 = s1. From the steam tables (Tables
A-4 through A-6),
Tank A :
v 1, A v f x1v fg 0.001084 0.80.46242 0.001084 0.37015 m 3 /kg

P1 400 kPa
u1, A u f x1u fg 604.22 0.81948.9 2163.3 kJ/kg
x1 0.8
s s x s 1.7765 0.85.1191 5.8717 kJ/kg K
1, A
f
1 fg
T2, A Tsat@300kPa 133.52C

P2 300 kPa x s 2, A s f 5.8717 1.6717 0.7895
2, A
s fg
5.3200
s 2 s1
sat. mixture v v x v 0.001073 0.78950.60582 0.001073 0.47850 m 3 /kg

2, A
2, A
fg
u 2, A u f x 2, A u fg 561.11 0.78951982.1 kJ/kg 2125.9 kJ/kg
TankB :
v 1, B 1.1989 m 3 /kg
P1 200 kPa
u1, B 2731.4 kJ/kg
T1 250C
s1, B 7.7100 kJ/kg K
900 kJ
A
V = 0.2 m3
The initial and the final masses in tank A are
m1, A
steam
P = 400 kPa
x = 0.8
V
0.2 m 3
A
0.5403 kg
v 1, A 0.37015 m 3 /kg
B
m = 3 kg
steam
T = 250C
P = 200 kPa
and
m 2, A
VA
0.2m 3
0.4180 kg
v 2, A 0.479m 3 /kg
Thus, 0.540 - 0.418 = 0.122 kg of mass flows into tank B. Then,
m2, B m1, B 0122

.
3 0122
.
3.122 kg
The final specific volume of steam in tank B is determined from
v 2, B
VB
m 2, B
m1v1 B
m 2, B
3 kg 1.1989 m 3 /kg 1.152 m 3 /kg

3.122 m 3
We take the entire contents of both tanks as the system, which is a closed system. The energy balance for this stationary
closed system can be expressed as
E E
inout
Net energy transfer

E system

Qout U (U ) A (U ) B
(since W KE = PE = 0)
Qout m 2 u 2 m1u1 A m 2 u 2 m1u1 B

Substituting,
900 0.4182125.9 0.54032163.3 3.122u 2, B 32731.4

u 2, B 2425.9 kJ/kg
8-95
Thus,
v 2, B 1.152 m 3 /kg
u 2, B
T2, B 110.1C
s
6.9772 kJ/kg K
2425.9 kJ/kg
2, B
(b) The total entropy generation during this process is determined by applying the entropy balance on an extended system
that includes both tanks and their immediate surroundings so that the boundary temperature of the extended system is the
temperature of the surroundings at all times. It gives
S in S out
Net entropy transfer

by heat and mass
S gen S system
Entropy
generation
Change
in entropy
Qout
S gen S A S B
Tb,surr
Rearranging and substituting, the total entropy generated during this process is determined to be
S gen S A S B
Qout
Q
m 2 s 2 m1 s1 A m 2 s 2 m1 s1 B out
Tb,surr
Tb,surr
0.4185.8717 0.54035.8717 3.1226.9772 37.7100
900 kJ
273 K
1.234 kJ/K
The work potential wasted is equivalent to the exergy destroyed during a process, which can be determined from an exergy
balance or directly from its definition X destroyed T0 S gen ,
X destroyed T0 S gen (273 K)(1.234 kJ/K) 337 kJ
8-134
8-127 Exhaust gases are expanded in a turbine, which is not well-insulated. Tha actual and reversible power outputs, the
exergy destroyed, and the second-law efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Potential energy change is
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kg.K and the specific heat of air at the average temperature of
(627+527)/2 = 577C = 850 K is cp = 1.11 kJ/kg.C (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) The enthalpy and entropy changes of air across the turbine are
h c p (T2 T1 ) (1.11 kJ/kg.C)(527 627)C 111 kJ/kg

s c p ln
T2
P
R ln 2
T1
P1
(527 273) K
500 kPa
(1.11 kJ/kg.K)ln
(0.287 kJ/kg.K) ln
(627 273) K
1200 kPa
0.1205 kJ/kg.K
The actual and reversible power outputs from the turbine are
Exh. gas
627C
1.2 MPa
Turbine
527C
500 kPa
W a,out m h Q out (2.5 kg/s)(-111 kJ/kg) 20 kW 257.5 kW

W rev,out m (h T0 s) (2.5 kg/s)(111 kJ/kg) (25 273 K)(0.1205 kJ/kg.K) 367.3kW
or
W a,out 257.5 kW
W rev,out 367.3kW
(b) The exergy destroyed in the turbine is
X dest W rev W a 367.3 257.5 109.8kW

(c) The second-law efficiency is
II
W a
257.5 kW
0.701 70.1%
W rev 367.3 kW
9-35
9-50 An ideal dual cycle has a compression ratio of 14 and cutoff ratio of 1.2. The thermal efficiency, amount of heat added,
and the maximum gas pressure and temperature are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is
an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.718 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, and
k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis The specific volume of the air at the start of the compression is
RT
(0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K)( 293 K)
v1 1
1.051 m 3 /kg
P1
80 kPa
x
2
3
qin
4
qout
and the specific volume at the end of the compression is
v2
v1
r
1.051 m 3 /kg
0.07508 m 3 /kg
14
v
v
The pressure at the end of the compression is
v
P2 P1 1
v 2
P1 r k (80 kPa)141.4 3219 kPa
and the maximum pressure is
Px P3 r p P2 (1.5)(3219 kPa) 4829kPa

The temperature at the end of the compression is
and
k 1
v
T2 T1 1
v 2
P
T x T2 3
P2
4829 kPa
(842.0 K)
1263 K
3219 kPa
T1 r k 1 (293 K)141.41 842.0 K
From the definition of cutoff ratio
v 3 rcv x rcv 2 (1.2)(0.07508 m 3 /kg) 0.09010 m 3 /kg

The remaining state temperatures are then
v
T3 T x 3
v x
0.09010
(1263 K)
1516 K
0.07508
v
T4 T3 3
v 4
k 1
0.09010
(1516 K)
1.051
1.4 1
567.5 K
Applying the first law and work expression to the heat addition processes gives
q in cv (T x T2 ) c p (T3 T x )
(0.718 kJ/kg K )(1263 842.0)K (1.005 kJ/kg K )(1516 1263)K
556.5 kJ/kg
The heat rejected is
qout cv (T4 T1 ) (0.718 kJ/kg K)(567.5 293)K 197.1 kJ/kg

Then,
th 1
q out
197.1 kJ/kg
1
0.646
q in
556.5 kJ/kg
9-39
9-54 An ideal diesel engine with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 20. The thermal efficiency and the mean
effective pressure are to be determined.
k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis (a) Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
V
T2 T1 1
V 2
k 1
P
2
293 K 20
0.4
qin
971.1 K
4
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.
qout
P3V 3 P2V 2
V
T
2200K
3 3
2.265
T3
T2
V 2 T2 971.1K
v
v
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
V
T4 T3 3
V 4
k 1
2.265V 2
T3
V4
k 1
2.265
T3
k 1
2.265
2200 K
20
0.4
920.6 K
q in h3 h2 c p T3 T2 1.005 kJ/kg K 2200 971.1K 1235 kJ/kg

q out u 4 u1 cv T4 T1 0.718 kJ/kg K 920.6 293K 450.6 kJ/kg
wnet,out q in q out 1235 450.6 784.4 kJ/kg
th
(b)
v1
wnet,out
q in
784.4 kJ/kg
63.5%
1235 kJ/kg
RT1
0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K 293 K
0.885 m 3 /kg v max

P1
95 kPa
v min v 2
MEP
v max
r
wnet,out
v1 v 2
wnet,out
v 1 1 1 / r
kPa m 3
0.885 m /kg 1 1/20 kJ
784.4 kJ/kg
3
933 kPa
9-44
9-57 A four-cylinder ideal diesel engine with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 22 and a cutoff ratio of 1.8.
The power the engine will deliver at 2300 rpm is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The cold air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3
Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
k = 1.4 (Table A-2).
Analysis Process 1-2: isentropic compression.
V
T2 T1 1
V 2
k 1
343 K 22
0.4
P
2
1181 K
Qin
Process 2-3: P = constant heat addition.
Qout
v
P3v 3 P2v 2
T3 3 T2 1.8T2 1.81181 K 2126 K

v2
T3
T2
V
T4 T3 3
V 4
k 1
2.2V 2
T3
V4
k 1
2.2
T3
k 1
1.8
2216 K
22
0.4
781 K
For the cycle:
P1V1
(97 kPa)( 0.0024 m 3 )
0.002365 kg
RT1 (0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K )(343 K )
Qin mh3 h2 mc p T3 T2
(0.002365 kg)(1.005 kJ/kg K )( 2216 1181)K
2.246 kJ
Qout mu 4 u1 mc v T4 T1
0.002365 kg 0.718 kJ/kg K 781 343K
0.7438 kJ
Wnet,out Qin Qout 2.246 0.7438 1.502 kJ/rev
W net,out n Wnet,out 3500/60 rev/s 1.502 kJ/rev 87.6 kW
Discussion Note that for 2-stroke engines, 1 thermodynamic cycle is equivalent to 1 mechanical cycle (and thus revolutions).
9-47
9-60
An ideal dual cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 14. The fraction of heat transferred
at constant volume and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
T1 300 K
v r2
u1 214.07 kJ/kg
v r1 621.2
P
3
x
2
1520.4
kJ/kg
T 823.1 K
v2
1
1
2
v r1 v r1 621.2 44.37
u 2 611.2 kJ/kg
r
14
v1
4
Qout
1
v
v
Process 2-x, x-3: heat addition,
T3 2200 K
h3 2503.2 kJ/kg
v r3 2.012
q in q x 2,in q 3 x,in u x u 2 h3 h x
1520.4 u x 611.2 2503.2 h x

By trial and error, we get
Tx = 1300 K and hx = 1395.97, ux = 1022.82 kJ /kg.

Thus,
q 2 x,in u x u 2 1022.82 611.2 411.62 kJ/kg

and
ratio
(b)
q 2 x,in
q in
411.62 kJ/kg
27.1%
1520.4 kJ/kg
P3v 3 Pxv x
v
T
2200 K
3 3
1.692 rc
T3
Tx
v x Tx 1300 K
v r4
v4
v4
r
14
2.012 16.648 u 4 886.3 kJ/kg
vr
vr
vr
v 3 3 1.692v 2 3 1.692 3 1.692
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
q out u 4 u1 886.3 214.07 672.23 kJ/kg
th 1
q out
672.23 kJ/kg
1
55.8%
q in
1520.4 kJ/kg
9-127
9-149 A modern compression ignition engine operates on the ideal dual cycle. The maximum temperature in the cycle, the
net work output, the thermal efficiency, the mean effective pressure, the net power output, the second-law efficiency of the
cycle, and the rate of exergy of the exhaust gases are to be determined.
Properties The properties of air at 1000 K are cp = 1.142 kJ/kgK, cv = 0.855 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, and k = 1.336
(Table A-2b).
Analysis (a) The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at the beginning of compression process (state 1) are
Vc Vd
V 0.0018 m 3
16 c
V c 0.00012 m 3 V 2 V x
Vc
Vc
V1 V c V d 0.00012 0.0018 0.00192 m 3 V 4
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
v
T2 T1 1
v2
v
P2 P1 1
v2
k 1
343 K 16
1.336-1
870.7 K
2
Qin
95 kPa 161.336 3859 kPa
Process 2-x and x-3: Constant-volume and constant

pressure heat addition processes:
Tx T2
Qout
1
Px
7500 kPa
(870.7 K)
1692 K
P2
3859 kPa
q2- x cv (Tx T2 ) (0.855 kJ/kg.K)(1692 870.7)K 702.6 kJ/kg
q 2 x q x-3 c p (T3 Tx )
702.6 kJ/kg (0.855 kJ/kg.K)(T3 1692)K
T3 2308K
(b)
qin q2 x q x-3 702.6 702.6 1405 kJ/kg
V3 V x
T3
2308 K
(0.00012 m 3 )
0.0001636 m 3
Tx
1692 K

k 1
1.336-1
V
T4 T3 3
V 4
0.0001636 m 3
2308 K
0.00192 m 3
V
P4 P3 3
V 4
0.0001636 m 3
7500 kPa
0.00192 m 3
1009 K
1.336
279.4 kPa
Process 4-1: constant voume heat rejection.
qout cv T4 T1 0.855 kJ/kg K1009 343K 569.3 kJ/kg

The net work output and the thermal efficiency are
wnet,out qin qout 1405 569.3 835.8kJ/kg
th
wnet,out
qin
835.8 kJ/kg
0.5948 59.5%
1405 kJ/kg
(c) The mean effective pressure is determined to be
9-128
P1V1
(95 kPa)(0.00192 m )
0.001853 kg
RT1
0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K 343 K
MEP
mwnet,out
V1 V 2
(0.001853 kg)(835.8kJ/kg) kPa m 3

860.4 kPa
(0.00192 0.00012)m 3 kJ
(d) The power for engine speed of 3500 rpm is
2200 (rev/min) 1 min

n
W net mwnet (0.001853 kg)(835.8 kJ/kg)
28.39kW
2
(2 rev/cycle) 60 s
Note that there are two revolutions in one cycle in four-stroke engines.
(e) The second-law efficieny of the cycle is defined as the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the maximum possible thermal
efficiency (Carnot efficiency). We take the dead state temperature and pressure to be 25C and 100 kPa.
max 1
T0
(25 273) K
1
0.8709
T3
2308 K
and
II
th
0.5948
0.683 68.3%
max 0.8709
The rate of exergy of the exhaust gases is determined as follows
v4
v0
V4
m
0.00192 m 3
1.036 m 3 /kg
0.001853 kg
RT0
0.287 kPa m 3 /kg K 298 K
0.8553 m 3 / kg
P0
100 kPa
T
P
x 4 u 4 u 0 P0 (v 4 v 0 ) T0 ( s 4 s 0 ) cv T4 T0 P0 (v 4 v 0 ) T0 c p ln 4 R ln 4
T0
P0
0.8551009 298 (100 kPa)(1.036 0.8533)m 3 /kg
1009
279.4
(298 K) (1.142 kJ/kg.K)ln

(0.287 kJ/kg.K) ln
298
100
303.3 kJ/kg
2200 (rev/min) 1 min

n
X 4 mx 4 (0.001853 kg)(303.3 kJ/kg)
10.30kW
2
(2 rev/cycle) 60 s
9-138
9-159
A four-cylinder spark-ignition engine with a compression ratio of 8 is considered. The amount of heat supplied
per cylinder, the thermal efficiency, and the rpm for a net power output of 60 kW are to be determined.
an ideal gas with variable specific heats.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kgK (Table A-1). The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
T1 310 K
u1 221.25 kJ/kg
v r1 572.3
v r2
v2
1
1
572.3 54.50
vr vr
v 1 1 r 1 10.5
u 2 564.29 kJ/kg
1800 K
3
Qin
4
Process 2-3: v = constant heat addition.
T3 2100 K
u 3 1775.3 kJ/kg
v r3 2.356
m
Qout
v
v
P1V1
98 kPa 0.0004 m 3
4.406 10 4 kg
3
RT1
0.287 kPa m /kg K 310 K
Qin mu 3 u 2 4.406 10 4 kg 1775.3 564.29kJ/kg 0.5336 kJ

(b) Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
v r4
v4
v r rv r3 10.52.356 24.74
u 4 764.05 kJ/kg
v3 3
Process 4-1: v = constant heat rejection.
Qout mu 4 u1 4.406 10 -4 kg 764.05 221.25kJ/kg 0.2392 kJ

Wnet Qin Qout 0.5336 0.2392 0.2944 kJ
th
(c)
n 2
Wnet 0.2944 kJ
0.5517 55.2%
Qin
0.5336 kJ
60 s
W net
45 kJ/s
4586 rpm
(2 rev/cycle)
ncylWnet,cyl
4 (0.2944 kJ/cycle) 1 min
Note that for four-stroke cycles, there are two revolutions per cycle.

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7-9

Entropy Changes of Pure Substances

(1.25 0.01890) ft 3 /lbm

s1 s f x1 s fg 0.58818 Btu/lbm R (0.8075)( 0.92289 Btu/lbm R ) 1.3334 Btu/lbm R

s 2 1.5706 Btu/lbm R (Table A - 6E)

Hence, the change in the total entropy is

(2 lbm)(1.5706 1.3334) Btu/lbm R

P1 200 kPa v 1 v f x1v fg 0.001061 0.250.88578 0.001061 0.22224 m 3 /kg

Then the entropy change of the steam becomes

S ms 2 s1 (3 kg)(6.6335 2.9294) kJ/kg K 11.1 kJ/K

P1 200 kPa v 1 0.95986 m 3 /kg

T1 150C s1 7.2810 kJ/kg K

s 2 s f x 2 s fg 0.5724 0.049147.6832 0.9499 kJ/kg K

S ms 2 s1 0.02084 kg0.9499 7.2810 kJ/kg K 0.132 kJ/K

P1 400 kPa v 1 v f @60C 0.001017m 3 /kg

v 2 2v 1 20.001017 0.002034 m 3 /kg

Then the entropy change of the water becomes

S ms 2 s1 2.5 kg1.0278 0.8313 kJ/kg K 0.492 kJ/K

q12 Tds Area

q12 Tds Tds

(55 460)R (360 460)R

(360 460)R (2.0 3.0)Btu/lbm R

Entropy Change of Incompressible Substances

7-59C No, because entropy is not a conserved property.

Net energy transfer

Changein internal, kinetic,

mwater V (997 kg/m3 )(0.090 m 3 ) 89.73 kg

S total S copper S water 6.864 8.388 1.52 kJ/K

0 m w c w (T2 Tw1 ) ma cv (T2 Ta1 )

Q ma cv (T2 Ta1 ) (111.5 kg)(0.718 kJ/kg.K)(70.2 12) 4660kJ

S gen S total S w S a 13.11 14.88 1.77 kJ/K

P1 200 kPa h1 h f @15 C 62.98 kJ/kg

T2 150C s 2 7.2810 kJ/kg K

P3 200 kPa h3 h f @80 C 335.02 kJ/kg

Rate of net energy transfer

Rate of changein internal, kinetic,

Q out m 1 h1 h3 (1200/60kJ/s) 4.3 kg/s62.98 335.02kJ/kg

Rate of net entropy transfer

Substituting, the rate of entropy generation during this process is determined to be

(b) The initial and final volumes of the helium are

mRT1 (0.1 kg)(2.0769 kPa m 3 /kg K)(20 273 K)

mRT2 (0.1 kg)(2.0769 kPa m 3 /kg K)(321.7 K)

Then, the final volume of nitrogen becomes

V N2,2 V N2,1 V He,1 V He,2 0.2 0.6406 0.5568 0.2838m3

The heat transferred to the nitrogen is determined from an energy balance

mcv (T2 T1 )N2 mcv (T2 T1 )He

(0.2185 kg) (1.039 kJ/kg.K)ln

P1 6 MPa h1 3658.8 kJ/kg

T1 600C s1 7.1693 kJ/kg K

T2 100C s 2 7.6953 kJ/kg K

Rate of net energy transfer

Rate of changein internal, kinetic,

m (h1 V12 / 2) W out m (h2 V 22 / 2)

(80 m/s) 2 (140 m/s) 2 1 kJ/kg

Rate of net exergy transfer

X destroyed0 (reversible) X system0 (steady) 0

h1 h f x1h fg 561.43 0.8667 2163.5 2436.5 kJ/kg

x1 13 / 15 0.8667 s1 s f x1 s fg 1.6716 0.8667 5.3200 6.2824 kJ/kg K

P2 300 kPa h2 hg @ 300kPa 2724.9 kJ/kg