Filters

Passive Filters
A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass signals with desired frequencies and
reject or attenuate others.
A filter is a passive filter if it consists of only passive elements R, L, and C.
A lowpass filter passes low frequencies and stops high frequencies.
A highpass filter passes high frequencies and rejects low .
A bandpass filter passes frequencies within a frequency band and blocks or
attenuates frequencies outside the band.
A bandstop (band reject) filter passes frequencies outside a frequency band and
blocks or attenuates frequencies within the band.

Filter Responses
Ideal Filter Classification
Low pass
filter
f

Band pass
ffilter

High pass
f
filter

Band reject
ffilter

Passive (1st order) Lowpass Filters

RL circuit

R
R L
1
H ( j)

R j L j R L 1 j L R

Plot |H(j)| versus :

Ideal
Actual

1
H ( jc )
H ( j) max
2

R
c
L

H LPF ( j)

1
1 j c
3

Passive (1st order) Lowpass Filters

RC circuit

1 ( j C )
1
H ( j)

R 1 ( jC ) 1 jRC

Plot |H(j)| versus :

Ideal
Actual

1
H ( jc )
H ( j) max
2

1
c
RC

H LPF ( j)

1
1 j c
4

Passive (1st order) Highpass Filters

c
H ( j)

j c
j L
j L R

R jL 1 j L R 1 j c

H ( j)

R
L

1
RC

j c
R
jRC

R 1 ( jC ) 1 jRC 1 j c
5

Example
Effects of Loading on Filter Performance

sL
Ks

R sL s R / L
R
c , K 1
L

H HPF (unloaded ) ( s )

H HPF (loaded )
H HPF (loaded )

Z eq
R Z eq

sLRL
sL RL
sLRL
sL RL

Z eq sL || RL

s RL R RL

sLRL
R( sL RL ) sLRL

s RL RL R RL

Ks
,
s K R L

RL
1;
R RL

c (loaded ) K c ( unloaded ) c ( unloaded )

Example cont`d
Let R=RL=500 and L=5.3mH

Then fc (unloaded)=15kHz

For RL = R

and fc (loaded)= fc`=7.5 kHz

Effects of Loading on Filter Performance
Changes the cutoff frequency
Changes the gain in the passband

Passive 2nd order Lowpass Filter

H ( s)

1 sC
1

R sL 1 sC 1 sRC s 2 LC
(1 LC )
s 2 ( R L) s (1 LC )

o 1 LC

o2
2
H 2nd orderLPF ( s )
2
s s o
8

Passive Bandpass Filters

Series RLC circuit

R
RsC

H ( s)
R sL 1 sC RsC s 2 LC 1
( R L) s
s
2
2
H BPF ( s )
2
s ( R L) s (1 LC ) s s o
o 1 LC
B R L
9

Passive Bandpass Filters

Parallel RLC circuit

H ( s)
H ( s)

Z eq
R Z eq

LC
sL 1 sC
LC
sL 1 sC

LC
Z eq sL ||1 sC
sL 1 sC

LC
(1 RC ) s
2
R( sL 1 sC ) L C s (1 RC ) s (1 LC )

s
H BPF ( s )
2
2
s s o

o 1 LC
B 1 RC
10

Passive Bandpass Filters

Frequency response characteristics:
Only 2 of the 5 characteristics of a bandpass filter can be
specified independently. The others are related as follows:

o c1c 2
B c 2 c1
Q o

11

Example
Design a bandpass filter with a
center frequency of 2 kHz and a
bandwidth of 500 Hz. Use a
250 resistor.

B 2 500Hz

o 2 2kHz=

1
RC

1
LC

1
1

2 500Hz R 2 500Hz 250

1.27 F

1
1

(2 2kHz) 2 C (2 2kHz) 2 1.27 F

4.97 mH

2 103
4
Note: Q o
500
The Q is so low in order to achieve the specified bandwidth.
12

Passive (Bandstop) Bandreject Filters

Series RLC circuit

sL 1 sC
s 2 LC 1

H (s)
R sL 1 sC RsC s 2 LC 1
s 2 o2
s 2 (1 LC )
2
2
H BRF ( s )
2
s ( R L) s (1 LC ) s s o
o 1 LC
B R L

13

Passive (Bandstop) Bandreject Filters

Parallel RLC circuit

R
H ( s)
,
R Z eq
H ( s)

R
R sLL1CsC

LC
Z eq sL ||1 sC
sL 1 sC
R ( sL 1 sC )
s 2 (1 LC )

2
R ( sL 1 sC ) L C s (1 RC ) s (1 LC )

s 2 o2
2
H BRF ( s )
2
s s o

o 1 LC
B 1 RC
14

Example 1
Determine what type of filter is shown. Calculate the corner or cutoff frequency.
Take R = 2 k, L = 2 H, and C = 2 F.

15

Example 1 contd

R = 2 k, L = 2 H, C = 2 F

Note: o

1
LC

1
2 2 10

500 rad/s

C
2 10 6
3
Qp R
2 10
2
L
2
16

Example 2
For the circuit shown, obtain the transfer function Vo()/Vi(). Identify the type
of filter the circuit represents and determine the corner frequency. Take R1 = 100
= R2, L = 2 mH.

This is a highpass filter.

17

Example 2 contd

18

Example 3
If this bandstop filter is to reject a 200-Hz sinusoid while passing other frequencies,
calculate the values of L and C.
Take R = 150 and the bandwidth as 100 Hz.

19

Example 4
Design this bandpass filter with a lower cutoff
frequency of 20.1 kHz and an upper cutoff
frequency of 20.3 kHz. Take R = 20 k. Calculate
L, C, and Q.

Too large !!

20

Example 4 contd
Take R = 20 .

o
Q
101
B
R
20
L
15.916 mH
B 400 rad/s
C

1
1

3.9 nF
3
o QR 40.4 10 rad/s 101 20

21

Example 5
Use a 500 nF capacitor to design this band-reject
filter. The filter has a center frequency of 4 kHz
and a quality factor of 50.

1
1
1
L 2
3.166 mH
2
3
9

0 C 2 4 10 rad/s 500 10 F
LC

Q o RC R

Q
50

3.98 k
3
9
o C 2 4 10 rad/s 500 10 F

22

Active Filters
Passive Filter Disadvantages:

Maximum gain in the pass band is 1 no amplification in the pass band!

Adding a load to a passive filter changes the filters characteristics, like the
cutoff frequency.

Passive band pass and band reject filters require the use of inductors,

which are large, costly, and can introduce stray electromagnetic field
effects.

No obvious method to make the filter characteristic more ideal.

23

Active Filters
Active filters
Based on circuits with op amps, which are active devices, since they
require an external power supply ( VCC).
Eliminate all of the disadvantages of passive filters:
Can create a pass band gain > 1;
Can add loads without changing the filter characteristics;
All four types of filters can be created using op amps, resistors, and
capacitors no inductors;
Can cascade simple (first- and second-order) filters to create higher order
filters that are more nearly ideal.

24

First-Order Active Lowpass Filter

Find the transfer function:

Zf
1 sC || R2

Vo ( s )
H (s)

Vi ( s )
Zi
R1

1
R2C

R2
R1

R2 sC

R2

R1 1 sC R2
R1 R2 R1 R2 sC
R2 R1 1 R2C K c

s 1 R2C

s c

25

Example
Design an active low pass filter with a gain of -5 and a cutoff
frequency of 1 kHz. Use a 10 nF capacitor.

1
c
2(1000) rad/s
R2C
1
15.916 k
R2
9
2(1000)(10 10 )
R2 15,916

3.184 k
R1
5
5

26

First-Order Active Highpass Filter

Find the transfer function:

Zf
Vo ( s )
R2
H ( s)

Vi ( s )
Zi
R1 1 sC

R2 sC
R2 R1 s

R1sC 1 s 1 R1C

For K = -1

1
R1C

R2
R1

27

Example 1
Design an active high pass filter with a gain of -10 and a cutoff
frequency of 500 rad/s. Use a 0.1 F capacitor.

1
c
500 rad/s
R1C
1
R1
20k
(500rad/s)(0.1F)
R2 10 R1 200k

28

Example 2
Design a first-order highpass op amp filter whose transfer function is given
by
H ( s ) s s 4000
Use capacitances of any value. But you only have 10 k resistors available
- no inductors!
The transfer function of an inverting op amp is
Thus,

H ( s)

Z f ( s)
Zi (s)

1
10 103
10 103
10 103
H (s)

1
10 103 4000
4 107
1 4000 s
3
3
10 103
10 10
10 10
2.5 108 s
s
s
10 103

1
10 103
25 109 s

Therefore, Z f ( s) R 10 k
Zi (s) R

1
where R 10 k and C 25nF
sC

29

First-Order Active Bandpass Filter

+ +

30

First-Order Active Bandpass Filter

Gives c2

Gives c1

Gives K

31

First-Order Active Bandpass Filter

H BPF ( s ) H LPF ( s ) H HPF ( s ) H Inv ( s )
R f
c 2
s

s c 2 s c1 R i

( R f Ri ) c 2 s
s 2 (c1 c 2 ) s c1c 2
K s
s

s 02

if

c1 c 2

So this cascading technique only produces broadband filters.

32

Example
Design an active band pass filter with a passband gain of 2 and
cutoff frequencies of 500 Hz and 50 kHz. Use a 200 nF capacitor.

Lowpass filter:
1
2(50, 000Hz)(200nF)
15.9

RL

Highpass filter:
1
2(500Hz)(200nF)
1.592 k

RH

Gain:
R f 1k
Ri 500

33

First-Order Active Bandstop Filter

Gives c1

Gives K

Gives c2

LPF

Summing
Amp.

HPF
34

First-Order Active Bandstop Filter

Find the transfer function:

H BRF ( s) H Inv ( s)[H LPF ( s) H HPF ( s)]
R f c1
s

Ri s c1 s c 2

( R f Ri ) [s2 2c1s c1c 2 ]

s2 (c1 c 2 )s c1c 2

K ( s2 02 )
2
s s 02

if

c1 c 2

So again, this technique only produces broadband filters.

35

Example
Design a notch filter between 20 krad/s and 100 krad/s with a gain of
K = 5. You have only 10 k resistors available.
Lowpass filter:
CL

1
5 nF
20krad/s 10k

Highpass filter:
CH

1
1nF
100krad/s 10k

Gain:
Rf
5 Ri 10 k
Ri
R f 5 10 k
36

Example contd
Note: Due to the fact that the lowpass and highpass filters used in
this example go down with only 20 dB/dec, attenuation in the
stopband might be limited.

37

Second-Order Op-Amp Filters

Bandpass Filter

R2 R3
j
C
R1 R3
H
RR
RR R
1 j 2 1 3 C ( j ) 2 1 2 3 C 2
R1 R3
R1 R3
v

vi

Exercise: Try to derive this transfer function.

1
C

R1 R3
,
R1 R2 R3

1 1
R2C0 ,
2 2

0
Q

2
,
R2C

H (0 ) K

R2
2 R1

Advantage: The bandwidth, thus Q factor, is entirely controlled by R2 .

38

Example 2nd-order Bandpass Filter

Design for 3kHz, K=2, Q=10:

39

Bandstop Filter
H
vi
H ( )

vo

k 1 ( j ) 2 R 2C 2

1 j 2(2 k ) RC ( j ) 2 R 2C 2
1 k 2

k 1 2 R 2C 2

1 R C 2(2 k ) RC
2

H
0 dB
RC

40

Scaling

There are two ways of scaling a circuit: magnitude or impedance

scaling, and frequency scaling.

Both are useful in scaling responses and circuit elements to values

within the practical ranges.

Magnitude scaling leaves the frequency response of a circuit

unaltered.

Frequency scaling shifts the frequency response up or down the

frequency spectrum.

41

Magnitude Scaling
Magnitude scaling is the process of increasing all impedances in a network by a
factor, the frequency response remaining unchanged.

Z R km Z R
Z L km Z L
Z C km Z C

R k m R
j L km j L

R k m R
L k m L

1
1
km
jC
jC

C
C
km

The primed variables are the new values and the unprimed variables are the old
values. Consider the series or parallel RLC circuit. We now have

LC

km L C / km

1
o
LC
42

Frequency Scaling
Frequency scaling is the process of shifting the frequency response of a network
up or down the frequency axis while leaving the impedance the same.

R R

R R
L L / k f

j k f L j L

k f

j k f C

1
jC

C C / k f

Again, if we consider the series or parallel RLC circuit, for the resonant
frequency

LC

B k f B

L / k C / k
f

kf
LC

k f o

43

Magnitude and Frequency Scaling

If a circuit is scaled in magnitude and frequency at the same time,
then
R k m R
L

km
L
kf

C
C
km k f

k f

B k f B

44

Example 1
Redesign the active low pass filter to use a 200 pF capacitor.
Use magnitude scaling:

C
C
km
10nF
C

50
km
C 200pF
R1 50(3183.8) 159.19 k
R2 50(15,915.5) 795.775 k

45

Example 2
Redesign the active low pass filter, which was designed for 1 kHz, so
that the cutoff frequency is 7.5 kHz, using a 250 pF capacitor.
Use frequency scaling first,
then magnitude scaling:

c k f c
C

C
k f km

c 7500
kf

7.5
c 1000
km

C 250 pF;

10nF
C

5.3
k f C (7.5)(250pF)
R1 5.3(3183.8) 16.98k;

R2 5R1 84.9 k
46

Example 3
The fourth-order Butterworth lowpass filter is designed such that the cutoff
frequency is c = 1 rad/s. Scale the circuit for a cutoff frequency of 50 kHz using
10-k resistors.

R k m R
C

C
km k f

km
L
kf

k f

'c 2 50 103
Frequency scaling: k f

105

1
R ' 10 103
Magnitude scaling: km

104
R
1
47

mH

48

Example 4
The third-order Butterworth filter is normalized to c = 1. Scale the
circuit to a cutoff frequency of 10 kHz. Use 15 nF capacitors.
'c 2 104
kf

2 104

1
C
C'
km k f
C
1
104
km

9
4
C ' k f 15 10 2 10
3

104
1 1.061k
R ' km R
3
km
104 2H
L'
L
33.77 mH
4
3 2 10
kf
C ' 15 nF
49