Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
r
r
B
E =
t
r
D =
r
r D r
H =
+J
t
r
B = 0
where
E =Electric field intensity (V/m),
D =Electric flux density(C/m2),
J =Electric current density (A/m2)
The characteristics of the medium in which the field exists are also
needed to specify the flux in terms of the fields. These characteristics
are expressed as the constitutive relations:
r
r
B = H
r
r
D = E
r
r
J c = E
= r o
= r o
r
r
E = jH
r
r
H = ( + j ) E
r
r
2 E = j ( + j ) E
r
r
or 2 E 2 E = 0
Where
j ( + j ) = j 1 j
E1 = E + e z
E2 = E e + z
ET = E1 + E2 = E + e z + E e + z
For a lossless medium (when = 0 , since there is no
attenuation =0 )
2 E + 2 E = 0
E1 = E + e jz and
E2 = E e + z
and
ET = E1 + E2 = E + e jz + E e + jz
=
j (0 + j ) = j 1 j
= j = j
=
Next, we will discuss these equation in more details
Since:
1. It is a lossless medium(=0).
2. Its a plane wave, i.e. the component of E and H lie in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of motion, and
3. A uniform plane wave, where E and H fields have no
variations of intensity normal to the direction of propagation (zaxis), then
E E
H H
=
= 0 and
=
=0
x y
x
y
r
r
2E 2E = 0
Then:
2Ex
+ 2Ex = 0
2
z
Becomes:
Ex(z)= E 0 e
jz
+ E 0 e jz
Using
Hy(z)=
Hy(z)=
E = j H
j z
1
{E0+ e E0 e jz }
/
1
{E 0+ E 0 } = {H 0+ + H 0 }
/
Where:
1
E0+ = H 0+
/
And the ratio
and
1
E0 = H 0
/
E0 x
= =
H0y
Forward
traveling wave
cos(t z )
The wave is moving in the positive Z direction as time
progresses. The phase velocity of the wave is given by:
vp =
dz
= =
dt
vp
f
0 = 377 , and
0
8
= 3x10 m/s, i.e. the speed of light
0 0
2H y
z 2
+ j ( + j ) E y = 0
Ex(z,t)= E 0 e
cos(t z ) + E 0 e z cos(t + z )
E 0+ e z cos(t z )
Hy (z,t)=
Where
E 0 e z cos(t + z )
j
+ j
1 + 1
2
1 + + 1
2
equations
=
1 + 1
2
reduces to: ==
1 + + 1
2
Since the rate of decay with distance is e-z we may define skin
depth() as the distance where the exponential factor, e- z
becomes 1/e i.e. when z=1/
=1/= =
f
At microwave frequencies skin depth is very short. For example
a 5.4m silver coating on glass is an excellent conductor at
these frequencies.
The intrinsic impedance for a good conductor
1
= (1 + j )
= (1 + j ) R S
2
Where: RS =
2
= (1 + j )
j ( + j )
j
+ j
1 j
1
2
When the loss tangent is very small ( <<1) than one the intrinsic
tan =
1 + j
2
Also from: = j 1 j
+ ( )2
= j 1 j
2 8
Which gives:
and
10
Reflection Coefficient,
2 1
2 + 1
Where 1 =
1
1
2 =
2
2
and
Transmission coefficient:
T=
2 2
2 + 1
SWR = =
(1)
Emax
(1)
min
1+
1
11
2 cos i 1 cos t
2 cos i + 1 cos t
T =
22 cos i
2 cos i + 2 cos t
|| =
1 cos i + 2 cos t
1 cos i + 2 cos t
T|| =
22 cos i
1 cos i + 2 cos t
12
Polarization
x
Ex
Ex
Ex
Ey
(a)
Ey
(b)
(c)
linear polarization
circular polarization
elliptical polarization
Mathematical Formulation
For a wave traveling in the negative z direction, the
electric field components in the x and y directions are :
13
E x = E x 0 cos( t + kz + x )
E y = E y 0 cos ( t + k z + y )
r
E = a x E x 0 cos( t + kz + x ) + a y E y 0 cos( t + kz + y )
(22)
Linear Polarization
y
E y = 5 cos(0 + 0 + 0 ) = 5
E y = 5 cos( / 2 + 0 + 0 ) = 0
E y = 5 cos( + 0 + 0 ) = 5
14
Special cases
If Ex=0 then we only have the y-component (y-polarized
r
wave)
E = a y E yo cos(t + kz + y )
E = a x E xo cos(t + kz + x )
= x y = n ,
n=0,1,2,3,
Circular Polarization
It occurs when Ex0=Ey0, and
= x y =
Odd multiples of /2
Example:
Let x=0, y=/2, Exo=1 and Eyo =1
E = a x E x 0 cos( t + kz ) + a y E y 0 cos( t + kz + )
2
Ey
Ex
3
1
15
E x = cos(t + kz ) = cos 0 = 1
and
E y = cos(t + kz + ) = cos = 0
2
2
So at time t=0 we can located the locus of the E-field
vector at point 1 on the circle.
2) At z=0 and t=/2 we have:
E x = cos( ) = 0;
2
E y = cos( + ) = cos = 1
2 2
E x = cos( ) = 1;
E y = cos( + ) = cos = 0
2
2
16
17