JANSONS INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY

jit0141
Power Plant Engineering
S.ARUNA
10/7/2016

ME6701- Power Plant Engineering

Course Objectives
Providing an overview of Power Plants and
detailing the role of Mechanical Engineers in
their operation and maintenance.

10/7/2016

ME6701- Power Plant Engineering

Course Outcome
Upon completion of this course, the Students
can able to understand different types of
power plant, and its functions and their flow
lines and issues related to them.
Analyses and solve energy and economic
related issues in power sectors.

10/7/2016

ME6701- Power Plant Engineering

UNIT II
DIESEL, GAS TURBINE AND
COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS

10/7/2016

ME6701- Power Plant Engineering

Syllabus
Otto, Diesel, Dual & Brayton Cycle - Analysis &
Optimization. Components of Diesel and Gas
Turbine power plants. Combined Cycle Power
Plants. Integrated Gasifier based Combined
Cycle systems

10/7/2016

ME6701- Power Plant Engineering

Diesel Power Plant

Components of diesel Power plant

1. Engine
2. Air Intake System
3. Engine Starting system
4. Fuel System
5. Exhaust System
6. Cooling System
7. Lubricating System

Engine
Its the main component of plants which
develops power.
Types : Two stroke, Four strokes.
Air is passed into the cylinder, fuel is also
injected.
The fuel is burned and bring gases expand
and do work on piston.
Shaft of engine is coupled to generator.
Burned gases are exhaust to atmosphere.

Air Intake System

Removes dust from atmospheric air & supplies
fresh air to engine.
Precautions for location:
1. Should not be located inside engine room.
2. Air intake line should not be too small or too
long.
3. Air should not be taken from a confined space.
Types of filters :
1. Dry or oil bath filter.
2. Oil immersed type of filter.

Engine starting system

Used to start the engine in cold conditions by
supplying air.
Starting methods:
1. Auxiliary engine.
2. Self-starters
3. Compressed air system.

Starting methods
Auxiliary engine:
Auxiliary engine located close to main engine and
driven through clutch and gears. Clutch is disengaged
and engine is started.
Self-Starters:
Used in small diesel engines. Motor draws heavy
current & designed to work continuously for 30sec
after which it is cooled.
Compressed Air System:
Used in large diesel engines.
Compressed air supplied from air tank.

Fuel System
Contains
Storage Tank
Fuel pump
Strainers
Meters
Day Tanks
Types
1. Fuel injection system
2. Fuel pump
3. Fuel injection

Fuel Injection System

Functions:
1. Filters fuel.
2. Measures correct quantity of fuel to be
injected.
3. Time the fuel injection.

Fuel Pump
Measures & delivers correct quantity of fuel at
high pressure to injector.
It consists of plunger. When it moves down ,
oil comes into the barrel through ports SP & Y
when it moves up, fuel gets compressed and
lifts delivery value & fuel flows to injected
through passage (p).

Fuel Injection
Delivers fuel into combustion chamber where
fuel is mixed with air.
Fuel from pump enters through passage and
lifts nozzle value. Fuel travels down nozzle &
injected to cylinder. The injection pressure can
be adjusted by adjusting the screw present
above the spring.

Exhaust System
Discharge engine exhaust to atmosphere.
Includes silencers & connecting ducts

Lubricating System
It is used to reduce friction of moving parts &
reduce wear & tear of the engine.
Contains:
Oil pumps
Oil tanks
Filters
Coolers & pipes.

Cooling System

Carries heat generated inside engine cylinder.

Methods:
1. Air cooling
2. Liquid cooling

Air cooling

Engine is cooled by atmospheric air, which flows around engine.

Used in scooters, motor cycles.
Advantage:
1. No danger of coolant leakage.
2. Simple design.
3. Less weight.
4. Easy installation
Disadvantage:
1. Non uniform cooling.
2. Less output.
3. More maintenance.
4. Used in small engines only.
5. Noisy operation.
6. More maintenance.

Gas Turbine Power Plant

Components
(i) Compressor
(ii) Regenerator
(iii) Combustion chamber
(iv) Gas turbine
(v) Alternator
(vi) Starting motor

Compressor
The compressor used in the plant is generally of
rotatory type.
The air at atmospheric pressure is drawn by the
compress or via the filter which removes the dust
from air.
The rotatory blades of the compressor push the
air between stationary blades to raise its
pressure.
Thus air at high pressure is available at the output
of the compressor.

Regenerator
A regenerator is a device which recovers heat
from the exhaust gases of the turbine.
The exhaust is passed through the regenerator
before wasting to atmosphere.
A regenerator consists of a nest of tubes
contained in a shell.
The compressed air from the compressor passes
through the tubes on its way to the combustion
chamber. In this way, compressed air is heated by
the hot exhaust gases.

Combustion chamber
The air at high pressure from the compressor is led to
the combustion chamber via the regenerator. In the
combustion chamber, heat is added to the air by
burning oil.
The oil is injected through the burner into the chamber
at high pressure to ensure atomization of oil and its
thorough mixing with air.
The result is that the chamber attains a very high
temperature (about 3000 F).The combustion gases are
suitably cooled to 1300 F to 1500F and then delivered
to the gas turbine.

Gas turbine
The products of combustion consisting of a
mixture of gases at high temperature and
pressure are passed to the gas turbine.
These gases in passing over the turbine
blades expand and thus do the mechanical
work. The temperature of the exhaust gases
from the turbine is about 900F.

Alternator
The gas turbine is coupled to the alternator.
The alternator converts mechanical energy of
the turbine into electrical energy.
The output from the alternator is given to the
bus-bars through transformer, circuit breakers
and isolators.

Starting motor
Before starting the turbine, compressor has to
be started. For this purpose, an electric motor
is mounted on the same shaft as that of the
turbine.
The motor is energized by the batteries. Once
the unit starts, a part of mechanical power of
the turbine drives the compressor and there is
no need of motor now.

Advantages of Gas turbine power plant

(i) It is simple in design as compared to steam power station since no boilers and their
auxiliaries are required.

(ii) It is much smaller in size as compared to steam power station of the same capacity.
This is expected since gas turbine power plant does not require boiler, feed water
arrangement etc.

(iii) The initial and operating costs are much lower than that of equivalent steam power
station.

(iv) It requires comparatively less water as no condenser is used.

(v) The maintenance charges are quite small.

(vi) Gas turbines are much simpler in construction and operation than steam turbines.

(vii) It can be started quickly form cold conditions.

(viii) There are no standby losses. However, in a steam power station, these losses occur
because boiler is kept in operation even when the steam turbine is supplying no load.

Disadvantages of Gas turbine power

plant

(i) There is a problem for starting the unit. It is because before starting the

turbine; the compressor has to be operated for which power is required from
some external source. However, once the unit starts, the external power is not
needed as the turbine itself supplies the necessary power to the compressor.

(ii) Since a greater part of power developed by the turbine is used in driving the
compressor, the net output is low.

(iii) The overall efficiency of such plants is low (about 20%) because the exhaust
gases from the turbine contain sufficient heat.

(iv) The temperature of combustion chamber is quite high (3000F) so that its life is
comparatively reduced.

Combined Power Cycle

Gas turbine-Steam turbine power plant
Thermionic steam power plant
Thermo electric steam power plant
M.H.D- steam power plant
Nuclear steam combined power plant
MHD- gas turbine power plant

Working of Open Cycle Power Plant

Working Principle
Fresh air enters the compressor at ambient
temperature where its pressure and
temperature are increased.
The high pressure air enters the combustion
chamber where the fuel is burned at constant
pressure.
The high temperature (and pressure) gas
enters the turbine where it expands to
ambient pressure and produces work.

Features
Gas-turbine is used in aircraft propulsion and electric
power generation.
High thermal efficiencies up to 44%.
Suitable for combined cycles (with steam power plant)
High power to weight ratio, high reliability, long life.
Fast start up time, about 2 min, compared to 4 hr for
steam-propulsion systems.
High back work ratio (ratio of compressor work to the
turbine work), up to 50%, compared to few percent in
steam power plants.

Closed Cycle Power Plant

Working Principle
Compressed air is passed through a combustion
chamber where the fuel injects to the air and ignited.
The high temperature air from combustion chamber
expands through a gas turbine where the heat energy
is converted into mechanical energy.
Then the exhaust gas from the gas turbine is passed
through a pre cooler where it is cooled at constant
pressure with the help of circulating water to its
original pressure.
Then the same air is passed through the compressor
again and again.

Open Cycle Gas Turbine

( Advantages)

No pre-cooler is required.

Size and weight are less.

Initial cost and maintenance
cost of the plant are less.
Combustion efficiency is more
Coolant is not required.

Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

(Disadvantages)

Per-cooler is required.

More.
Initial cost and maintenance
cost of the plant are more.
Combustion efficiency is more
Coolant is required for precooler.
The response to load variation The response to load variation
is greater than the closed cycle is less.
gas turbine.

Open Cycle Gas Turbine

(Disadvantages)

Closed Cycle Gas Turbine

( Advantages)

Part of load efficiency rapidly decreases

for the considerable % of power
developed by the turbine and it is used to
drive the compressor.

Efficiency is same through out the cycle

Turbine blades are fouled by combustion

products.

The turbine blades do not wear away

since the combustion is external.

Starting of the power plant is difficult.

Starting of the power plant is easy.

As direct heating is used in open cycle

plant, high quality fuels are required.

Low quality fuels can be used since the

combustion is external.

Thermal stresses are high.

Thermal stresses are low.

Frequent internal cleaning of the system

is necessary.

It does not need for internal cleaning.

Gas Turbine- Steam Power Plant

Principle of Thermionic Power

Generation

Thermionic Steam Power plant

Thermo Electric- Steam Power Plant

Thermo Electric- Steam Power Plant

Nuclear Steam Combined Power

Plant

Combined MHD-Gas Turbine Power

Plant

Combined Gas Turbine and

Cogeneration Power Plant