Ductwork Design Program

11/3/2016
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Ductwork Design Program

Air Flow and Pressure Analysis
Preliminary Analysis
Information that is required to analyze a duct system for flow, pressures and sizes include:
Supply or extract air quantities for each terminal device (diffuser, register, grille) in the room.
The location of the terminal device in the room and the routing of ductwork from fan to terminal
Design criteria limits for the project. These include:
Sizing method and associated velocity limits
Ductwork dimensional criteria
Static and total pressure limits to be used in
Fan Selection
Ductwork design and sizing
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Course
Course
Lessons
Building Loads
Analysis
Program
Ductwork
Design Program
Piping Design
Program
Air quantities for terminal devices located in each room can be calculated by the HVAC Application
Loads Program. Locating terminal devices, assigning air quantities to them and during graphic input
http://energy-models.com/ductwork-design-program
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routing ductwork from the fans to the terminal devices.
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Sizing Principles
Duct design is essentially a solution of two basic equations, the relationship between duct velocity, air
quantity and duct cross-sectional area, Eq. 1, and Bernoulli's energy balance equation, Eq. 2.
where: 1,2
A
V
Q
gc
P
?
g
Z
P1 P2
PZ1 PZ2
Pt
= subscripts for stations 1 and 2 in the system

= cross-sectional area of duct (sq in.)
= fluid average velocity (ft/min)
= airflow rate (cu ft/min)
= dimensional constant (lbm - ft)/(lbf - s2)
= static pressure (lbf/sq ft)
= fluid density (lbm/sq ft)
= ?g/gc = specific weight (lbf/cu ft)
= acceleration due to gravity (ft/sec2)
= elevation (ft)
= gage pressures at stations 1 and 2 (lb/sq ft)
= atmospheric pressures at elevations Z1 and Z2
= total pressure loss between station 1 and station 2 in the system (lbf/sq ft)
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cf
= conversion factor (144)
When the specific weight of atmospheric air a is constant, it can be written that:
PZ1 - PZ2 = a (Z2 - Z1)

Assuming that the specific weight of atmospheric air equals that of air within the duct, and combining
Eq. 2 and 3 yields:
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Head and Pressure

Head and pressure are often used interchangeably, but these terms have specific meanings.
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Head is the height of a fluid column supported by fluid flow, while pressure is the normal force per unit
area. With a liquid, it is convenient to measure the head of a fluid in terms of the flowing fluid. With a gas
or air, however, it is customary to measure pressure on a column of liquid.
Static Pressure
Air exerts pressure on the walls of the duct in which it is confined. This pressure Ps is called static
pressure at a station in the system and is positive or negative according to whether the pressure is
greater or less than the ambient atmospheric pressure.
Velocity Pressure
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The term (V2/2gc) in Eq. 2 is called the velocity pressure. Acting in the same direction as the flow of air,
it is a measure of the kinetic energy. The velocity head (V2/2g) is independent of fluid density, while
velocity pressure is not independent of density.
where: Pv
V
cf
= velocity pressure (in. of water)

= fluid mean velocity (ft/min)
= fluid density (lbm/cu ft)
Total Pressure
Total pressure is the sum of static pressure and velocity pressure:
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where: Pt
Ps
Pv
= total pressure (in. of water)

= static pressure (in. of water)
The pressure loss Pt in Eq. 2 is the resistance of a section of a duct system to flow and is composed of
two elements:
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Duct friction, which as the name implies, is the frictional drag of the fluid moving along a rough
surface, the duct wall.
Dynamic loss, caused by restrictions and changes in direction to the flow through a piece of
equipment (volume damper, heating coil, sound attenuator, etc.) and duct fittings.
Frictional Losses
When air flows through a duct, there is a loss of pressure due to the frictional drag of the air moving
along the surfaces of the ducts.
For air flow in ducts, the friction loss may be calculated by the Darcy-Weisbach equation:
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages-31335/ductwork-designprogram-6.png)
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where:
V
Pfr
fd
L
D
cf1
cf2

= fluid mean velocity (ft/min)
= friction losses in terms of total pressure (in. of water)
= friction factor, dimensionless
= duct length (ft)
= equivalent internal diameter of duct (in.)
Air flow in ducts follow two very different regimes: laminar flow at low velocities, and turbulent at high
velocities. A transition zone in which flow may be either laminar or turbulent exists between the laminar
and fully developed turbulent regions. Experimentation has determined two Reynolds numbers for which
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the flow is entirely laminar or turbulent. This dimensionless quantity, known as the Reynolds number Re,
is defined by:
where: D
V
cf
= equivalent internal diameter of duct (in.)

= fluid velocity in an equivalent round duct (ft/min)
= fluid dynamic viscosity (lbm/ft x hr)
Within the region of laminar flow (Reynolds numbers less than 2100). The friction factor fd is a function
of the Reynolds number only, and it is ndependent of the roughness coefficient of the duct wall. It is
defined by:
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In completely turbulent regions (Reynolds numbers greater than 4000), the friction fd depends on the
relative roughness of the duct material. It is independent of the Reynolds number and defined by:
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In the transition zone (Reynolds numbers between 2100 and 4000), the fraction fd depends on duct
material absolute roughness and the Reynolds number represented by the Colebrook equation:
where:
cf
= duct material absolute roughness (ft)

= conversion factor, (12)
If the air flow is smooth (Re < 2100), then Eq. 10 is used to determine the friction factor fd to solve the
Darcy-Weisbach equation, Eq. 8, for friction drop through the duct section. To differentiate between
transitional and rough turbulent flows, a value for fd is calculated from the equation for rough turbulent
flows. Eq. 11. This is then used in Eq. 13 which is a close approximation of the curve which separates
the rough flow from transitional on the Moody chart (ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 4.10,
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fig. 13).
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where: cf
= conversion factor (2.16 x 10-6)
If T is greater than 100, the flow is rough and the value calculated for fd in Eq. 11 is representative of the
flow. If T is less than 100, the flow is transitional and the value for fd obtained from Eq. 11 is used as a
starting value to solve Eq. 12 iteratively for the friction factor for the flow. fd is then used in Eq. 8 to
obtain the friction loss through the duct section.
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Absolute Roughness
Duct material absolute roughness used by the program is shown in Fig. 1-6:
Duct Material
Uncoated Carbon Steel, Clean
Aluminum
Galvanized Steel, Hot Dipped
Stainless Steel
Absolute Roughness, ? / ft
0.00015
0.0002
0.0005
0.0003
Fibrous Glass Duct, Rigid

Flexible Duct, Metallic
Fibrous Glass Duct Liner
0.0003
0.007
0.015
Fig. 1-6: Duct Material Absolute Roughness

(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 33.5)
Frictional Losses for Noncircular Ducts
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All friction loss calculations are based on the equivalent hydraulic diameter.
With equal length of round and rectangular ducts, constant flow in each duct, and equal resistance to
flow in both the round and rectangular ducts, the equivalent round of a rectangular
duct is:
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where: De
a
b
= circular equivalent of a rectangular duct of equal length, fluid resistance and flow
= length of one side of duct (in.)
= length of adjacent side of duct (in.)
The mean velocity in a rectangular and oval duct will be less than its circular equivalent.
For oval ducts, the corresponding equations are:
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where: P
a
b
= perimeter of oval duct (in.

= length of major axis (in.)
= length of minor axis (in.)
For both rectangular and oval ducts, the length of the sides is initially determined by the target aspect
ratio. If the resulting dimensions fall outside the minimum and maximum allowable limits you have set,
the dimensions are recalculated without using the target aspect ratio.
Dynamic Losses
Dynamic losses are caused by restrictions and changes in direction to the flow through a piece of
equipment (volume damper, heating coil, etc.) and duct fittings. HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA,
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1985 lists the fittings available for round and rectangular ducts. Since little dynamic loss data for oval
fittings are available, the data for rectangular fittings are used as an approximation.
Fittings
A duct fitting can occur anywhere along the length of a duct section. The program does not limit the
number of fitting types or multiples thereof per duct section. If a fitting type is not available in the tables,
its dynamic loss has to be entered as a special loss.
All the necessary engineering performance information for fittings is provided in the Ducts Program. The
engineering design effort is to locate the appropriate fitting type in the duct network system. The duct
fitting type and shape type should be compatible. Fittings are classified as junctions, transitions, and
elbows.
Junctions Junctions are fittings which split the air stream into two or more branches. Converging
junctions join two or more air streams into one and are basically used in a return/extract
duct system. Fittings called take-offs, tees, and wyes are in this category. Loss
coefficients for junctions are functions of the duct dimensions, air velocities and airflow
rates.
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Transitions Transitions are fittings which change the duct size or shape without changing airflow
direction or airflow rate. Transitions can be converging or diverging. Loss coefficients for
transitions are functions of upstream and downstream duct velocities, angle of transition,
transition length, and Reynolds number, Re.
Elbows
Elbows are fittings which change the direction of the air stream without changing the air
quantity or velocity. The loss coefficients of elbows are functions of the elbow radius, duct
dimensions, angle of turn, and Reynolds number, Re.
By definition, a new duct section occurs when there is a change in air quantity, velocity, shape, duct
material or duct insulation. Every duct section, therefore, begins with a junction or transition type fitting.
These fittings are commonly referred to as take-off fittings. There is always one, and only one, take-off
fitting per duct section.
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Fitting Losses
Methods of computing the energy losses from the various fitting types are based on information found in
ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 33.28 through 33.50
The fluid resistance coefficient represents the ratio of the total pressure loss to the dynamic pressure at
the referenced cross-section O:
where: cf
Pt
Co
V
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Pv,o

= total losses of fitting in terms of total pressure (in. of water)
= overall fluid resistance coefficient referenced to section O, dimensionless
= average velocity to which coefficient Co is referenced (ft/min)
For entries, exists, elbows and transitions, the fitting total pressure loss at section is calculated by:
Pt = Co Pv,o
where the subscript o is the cross section at which the velocity pressure is referenced.
For converging and diverging flow junctions, the total pressure loss through the main section is
calculated as:
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Pt = Cc,s Pv,c
For total pressure losses through the branch section
Pt = Cc,b Pv,c
where: Cc,s = main local coefficient, dimensionless
Cc,b = branch local coefficient, dimensionless
Pv,c = velocity pressure at the common section, c
A tee nomenclature is shown in Fig. 1-7 for converging and diverging flow junction where,
Pt(s to c) = Cc,s Pv,c | Pt(c to s) = Cc,s Pv,c

Pt(b to c) = Cc,b Pv,c | Pt(c to b) = Cc,b Pv,c
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(/sites/all/files/advancedpages-31335/ductwork-design-program-15.png)
(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook:

1981 Fundamentals, Fig. 6, p. 33.8)
Fan Pressures, Mechanical Energy

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For a supply duct system, a circuit is defined as the succeeding sections of ductwork from the fan
discharge up to either a terminal device or a primary damper (for constant-volume, fan-powered boxes
only). For an extract duct system, a circuit is defined as the succeeding section of ductwork from a
terminal device up to a fan.
The number of circuits in a duct system is, by definition, equal to the number terminal devices and/or
constant-volume, fan-powered boxes.
The supply and extract duct systems are run independently; however, the supply system does need the
total pressure losses from the extract system in order to determine the fan total pressure if a return fan
is not specified. Therefore, the extract duct system should be run first, the total pressure losses of the
extract duct system are compared to the loss from the outdoor intake to the mixing box. The greater of
the two is used as miscellaneous duct losses for the supply system.
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The total pressure losses for each section of a duct system are calculated by Eq. 22:
where: Pt
Pi
n
Pj
m
Pk
= total pressure loss for section of ductwork (in. of water)

= fitting total pressure loss (in. of water)
= number of fittings within a section of ductwork
= equipment (damper, coil, etc.) total pressure loss (in. of water)
= number of pieces of equipment within a section of ductwork
= duct friction loss in terms of total pressure (in. of water)
The total pressure drop through each circuit is calculated by summing the pressure loss through each
section in the circuit.
The fan total pressure requirement for an extract duct system is given by the expressions:
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Pt = Pt + SEFi + SEFo + Pf + Pd
where: Pt
= fan total pressure (in. of water)
Pt = pressure drop through critical circuit, circuit with maximum resistance to flow ("H2O)
SEFi = system effect factor due to fan inlet conditions (in. of water)
SEFo = system effect factor due to fan outlet conditions (in. of water)
Pf = total pressure loss through fan components such as coils, filters, etc. ("H2O)
Pd = total pressure loss through miscellaneous ductwork such as ductwork downstream of the
fan for an extract system, or extract or return ductwork for a supply system ("H 2O)
Duct Sizing
The sections of supply duct systems can be sized using one of the following methods:
Pre-sized
equal friction
static regain
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total pressure
velocity reduction
constant velocity
Equal friction and constant velocity are the only methods for the design of extract duct systems.
For a draw-through fan, the first section is the one immediately downstream of the fan outlet. If the
supply fan arrangement is blow-through, the first section of the ductwork is the section immediately
downstream of the cooling coil. If the fan has a discharge plenum, the first section of the ductwork is the
one immediately following the plenum. You should identify the first section and lay out the duct network
accordingly.
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The static regain, total pressure and velocity reduction sizing methods cannot be used to size duct
sections downstream of terminal boxes. If you select one of these three methods downstream of a
terminal box, the program will automatically default to the equal friction method.
Flexible ducts are always considered round in shape. They are sized using the velocity you specify.
Pre-Sized Method
The pre-sized method can be used to calculate pressure losses for a system with pre-calculated duct
dimensions. If you choose this method, the program will check the network for duct dimensions. Only if
all sections are sized will it calculate pressure drops through each section and determine critical circuits.
Equal Friction Sizing Method

In the equal friction method, the system is sized for a constant pressure loss per unit length of duct. The
equal friction method can be used for the design of supply and extract duct systems.
The program offers two options for this method. The first option, called ASHRAE Limits, allows the
designer to specify high and low limits for pressure loss per unit length and velocity.
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For the other option, you can specify the pressure loss per unit length and the maximum and minimum
velocity for the sections of a duct system.
The equal friction sizing method works iteratively between the minimum and maximum velocity limits to
determine a duct size that results in the specified pressure loss per unit length. You can also request a
pressure analysis of the network.
Static Regain Sizing Method

For this method, a section of the duct system is sized so that the increase in static pressure due to
velocity reduction from its upstream section, offsets the friction loss in the section. As in the other sizing
methods, the program starts sizing with the first section. If you have not specified any overrides for the
ducts in that section, it is sized based on the maximum velocity you specified.
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When sizing any other section, the program searches upstream of that section until it finds a section that
also used the static regain sizing method. The velocity at the exit of that section is used as the upper
velocity limit for the section to be sized; the minimum you specified is used as the lower limit. The
program searches iteratively between these limits to calculate a duct size that results in the required
static regain. If the static regain calculated is less than that required even at minimum velocity, the
section is sized using minimum velocity.
If the program encounters a section where all upstream sections are pre-sized, that section is sized
using maximum velocity and the sizing method is applicable starting at that section.
Essentially, the program disregards any sections that have been overridden or that use another sizing
method.
The advantage of this method is that all sections have approximately the same entering static pressure,
thereby simplifying outlet selection. One disadvantage might be seen in networks with a large pressure
drop in a section near the fan outlet. The velocity could be reduced to the minimum within a few sections
in such a way that all the ductwork downstream would be sized using minimum velocity. Another
disadvantage could stem from specifying a very low minimum velocity. Ducts would then tend to be very
large at the end of long branch runs. The sizing method does not account for the total mechanical
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energy supplied to the air by the fan.
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Total Pressure Sizing Method

The total pressure sizing method is a variation of the static regain method. The total pressure of any
point in the ductwork represents the actual energy of the moving air at that point.
The program will search for the first section that does not have override dimensions. This section is
sized at the maximum velocity you have specified. When sizing any other section, the program searches
upstream until it finds a section that also used the total pressure sizing method. The total pressure
leaving that section is considered equal to the total pressure entering the section to be sized. The
program then uses binary convergence, starting with the minimum velocity, until it finds a duct size that
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matches the required entering total pressure. All presized duct sections are disregarded when applying
the total pressure sizing method to the sections to be sized.
The advantage of this method is that it accounts for all mechanical energy losses in a system. The
system design does not have to be dependent on an assumed velocity at the fan outlet.
Velocity Reduction Sizing Method

This method sizes the first section for the maximum velocity that you specified and designs the
downstream sections at progressively lower velocities using the reduction percentage you also
specified. The velocity cannot fall below the minimum that you specified.
If the section immediately above the section to be sized is a presized section, the program searches
upstream until it finds a section that also used the velocity reduction sizing method and treats it as the
upstream section for the section to be sized.
Constant Velocity Sizing Method

The constant velocity method is a design in which every section of a duct system is sized based on the
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design
velocity you specified. This design velocity may be overridden for any section of the system.
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Maximum and minimum velocity limits are not applicable in this method. Flexible ducts are also sized
based on a design velocity you specified. The constant velocity method can be used for the design of
supply and extract duct systems.
Circuit Analysis and System Balancing

The series of duct sections starting from the primary fan/air handling unit section to the duct section with
an opening is defined as a circuit. The number of duct circuits in a duct system is, by definition, equal to
the number of supply and exhaust openings (registers, grilles or diffusers).
Circuit pressure analysis consists of the following steps:
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Add the pressure losses in each section of the circuit to obtain the circuit pressure loss.
Determine the highest circuit pressure loss.
Set the entering total pressure of the first section in the circuit as the sum of the highest circuit pressure
loss and the velocity pressure in the section.
Analyze each section in the circuit starting with the first section and moving through each section in the
fluid flow sequence.
The entering section total pressure is the leaving section total pressure of the upstream section.
The leaving section total pressure is the entering section total pressure less the section pressure
loss.
The entering and leaving section static pressures are obtained by deducting the velocity pressure at
these nodes.
Calculate the balancing required in each circuit. This is equal to the highest circuit total pressure loss
minus the given circuit total pressure loss.
In the case of primary-secondary systems, the primary circuit ends at the fan-powered box or the
terminal device if there is no box in the circuit.
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Secondary systems are analyzed independently as separate systems. The entering pressure of the first
section in the secondary system is the pressure loss of the secondary circuit with the highest pressure
loss.
The objective of system balancing is to maintain the same pressure loss in all circuits. Dampers at the
end of each circuit will still be required, but are used to make the fine tuning adjustment to maintain the
right air quantity at each opening.
Using the specified sizing method, the Ducts Program makes the preliminary analysis and calculates
sizes for all sections of the duct system. It next determines the circuit with the highest pressure loss.
This circuit is commonly referred as the longest hydraulic run. All other circuits will have to be
dampered. The amount of dampering is directly related to the difference between the pressure loss of
the given circuit and the highest pressure loss of the system.
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The system balancing process involves a series of iterations to increase the pressure losses of all
circuits to that of the circuit with the highest pressure loss. The process starts with the circuit with the
next highest pressure loss and continues in descending order of circuit pressure loss. Duct sections in
the circuit and that are not common to the previously analyzed circuits are iteratively reduced in size
until the circuit pressure loss is equal to the loss in the longest run. There are limits to the process of
reducing sizes. The iteration stops when the pressure loss, velocity and noise levels in the duct section
reaches the maximum limits of the design criteria. In this case, the circuit still remains unbalanced and
requires dampering. Output reports indicate the amount of dampering required by each circuit.
Thermal Analysis
After the duct network has been sized, the system can be analyzed to calculate heat gains or losses in
the network.
The thermal analysis option is available only for systems that satisfy the following criteria:
There are no terminal boxes in the network with reheat coils.
All rooms are in either the heating or cooling mode.
There are no secondary heating coils in the system.
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The program begins the thermal analysis with the first section in the ductwork. The temperature of air
entering the first section is the same as the coil leaving temperature for a blow-through system. For a
draw-through system, the temperature of air entering the first section is adjusted for heat gain across the
fan. For a motor that is inside the airstream, the heat gain is given by
For a motor that is outside the airstream, the heat gain is
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qb = HPm x LF x cf
where: qm
HPm
LF
cf
= heat gain from electric motor (Btu/hr)

= horsepower rating for the motor
= full load motor efficiency (%)
= load factor, i.e. a fraction of rated load delivered
= conversion factor (745.7)
The horsepower rating and full load efficiency are obtained from Fig. 1-8.
The temperature rise across the fan is then calculated using the following equation:
where: Tf
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qm
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Q
cf1
= temperature rise across the fan (oF)

= heat gain from electric motor (Btu/hr)
= air flow quantity (cu ft/min)
= air density (lbm/cu ft)
Rated
Motor HP
0.16
0.25
0.33
0.50
0.75
Full Load
Efficiency %
35
54
56
60
72
Rated
Motor HP
20
25
30
40
50
Full Load
Efficiency %
87
88
89
89
89
77
60
89
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2
3
5
7.5
10
15
79
81
82
84
85
86
75
100
125
150
200
250
90
90
90
91
91
91
Fig. 1-8: Heat Gains from Typical Electric Motors

(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals p. 26.26, Table 24)
Once the temperature of air entering the first section is determined, the individual sections can be
analyzed for heat gains or losses. The program calculates heat gains or losses using the following
expressions:
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where: Y
y
qe
U
P
A
D
L
and:
te
ti
ta
cf
cf1
cf2
= cf1 AV?/UPL for rectangular and oval ducts

= cf2 DV?/UL for round ducts
= heat loss/gain through duct walls (Btu/hr) (Negative for heat gain)
= overall coefficient of heat transfer of duct walls (Btu/sq ft. oF)
= perimeter of duct (in.)
= cross-sectional area of duct (sq in.)
= duct diameter (in.)
= duct length (ft)
= density (lbm/cu ft)
= temperature of air entering duct (oF)
= temperature of air leaving duct (oF)
= temperature of air surrounding duct, (oF)
The U-values used in the program for sheet metal, lined and insulated ducts are shown in Fig 1-9.
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(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook: 1981 Fundamentals, p. 33.10, Fig. 8)
Reanalysis Options
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The program provides two ways to reanalyze heat gains and losses. You can choose to
Recalculate air flow quantities at each terminal device
Adjust the coil leaving temperature
Option One
The first option is to recalculate air flow quantities required at each terminal device in order to satisfy the
design cooling or heating loads in each room. This is done by comparing the actual supply air
temperature to the design supply air temperature that you can specify for each room. The following
expression is used to recalculate the air flow quantities:
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where: Q1
Q2
Tr
Ts
To
= design supply air quantity (cu ft/min)

= recalculated supply air quantity (cu ft/min)
= design room dry-bulb temperature (oF)
= design supply air temperature at terminal device (oF)
= actual supply air temperature at terminal device (oF)
Once the supply air quantities are adjusted, the program then resizes the ductwork and has the option of
performing pressure, acoustic and thermal analyses for the new network.
Option Two
The second option is to recalculate the coil leaving temperature by an amount equal to the temperature
difference in the circuit with the maximum temperature rise or drop.
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For a network that has net heat gain across the sections, the coil leaving temperature is lowered so that
the design supply air temperature can be maintained at the terminal device for the circuit with the
maximum temperature rise. For a network that has net heat loss across the sections, the coil leaving
temperature is increased so that design supply air temperature can be maintained at the terminal device
for the circuit with the maximum temperature drop.
The next step is to recalculate supply air quantities for all other terminal devices in order to satisfy
design cooling or heating loads for each room.
Once the required air quantities are recalculated, the program then resizes the network and has the
option of performing pressure, acoustic and thermal analyses for the network.
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Acoustic Analysis and System Noise Attenuation

The program determines the amount of required attenuation on the inlet and discharge sides of the
fan(s), or in the main ductwork and branches as described below.
For each circuit, the program determines the resultant attenuation provided by the following items:
1. In straight, line and unlined duct
2. In lined and unlined elbows
3. Fan discharge plenum (supply ductwork only)
4. Branch takeoffs
5. Duct and reflection loss
6. Room effect
The resultant sound power level per terminal device (inlet or outlet) is the difference between the
attenuation of the ductwork system and room effect (items 1 through 6) and the fangenerated sound
power level for all eight octave bands. The difference between this resultant sound power level per
diffuser and the sound pressure levels that correspond with the specified room criterion (NC level)
represents the attenuation required on the inlet and discharge sides of the fan(s), or in the main
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ductwork and branches.
Fig. 1-10 summarizes the system noise procedure described for each
circuit.
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Item
Fan Lq re 10-2 watts
Attenuation of duct system
Branch take-offs and room effect attenuation
Total system attenuation, line 2 + line 3
Sound Power level per terminal device
Room criterion (NC level), line 1 - line 4
Required attenuation, line 5 - line 6
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Fig. 1-10:
Summary Table
On determining the resultant sound power level for each circuit, the program does not take into account
the following items:
attenuation through terminal boxes
terminal box discharge sound power level
regenerated noise at fitting
attenuation in fittings other than elbows and branch takeoffs
Fan Noise
The sound power generation of a given fan obtained from the fan manufacturer may be entered using
the fan sound power levels input form. However, if the data are not available, the program can estimate
the octave band sound power levels for various fans using the following expression:
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(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages-31335/ductworkdesign-program-23.png)
where: Lw
Kw
Q
Q1
P
P1
C
= estimated sound power level of fan (dB re 1pW)

= specific sound power level from table
= flow rate (cu ft/min)
= 1 when flow is in sq ft/min
= Fan static pressure (in. of water)
= 1 when pressure is in in. of water
= correction factor in dB, for point of operation
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11/3/2016
The values of the estimated sound power level Lw are calculated for all eight bands using Eq. 30, and
the BFI (see Fig. 1-11) is added to the octave band in which the blade passage frequency falls. Fig. 1-12
is used to determine the octave band in which blade frequency increment (BFI) occurs for the various
types of fans.
Fan Type
BACK TO
TOP
Centrifugal Airfoil
backward
>= 36 in.
curved,
Backward
< 36 in.
inclined
Forward, curved
All
Radial blade,
> 40 in.
40 in.-20 in.
Pressure blower
20 in.
>= 40 in.
Vaneaxial
40 in.
>= 40 in.
Tubeaxial
40 in.
Propeller
All
Cooling tower
63
Fan Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
32
32
31
29
28
23
15
10
36
38
36
34
33
38
20
15
47
45
55
63
39
37
41
40
43
39
48
57
36
39
39
41
39
42
48
58
38
43
43
47
33
39
45
50
39
43
41
46
28
37
45
44
37
43
39
44
25
32
40
39
34
41
37
43
23
30
38
38
32
38
34
37
20
29
36
37
30
35
31
32
48
51
58
55
52
46
40
BFI
3
8
6
5
Fig. 1-11: Sound Power Levels

Specific sound power levels for inlets or outlets.
(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.7, p. 11.14)
Fan Type
Centrifugal
Airfoil, backward curved, backward
Octave Band
250 Hz
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11/3/2016
inclined
Forward curved
Radial blade, pressure blower
500 Hz
125 Hz
Vaneaxial
125 Hz
Tubeaxial
63 Hz
Cooling Tower Propeller
63 Hz
Fig. 1-12: Octave Band

Octave band in which blade frequency increment occurs.
(reproduced with permission from 1987 ASHRAE Handbook, Table 4, p. 52.7)
Point of Operation
The specific sound power levels given in Fig. 1-11 are for fans operating at or near the peak efficiency
point of the fan performance curve. If a fan is not operating at or above 90% of peak static efficiency, a
correction factor, C (see Eq. 30), is added to the specific sound power levels given in Fig. 1-13 for all
eight octave bands. Fig. 1-12 gives the correction factor C as a function of percent of peak static
BACK TO
TOP
efficiency.
Static Efficiency
% of Peak
Correction Factor
dB
90 to 100
85 to 89
75 to 84
0
3
6
65 to 74
55 to 64
50 to 54
9
12
15
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11/3/2016
Fig. 1-13: Correction Factor C

Correction factor, C, for off-peak operation (reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct
Design, SMACNA, Table 11.8, p. 11.15)
Fans In Parallel
The program can accept up to ten fans in parallel. These fans must be of the same type and produce
the same static pressure and flow rate. The resultant sound power levels of two or more fans in parallels
for all octave bands are obtained from Fig. 1-14.
BACK TO
TOP
Difference
between sound
levels in dB
No. of dB to be
added to higher
level
0
1
3.0
2.6
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
14
2.1
1.8
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.2
Fig. 1-14: Combining Decibels

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.1, p. 11.2)
Example:
Find the resultant sound power levels of three fans in parallel having an estimated sound
power level equal to 90 dB at the 125 octave band using Fig. 1-14.
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11/3/2016
Solution:
1. 90 dB - 90 dB = 0 dB from Fig. 1-14, 3 dB is added to the higher level 90 dB. The resultant sound
power level for 2 fans in parallel is 90 + 3 = 93 dB.
2. 93 dB - 90 dB = 3 dB from Fig. 1-14, 1.8 dB is added to the higher level 93 dB. The resultant
sound power level for 3 fans in parallel is 93 + 1.8 = 94.8 dB.
Fan Discharge Air Plenum

The sound attenuation provided by a plenum on the fan discharge shown in Fig. 1-15 is
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages-31335/ductwork-design-program24.png)
where:
BACK TO
Se
TOP
Sw
dr
= absorption coefficient of lining, dimensionless

= plenum exit area (sq ft)
= plenum wall area (sq ft)
= distance between entrance and exit (ft)
= angle of incident at exit, degrees
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Attenuation of the Duct System

The program calculates the natural attenuation of unlined rectangular and round duct sections of the
duct system using Fig. 1-16 and Fig. 1-17. These tables give the natural attenuation for linear length as
a function of the duct dimension for all the eight octave bands.
Fig. 1-16 is also used for oval ducts. The program uses the smallest duct dimensions for rectangular
and oval ducts. The attenuation values given in Fig. 1-16 and Fig. 1-17 are doubled if the unlined duct
BACK TO
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section has an external insulation.
The program calculates the natural attenuation of lined rectangular and round duct sections and elbows
using Fig. 1-18 through Fig. 1-21. These tables give the attenuation as a function of duct dimension and
lining thickness for all eight octave bands.
Fig. 1-18 and Fig. 1-19 are also used for oval ducts. The program uses the smallest duct dimension for
rectangular and oval ducts. The attenuation values given in Fig. 1-18 through Fig. 1-21 are used for duct
sections of only a maximum of 15 linear feet of lined duct, lined duct sections of over 15 linear feet are
considered as unlined duct.
Smallest Duct
Dimension
63
Octave Band Center Frequency Hz

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
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Attenuation
Of Unlined
Rectangular
Duct dB/ft
3"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
.10
.15
.18
.20
.20
.20
.20
.10
.10
.12
.14
.14
.15
.16
.05
.05
.06
.06
.06
.06
.07
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.05
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
.04
04
0.4
0.4
.04
.04
0.4
.04
04
0.4
0.4
.04
.04
0.4
.04
04
0.4
0.4
.04
.04
0.4
Fig. 1-16: Attenuation, Unlined Rectangular and Oval Ducts

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10A, p. 11.16)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Round
Duct dB/ft
BACK TO
TOP
Smallest Duct
Dimension
63

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
3"-5"
6"-12"
.03
.03
.03
.03
.02
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
.02
.02
.02
.01
.01
.01
.02
.02
.02
0
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
0
0
0
.01
.01
.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fig. 1-17: Attenuation, Unlined Round Ducts

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10B, p. 11.16)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Rectangular
Smallest Duct
Dimension
63
3"-5"
6"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
.3
.2
.2
.2

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
.6
.4
.3
.2
1.0
.9
.6
.5
2.1
1.9
1.5
1.4
5.0
4.3
3.7
3.5
10.5
7.5
3.0
1.8
5.0
2.0
1.0
.8
4.0
2.0
1.0
.8
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Duct dB/ft
1" lining
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.3
.25
.25
1.0
.9
.8
.7
1.8
1.5
1.0
.8
1.2
1.0
.8
.7
.6
.4
.3
.2
.6
.4
.3
.2
Fig. 1-18: Rectangular Duct, 1 Inch Lining

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10E, p. 11.17)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Rectangular
Duct dB/ft
with 1/2"
lining
Smallest Duct
Dimension
63

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
3"-5"
6"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.3
.25
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
.2
.2
1.3
1.1
1.0
.8
.6
.4
.3
.2
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.6
1.2
.8
.5
.4
5.0
4.5
1.5
1.4
1.0
.8
.5
.2
5.0
2.0
1.0
.8
.6
.3
.3
.2
4.0
2.0
1.0
.8
.6
.3
.3
.2
BACK
TO
Fig.
TOP
1-19: Rectangular Duct, 1/2 Inch Lining

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10F, p. 11.17)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Round
Duct dB/ft
with 1"
lining
Smallest Duct
Dimension
63

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
6"-12"
13"-18"
.3
.2
1.0
.7
1.5
1.0
1.5
1.2
3.7
2.7
4.8
2.8
2.8
1.5
2.2
1.3
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
.1
.07
.04
.02
.01
.5
.2
.08
.02
.02
.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
1.0
.8
.6
.5
.4
1.7
1.0
.6
.5
.4
.9
.7
.5
.4
.3
.5
.5
.5
.4
.3
.5
.5
.5
.4
.3
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Fig. 1-20: Round Duct, 1 Inch Lining

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10G, p. 11.17)
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Round
Duct dB/ft
with 2"
lining
Smallest Duct
Dimension

63
125
250
500
6"-12"
13"-18"
19"-24"
25"-36"
37"-48"
49"-72"
73"-96"+
.5
.4
.3
.2
.12
.08
.06
1.2
1.0
.8
.3
.2
.1
.08
1.7
1.2
.9
.7
.5
.3
.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.5
1.0
.7
.6
1000 2000 4000 8000

3.9
3.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
.7
.6
5.0
3.0
1.0
.8
.7
.5
.4
3.0
1.7
.8
.6
.6
.5
.4
2.3
1.5
.7
.6
.6
.5
.4
Fig. 1-21: Round Duct, 2 Inch Lining

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10H, p. 11.17)
The attenuation of unlined rectangular and round elbows is given in Fig. 1-22. The program doubles the
attenuation values given in this table if the unlined elbow has external insulation.
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TOP
Attenuation
Of Unlined
Elbows
Rectangular
Duct dB/ft
Smallest Duct
Dimension

63
125
250
500
To 4"
5"-10"
11"-20"
21"-40"
41"-80"+
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
0
0
0
1.0
2.0
0
0
1.0
2.0
3.0
1000 2000 4000 8000

0
1.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Fig. 1-16: Unlined Rectangular and Round Elbows

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10C, p. 11.16)
The attenuation of lined rectangular and round elbows is given in Fig. 1-23.
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Attenuation
Of lined
Elbows
Round &
Rectangular
Duct dB/ft
Smallest Duct
Dimension

125
250
500 1000 2000 4000
63
To 4"
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
5"-10"
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
11"-20"
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
21"-40"
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
41"-80"+
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
8000
Fig. 1-23: Lined Rectangular and Round Elbows

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10D, p. 11.16)
Branch
Duct
Attenuation
BACK TO
TOP
63

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
0.2%
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
0.5%
1.0%
2.0%
5.0%
10.0%
20.0%
50.0%
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
23
20
17
13
10
7
3
Fig. 1-24: Branch Takeoff Attenuation

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.11A, p. 11.18)
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11/3/2016
The program calculates the attention of branch takeoffs using Fig. 1-24. This table gives the branch duct
attenuation as a function of the percentage of the room to the system air flow quantities for all eight
octave bands.
The program computes the attenuation available through end reflection loss using Fig. 1-25.
Smallest
Duct
Dimensions
63
125
250
500
To 5"
6"-8"
9"-12"
13"-16"
17"-22"
23"-30"
17
14
12
10
8
6
12
10
8
6
4
3
8
6
4
2
1
0
4
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
31"-40"
41"-60"+
4
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Duct
Diameter
End
Reflection
Loss
Fig. 1-25:
BACK TO
(reproduced
TOP

1000 2000 4000 8000
Duct End Reflection Loss

with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10B, p. 11.18)
Room
Effect
(for
average
rooms)
Room
Volume
Ceiling
Height
63
1000
2000
5000
10000
10000
20000
20000
30000
8'
8'
8'-12"
8'-10"
11'-14"
8'-12"
13'-15"
8'-11"
2
2
5
7
8
8
9
11

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
3
6
8
9
9
10
12
2
3
6
8
9
9
10
12
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
2
4
7
9
10
10
11
13
5
8
9
10
11
12
13
2
5
8
9
10
11
12
13
6
9
10
11
12
13
14
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30000
40000+
40000+
40000+
12'-15"
8'-14"
15'-17"
18'-22"
12
10
11
12
13
11
12
13
13
11
12
13
13
12
13
14
14
12
13
14
14
13
14
15
14
13
14
15
15
14
15
16
Fig. 1-26: Room Effect Attenuation

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.10C, p. 11.18) The
program calculates the room effect attenuation using Fig. 1-26. This table gives the attenuation for room
with suspended ceilings as a function of the ceiling height and room volume for all eight octave bands.
Room Criteria
Fig. 1-27 gives the sound pressure levels for all eight octave bands that correspond with a specified NC
level for the room.
BACK TO
TOP
NC
Noise
Criterion
Levels
NC-30
NC-35
NC-40
NC-45
NC-50
63

125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000
57
60
64
67
71
48
53
57
60
64
35
46
51
54
59
31
40
45
49
54
29
36
41
46
54
28
34
39
44
49
28
33
38
43
48
27
32
37
42
47
Fig. 1-27: Sound Pressure Levels

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Systems Duct Design, SMACNA, Table 11.11D, p. 11.18)
Material Estimation
Classification of Ducts
This feature of the program allows you to select a gage or thickness and reinforcement required for the
ducts once they have been sized.
37/92
11/3/2016
Operating pressures for each section of ductwork are calculated earlier during the pressure analysis.
Fig. 1-28 gives the pressure class for each section and corresponding operating pressure. Once the
operating pressures are determined, the sections are analyzed based on the specified shape,
rectangular/oval or round.
Static Pressure
Operating Pressure
Pressure Class
0.5 in. of water
1 in. of water
2 in. of water
3 in. of water
4 in. of water
6 in. of water
10 in. of water
up to 0.5 in. of water

over 0.5 in. of water to 1 in. of water
over 1 in. of water to 2 in. of water
Fig. 1-28 Operating Pressures

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, p. 106)
Duct Materials
BACK TO
TOP
The thickness and weight of sheet-metal sheets available in the program are given in Fig. 1-29 through
Fig. 1-32 reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix
1 through 4. The program uses the nominal thicknesses from the tables. Minimum and maximum
thicknesses are shown for your information only.
Thickness in Inches
Gage
Min
30
28
27
26
.0105
.0136
.0142
.0158
Max
.0145
.0176
.0202
.0218
Nom
.0125
.0156
.0172
.0188
Weight
Lb/ft2
.525
.656
.722
.788
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11/3/2016
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
.0189
.0220
.0241
.0273
.0304
.0335
.0388
.0450
.0513
.0565
.0249
.0280
.0321
.0353
.0384
.0415
.0488
.0550
.0613
.0685
.0219
.0250
.0281
.0313
.0344
.0375
.0438
.0500
.0563
.0625
.919
1.050
1.181
1.313
1.444
1.575
1.838
2.100
2.363
2.625
15
14
12
11
.0643
.0711
.0100
.1150
.0763
.0851
.1184
.1350
.0703
.0781
.1094
.1250
2.953
3.281
4.594
5.250
Fig. 1-29: Stainless Steel

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 1)
BACK TO
TOP
M.S. Gage
Weight
lb/ft2
Nominal
Thickness
Cold Rolled
Min
Max
28
26
24
.625
.750
1.000
.0149 in
.0179 in
.0239 in
.0129 in
.0159 in
.0209 in
.0169 in
.0199 in
.0269 in
22
20
18
16
14
12
1.250
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.125
4.375
.0299 in
.0359 in
.0478 in
.0598 in
.0747 in
.1046 in
.0269 in
.0329 in
.0438 in
.0548 in
.0697 in
.0986 in
.0329 in
.0389 in
.0518 in
.0648 in
.0797 in
.1106 in
39/92
11/3/2016
Fig. 1-30: Standard Gage Uncoated Steel

BACK TO
TOP
Nom.
Thickness in Inches
Min.
Max.
Weight
lb/ft2
.016
.020
.024
.025
.032
.040
.050
.063
.080
.014
.0175
.0215
.0225
.0295
.037
.046
.059
.076
.018
.0225
.0265
.0275
.0345
.043
.054
.067
.084
.028
.285
.342
.356
.456
.570
.713
.898
1.140
.090
.100
.125
.086
.095
.12
.094
.105
.13
1.283
1.426
1.782
Fig. 1-31: Aluminum Alloy 3003-H14

(reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Appendix 3
Min
Thickness in Inches
Max
Nom
Weight
Nom lb/ft2
30
28
26
24
22
.0127
.0157
.0187
.0236
.0296
.0187
.0217
.0247
.0316
.0376
.0157
.0187
.0217
.0276
.0336
.656
.781
.906
1.156
1.406
20
.0356
.0436
.0396
1.656
Gage
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11/3/2016
18
16
14
.0466
.0575
.0705
.0566
.0695
.0865
.0516
.0635
.0785
2.156
2.656
3.281
Fig. 1-32: Galvanized Tolerances

Rectangular Metal Duct Construction

Duct construction requirements are listed in Fig. 1-33 through Fig. 1-39, reproduced with permission
from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Tables 1-3 through 1-9, pp. 1-16 - 1-22. The
program uses these tables to determine the gage and reinforcement required for the material used in a
rectangular or oval duct section.
Since the greater dimension of a rectangular duct is more likely to deform, that dimension is assumed to
be critical. A gage, reinforcement spacing and tie rod requirement corresponding to the working
pressure in the duct is chosen from the table. The smaller dimension is analyzed using the gage and
reinforcement chosen for the greater dimension.
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You can use the override forms to specify the reinforcement spacing. If you specify an override, the
program will check the table and determine the gage and reinforcement rigidity class for that spacing. If
there is no gage for that spacing, your override will be ignored. The program will proceed to choose the
appropriate gage, reinforcement spacing and tie rod requirement.
As Fig. 1-33 through Fig. 1-39 are based on galvanized steel, the program will first find the duct
construction requirements for that material then find the equivalent construction requirements for other
materials. For aluminum ducts, the thickness is determined from Fig. 1-40 while Fig. 1- 41 is used to
determine the reinforcement.
Duct
Duct
Gauge (No
Dimension
Reinforcement)
(in.)
Minimum Rigidity Class on Minimum Guage Duct

Re-inforcement Spacing
10'
8'
5'
4'
3'
2-1/2'
2
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16
18
26 ga.
20
24 ga.
A-26
22
22 ga.
A-26
24
22 ga.
A-26
26
20 ga.
A-26
28
18 ga.
B-24
B-26
30
18 ga.
B-24
B-26
36
16 ga.
C-22
C-24
C-26
42
D-20
D-24
D-26
C-26
48
E-20
D-22
D-26
54
E-18
E-20
D-26
60
F-18
F-20
E-24
72
H-16
F+rod
G-18
F+rod
H-16
F+rod
I-16
F+rod
10 dn.
12
14
BACK TO
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84
96
97 UP
E-26
F-22
F-24
H-22
+rod
H-20
F+rod
G-24
F+rod
H-22
F+rod
H-18
Fig. 1-33: 1/2-inch W.G.

Rectangular duct reinforcement for 1/2" of water, positive and negative static pressure
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Fig. 1-34: 1-inch W.G.

Rectangular duct reinforcement for 1" of water, positive and negative static pressure (reproduced with
permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-4, p. 1-17)
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BACK TO
TOP

Rectangular duct reinforcement for 4" of water, positive static pressure (reproduced with permission
from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-7, p. 1-20)
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Fig. 1-39: 10-inch W.G.

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Galvanized Steel
Commercial Size (in.)
28
26
24
.025
.032
.040
22
20
10
16
.050
.063
0.080
.090
Fig. 1-40: Aluminum Commercial Sizes

Galvanized steel gauge conversion to aluminum sheet thickness (reproduced with permission from
HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-14, p. 1-32)
Galvanized Rigidity Class
Aluminum Dimension
per Galvanized Class
A
B
C
D
C
D
E
F
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E
F
G
H
H
H
I
K
Fig. 1-41: Rigidity Class Conversion

Galvanized steel rigidity conversion (reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction
Standards, SMACNA, Table 1-15, p. 1-32)
Round Metal Duct Construction

Duct construction requirements for round galvanized steel and aluminum ducts are given in Fig. 1-42
and Fig. 1-43, reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction Standards, SMACNA, Table 32 and 3-3, pp. 3-3, 3-4. These tables give the galvanized steel gauge and the aluminum commercial size
as a function of static pressure, type of seam (spiral or longitudinal) and diameter. The program uses
these tables to select the gage for round ducts.
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Duct
Diameter
in Inches
Maximum 2" w.g.

Static Positive
Maximum 10" w.g.

Static Positive
Maximum 2" w.g.

Static Negative
Spiral
Seam
Gauge
Longitudi
nal
Seam
Gauge
Spiral
Seam
Gauge
Longitudi
nal
Seam
Gauge
Spiral
Seam
Gauge
Longitudi
nal
Seam
Gauge
8
14
28
28
28
26
26
26
24
24
28
26
24
24
26
36
50
60
84
26
24
22
20
18
24
22
20
18
16
24
22
20
18
18
22
20
20
18
16
24
22
20
18
16
22
20
18
16
14
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Fig. 1-42: Gauge Selection

Round duct gauge selection, galvanized steel (reproduced with permission from (reproduced with
permission from , SMACNA, , SMACNA, Table 3-2, p. 3-3)
Duct
Diameter
in Inches
8
14
26
36
50
60
84
Maximum 2" w.g.

Static Positive
Maximum 2" w.g.

Static Negative
Spiral
Seam
Gauge
Longitudinal
Seam
Gauge
Spiral
Seam
Gauge
Longitudinal
Seam
Gauge
.025
.025
.032
.040
.050
.063
N.A.
.032
.032
.040
.050
.063
.080
.090
.025
.032
.040
.050
.063
N.A.
N.A.
.040
.040
.050
.063
.080
.090
N.A.
BACK TO
TOP
Fig. 1-43: Aluminum Gauge Schedule

Aluminum round duct gauge schedule (reproduced with permission from HVAC Duct Construction
Standards, SMACNA, Table 3-3, p. 3-4)
Quantity Takeoffs
Ductwork
Since the unit weight of all sheet-metal sheets is pounds per square foot of surface area, the program
therefore calculates the surface area of all ductwork to be used.
The program then calculates the total weight of sheet-metal ductwork on the basis of gauge for fibrous
ducts and commercial size for aluminum ducts. The one-inch thick fibrous glass ducts are estimated on
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a per square foot basis.

The program calculates the quantity of flexible ducts based on the diameter and linear foot of flexible
ducts. Duct reinforcements are not included in the weights of the ductwork.
Lining and Insulation

The program calculates the lining and insulation quantity takeoff on a per square foot basis. Appendix
Three: Duct Fittings
Figures and tables appearing in this appendix are reprinted with permission from HVAC Systems Duct
Design, SMACNA, 1981. Use the table to identify the figure that corresponds to each keyword choice on
the fittypes form.
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(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages31335/ductwork-design-program-33.png)
Duct Cross Section to which Coefficient "C" is referred is at the top of each table. Negative numbers
indicate that the static regain exceeds the dynamic pressure loss of the fitting.
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Table
6-6
LOSS COEFFICIENTS, ELBOWS
Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting Loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
Elbow, Smooth Radius (Die Stamped), Round (2)
Coefficients for 90o Elbows: (See Note 1)

R.D.
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
C
0.71
0.33
0.22
0.15
0.13
0.12
H
Note 1:
0
20
For angles other than 90o multiply by the following factors:

30
45
60
75
90
110
130
150
180
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(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages-
0.31
0.45
0.60
0.78
0.90
1.00
1.13
1.20
1.28
1.40
31335/ductwork-designprogram-34.png)
B.
Elbow, Round, 3 to 5 pc -- 90o (2)
Coefficient C
R.D.
#
Pieces
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
5
4
5
0.98
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.33
0.37
0.42
0.24
0.27
0.34
0.19
0.24
0.33
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages31335/ductwork-designprogram-35.png)
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H
C
Coefficient C (See Note 2)

20
30
45
60
75
0.08
0.16
0.34
0.55
0.81
90
1.2
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-4
Re 10
KRe
Note 2: Correction factor for Reynolds number -- KRe

1
2
3
4
6
8
10
1.40
1.26
1.19
1.14
1.09
1.06
1.04
14
1.0
For Standard Air: Re = 8.56 DV

where: D = duct diameter, inches
D.
Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered (15)
H
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20
30
45
60
75
90
0.25
0.08
0.18
0.38
0.60
0.89
1.3
0.5
0.08
0.17
0.37
0.59
0.87
1.3
Coefficient C (See Note 2 -- Page 6.13)

HW
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.13
0.13
0.36
0.34
0.33
0.31
0.28
0.27
0.57
0.55
0.52
0.49
0.46
0.43
0.84
0.81
0.77
0.73
0.67
0.63
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
0.98
0.92
5.0
0.05
0.12
0.26
0.41
0.71
0.89
6.0
0.05
0.12
0.25
0.39
0.58
0.85
3.8
0.05
0.11
0.24
0.38
0.57
0.83
E.
Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered with Converging or Diverging Flow (15)
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HW
0.25
1.0
4.0

W1 W
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.0
0.95
0.90
1.5
1.1
0.81
0.76
0.72
1.5
1.0
0.69
0.63
0.60
2.0
1.1
0.84
0.66
0.55
F.
Elbow, Rectangular, Smooth Radius without Vanes (15)
Coefficients for 90o elbows (See Note 1)

HW
RW
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0.5
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.75
0.57
0.52
0.48
0.44
0.40
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.42
1.0
0.27
0.2
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.19
0.20
BACK TO
1.5
0.22
0.20
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.16
TOP
2.0
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pagesNote 3: Correction Factor for Reynolds number -- KRe
Re 10-4
31335/ductwork-designRW
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
14
20
program-40.png)
0.5
1.40
1.26
1.19
1.14
1.09
1.06
1.04
1.0
1.0
0.75
2.0
1.77
1.64
1.56
1.46
1.38
1.30
1.15
1.0
6.0
1.2
0.43
0.27
0.17
0.15
8.0
1.2
0.44
0.21
0.17
0.15
For Standard Air: Re = 8.56 DV

where: D = duct diameter, inches V = duct velocity,
fpm
G.
Elbow, Rectangular, Smooth Radius with Splitter Vanes (2)
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NOTES FOR THIS FIGURE ONLY:

A) See Page 5.12 to calculate splitter vane spacing.
B) CR = Curve Ratio
C) Use correction factors in Note 1 on Page 6.13 for elbows other than 90o.
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H. &nbspl Elbow, Rectangular, Mitered with Turning Vanes (2)

SINGLE THICKNESS VANES
Dimensions,
Coef
*No
inches
f
R
S
L
C
1
2.0 1.5 0.75 1.12
2
4.5 2.25
0
0.15
3
4.5 3.25 1.60 0.18
*Numbers are for reference
only.
*When extension of trailing edge is not

provided for this vane, losses are
approximately unchanged for single
elbows, but increase considerably for
elbows in series.
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*No
1
2
3
4
Dimensions,
in.
R
S
2.0
1.5
2.0
1.5
2.0
2.13
4.5
3.25
DOUBLE THICKNESS VANES

Coefficient C
Velocity (V), fpm
Remarks
1000 2000 3000 4000
0.27
0.22
0.19
0.17
Embossed Vane Runner
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.23
Push-On Vane Runner
0.38
0.31
0.27
0.24
0.26
0.21
0.18
0.16
*Numbers are for reference only.
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I. Elbows, 90o, Rectangular, Z-Shaped (15)

Coefficients for WH = 1.0 (See Notes 4 and 5)
LH 0 0.4
C
0 0.62
LH 2.4 2.8
C 3.7 3.3
0.6
0.90
3.2
3.2
0.8
1.6
4.0
3.1
1.0
2.6
5.0
2.9
1.2
3.6
6.0
2.8
1.4
4.0
7.0
2.7
1.6
4.2
9.0
2.6
1.8 2.0
4.2 4.2
10.0 ?
2.5 2.3
Note 4: For W/H values other than 1.0 apply the

following favctor:
WH 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 6.0 8.0
K 1.10 1.07 1.04 1.0 0.95 0.90 0.83 0.78 0.72 0.70
Note 5: Correction factor for Reynolds number -- KRe
Re 104
31335/ductwork-design-program-45.png)
1
2
3
4
6
8
10 14
1.40 1.26 1.19 1.14 1.09 1.06 1.04 1.00
For Standard Air:

Re = 8.56 D V
where: D= hydraulic diameter, inches V = duct velocity, fpm
BACK TO
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J.
Elbows, 90o, Rectangular in Different Planes (15)
L/W
C
L/W
C
Coefficients for H/W - 1.0: (See Notes

0
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
2.4
2.9
3.3
3.4
2.4
2.8
3.2
4.0
5.0
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.0
2.9
4 & 5 -- Page 6.16)

1.2
1.4
1.6
3.4
3.4
3.3
6.0
7.0
9.0
2.8
2.7
2.5
1.8
3.2
10.0
2.4
2.0
3.1
?
2.3
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Elbows, 30o, Round, Offset (15)
K.
L/D
C

0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0
0.15
0.15
0.16
0.16
0.16
3.0
0.16
L.
Elbows, 90o, Rectangular Wye or Tee Shape
Table 6-7 LOSS COEFFICIENTS TRANSITIONS (Diverging Flow)

Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
BACK TO
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Transition, Round, Conical (15)

Re
Re = 8.56 DV
where:
A1A
2
4
0.5 ?
6
109
10
?16
2
4
6
2?
109
?
16
20
30
45
60
0.14
0.23
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.07
0.15
0.19
0.19
0.30
0.33
0.38
0.38
0.12
0.18
0.28
0.32
0.46
0.48
0.59
0.60
0.23
0.36
0.44
0.33
0.61
0.66
0.76
0.84
0.28
0.55
0.90
0.33
0.68
0.77
0.80
0.88
0.27
0.59
0.70
90? 120? 180?

0.32
0.64
0.74
0.83
0.88
0.27
0.59
0.71
0.31
0.63
0.73
0.84
0.88
0.27
0.58
0.71
0.30
0.62
0.72
0.83
0.88
0.26
0.57
0.69
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D = Upstream
Diameter (inches)
?6 ?
109
V = Upstream Velocity
(fpm)
B.
10
?16
2
4
6
10
?16
0.20
0.21
0.05
0.17
0.16
0.21
0.21
0.24
0.28
0.07
0.24
0.29
0.33
0.34
0.43
0.52
0.11
0.38
0.46
0.52
0.56
0.76
0.76
0.27
0.51
0.60
0.60
0.72
0.80
0.87
0.27
0.56
0.69
0.76
0.79
0.81
0.87
0.27
0.58
0.71
0.83
0.85
0.81
0.87
0.27
0.58
0.70
0.84
0.87
0.81
0.87
0.27
0.57
0.70
0.83
0.89
Transition, Rectangular, Pyramidal (15)

A1/A
2
4
6
?10
?
16? 20? 30? 45? 60? 90? 120? 180?
0.18
0.36
0.42
0.42
0.22
0.43
0.47
0.49
0.25
0.50
0.58
0.59
0.29
0.56
0.68
0.70
0.31
0.61
0.72
0.80
0.32
0.63
0.76
0.87
0.33
0.63
0.76
0.85
0.30
0.63
0.75
0.86
When ? = 180?
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Note 6: A = Area (Entering airstream), A1 = Area (Leaving airstream)
C.
Transition, Round to Rectangular (15)
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D. Transition, Rectangular to Round

(15)
For Figures C and D, compute ? using the

equations and find the coefficient C from Table 67B. Transition, Rectangular, Pyramidial.
E.
Transition, Rectangular, Side Straight (15)
BACK TO
TOP

A1 A
2
4
6
14?
0.09
0.16
0.19
20?
0.12
0.25
0.30
30?
0.20
0.42
0.48
?
45?
0.34
0.60
0.65
60?
0.37
0.68
0.76
90?
0.38
0.70
0.93
180?
0.35
0.66
0.80
F.
Transition, Symmetric at FanWith Duct Sides Straight (15)
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(/sites/all/files/advancedpages-31335/ductwork-
A1/A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10?
15?
20?
25?
30?
35?
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.16
0.24
0.07
0.09
0.10
0.13
0.24
0.34
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.16
0.29
0.39
0.10
0.13
0.15
0.19
0.32
0.44
0.11
0.13
0.16
0.21
0.34
0.48
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.23
0.35
0.50
design-program-53.png)
G.
Transition, Asymmetric at Fan with Duct Sides Straight, Top Level (15)
BACK TO
TOP
A1/A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10?
15?
20?
25?
30?
35?
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.09
0.11
0.14
0.18
0.25
0.31
0.10
0.12
0.15
0.21
0.30
0.38
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.23
0.33
0.41
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.25
0.35
0.43
0.11
0.15
0.18
0.26
0.35
0.44
H. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Straight, Top 10? Down
(15)
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A1/A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10?
15?
20?
25?
30?
35?
0.11
0.13
0.19
0.29
0.36
0.44
0.13
0.15
0.22
0.32
0.42
0.54
0.14
0.16
0.24
0.35
0.46
0.61
0.14
0.17
0.26
0.37
0.49
0.64
0.14
0.18
0.28
0.39
0.51
0.66
0.14
0.18
0.30
0.40
0.51
0.66
I. Transition, Asymmetric at Fan With Duct Sides Sgraight, Top 10? Up (15)
BACK TO
TOP
A1/A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10?
15?
20?
25?
30?
35?
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.09
0.13
0.15
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.11
0.12
0.14
0.18
0.23
0.28
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.20
0.26
0.33
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.21
0.28
0.35
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.22
0.29
0.36
J.
Transition, Pyramidal at FanWith Duct (15)
67/92
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(/sites/all/files/advanced-
A1/A
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
10?
15?
20?
25?
30?
0.10
0.23
0.31
0.36
0.42
0.18
0.33
0.43
0.49
0.53
0.21
0.38
0.48
0.55
0.59
0.23
0.40
0.53
0.58
0.64
0.24
0.42
0.56
0.62
0.67
0.25
0.44
0.58
0.64
0.69
pages-31335/ductworkdesign-program-57.png)
Table 6-8 LOSS COEFFICIENTS TRANSITIONS (Converging Flow)

Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A.
Contraction, Round and Rectangular, Gradual to Abrupt (15)
BACK TO
TOP

A1/A
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages-31335/ductwork-design-
2
4
6
10
?
10?
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
15?-40?50?-60?
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.08
90?
120?
150?
180?
0.12
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.24
0.35
0.36
0.37
0.26
0.41
0.42
0.43
program-58.png)
68/92
11/3/2016
B.
Contraction, Conical, Round and Rectangular (15)
BACK TO
TOP
(See Note 7)
A/A1
K
0
1.0
0.2
0.85
0.4
0.68
0.6
0.50
0.8
0.30
0.9
0.18
0.10
0
69/92
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Co
L/D
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.10
0.15
0.60
0?
10?
20?
30?
?
40?
60?
100?
140?
180?
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.47
0.45
0.42
0.39
0.37
0.27
0.45
0.41
0.35
0.32
0.27
0.18
0.43
0.36
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.13
0.41
0.33
0.26
0.22
0.16
0.11
0.40
0.30
0.23
0.18
0.15
0.12
0.42
0.35
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.23
0.45
0.42
0.40
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
Note 7: A1 = Area (Entering airstream), A = Area (Leaving airstream)
C.
Contraction, Rectangular Slot to Round (15)

Re
1
2
4
6
8
10 20 ?40
104
C 0.27 0.25 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.04 0
BACK TO
TOP
31335/ductwork-design-program-62.png)
Table 6-9 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, CONVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes)

Use the velocity pressure (Vb) of the downstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vb
A.
Converging Wye, Round (2)

Branch, Coefficient C (See Note 8)
Ab/Ac
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11/3/2016
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
-.56
-.48
-.38
-.26
-.21
0.04
0.22
1.4
3.1
5.3
8.0
0.44
-.37
-.27
-.06
-.02
0.13
0.31
1.5
3.2
5.3
8.0
0.35
-.28
-.19
-.08
0.05
0.21
0.38
1.5
3.2
5.3
8.0
0.28
-.21
-.12
-.01
-.12
0.27
0.44
1.6
3.2
5.4
8.0
0.15
-.09
0
0.10
0.23
0.37
0.53
1.7
3.3
5.4
8.0
0.04
0.02
0.10
0.20
0.32
0.46
0.62
1.7
3.3
5.4
8.0
0.05
0.11
0.18
0.28
0.40
0.53
0.69
1.8
3.3
5.4
8.0
Main, Coefficient C (See Note 8)
BACK TO
TOP
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
Ab/Ac
0.4
-8.6
-6.7
-5.0
-3.5
-2.3
-1.3
-.63
-.18
0.03
-0.01
-4.1
-3.1
-2.2
-1.5
-.95
-.50
-.18
0.01
0.07
0
-2.5
-1.9
-1.3
-.88
-.51
-.22
-.03
0.07
0.08
0
-1.7
-1.3
-.88
-.55
-.28
-.09
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.6
0.8
1.0
-.97
-.67
-.42
-.21
-.06
0.05
0.12
0.13
0.10
0.02
-.58
-.36
-.19
-.05
0.06
0.12
0.16
0.15
0.11
0.04
-.34
-.18
-.05
0.05
0.13
0.17
0.18
0.17
0.13
0.5
Note 8: A = Area (sq. in.), Q = Airflow (cfm), V = Velocity (fpm)
71/92
11/3/2016
B.
Converging Tee, 90?, Round (15)

Branch Coefficient C (See Note 8)
Q/Q
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
A/A
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.40
3.8
9.2
16
26
37
43
65
82
101
-.37
0.72
2.3
4.3
6.8
9.7
13
17
21
26
-.51
0.17
1.0
2.1
3.2
4.7
6.3
7.9
9.7
12
-.46
-.02
0.44
0.94
1.1
1.6
2.1
2.7
3.7
4.0
-.50
-.14
0.21
0.54
0.66
0.92
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
-.51
-.18
0.11
0.40
0.49
0.69
0.88
1.1
1.2
1.4
-.52
-.24
-.08
0.32
0.42
0.57
0.72
0.86
0.99
1.1
Main Coefficient C (See Note 8)

BACK TO
TOP
C.
Q/Q
Q
0.1
0.16
0.2
0.27
0.3
0.38
0.4
0.46
0.5
0.53
0.6
0.57
0.7
0.59
0.8
0.60
0.9
0.63
1.0
0.65
Converging Tee, Round Branch to Rectangular Main

V
Qb/Qs
0.1
0.2
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1200
-.63 -.55 0.13 0.23 0.78 1.30 1.93 3.10 4.88 5.60
fpm
1200
-.49 -.21 0.23 0.60 1.27 2.76 2.75 3.70 4.93 5.95
fpm
72/92
11/3/2016
For Main Loss Coefficient (C) see Fitting 69B

When:
Ab/As As/Ac Ab/As
0.5
D.
1.0
0.5
Converging Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch

V
Qb/Qs
0.1
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
1200
-.75 -.53 0.03 0.33 1.03 1.10 2.15 2.93 4.18 4.78
fpm
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages-31335/ductwork-design-program-65a.png)
BACK TO
TOP
1200
-.69 -.21 0.23 0.67 1.17 1.66 2.67 3.36 3.93 5.13
fpm
For Main Loss
Coefficient
(C) see Fitting 6-9B
When:
Ab/As As/Ac Ab/As
0.5 1.0 0.5
73/92
11/3/2016
BACK TO
TOP
74/92
11/3/2016
BACK TO
TOP
F.
Converging Tee, 45? Entry Branch to Rectangular Main
75/92
11/3/2016
Ab/As As/Ac Ab/Ac

When: 0.5
1.0
0.5

Vc
0.1
0.2
QbQc
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
<1200
-.83 -.68 -.30 0.28 0.55 1.03 1.50 1.93 2.50 3.03
fpm
>1200
-.72 -.52 -.23 0.34 0.76 1.14 1.83 2.01 2.90 3.63
fpm
BACK TO
TOP
76/92
11/3/2016
BACK TO
TOP
G.
Symmetrical Wye, Dovetail, Rectangular (15)
77/92
11/3/2016

A1b/Ac or A2b/Ac
0.50
C
0.23
1.0
0.07
(/sites/all/files/advancedpages-31335/ductworkdesign-program-70.png)
H.
Converging Wye, Rectangular (15)

Branch, Coefficient (See Note 8)
(/sites/all/files/advancedBACK TO
pages-31335/ductworkTOP
Ab/As
Ab/Ac
0.25
0.33
0.5
0.67
1.0
1.0
1.33
2.0
0.25
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
-.50
-1.2
-5.0
-1.0
-2.2
-.60
-1.2
-2.1
0
-.40
-.20
-.60
-1.5
-.30
-.80
-1.4
0.50
0.40
0
-.20
-.95
-.10
-.40
-.90
1.2
1.6
0.25
0.10
-.50
-.04
-.20
-.50
2.2
3.0
0.45
0.30
0
0.13
0
-.20
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
3.7
4.8
0.70
0.60
0.40
0.21
0.16
0
5.8
6.8
1.0
1.0
0.80
0.29
0.24
0.20
8.4
8.9
1.5
1.5
1.3
0.36
0.32
0.25
11
11
2.0
2.0
1.9
0.42
0.38
0.30
Main, Coefficient (See Note 8)

Ab/As
Ab/Ac
0.75
1.0
0.75
0.5
1.0
0.75
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
0.30
0.17
0.27
1.2
0.18
0.75
0.80
0.30
0.16
0.35
1.1
0.24
0.36
0.87
0.20
0.10
0.32
0.90
0.27
0.38
0.80
-.10
0
0.25
0.65
0.26
0.25
0.68
-.45
-0.08
0.12
0.35
0.23
0.27
0.55
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-.92
-.18
-.03
0
0.80
0.18
0.40
-1.5
-.27
-.23
-.40
0.10
0.05
0.25
-2.0
-.37
-.42
-.80
0
-.08
0.08
-2.6
-.46
-.58
-1.3
-.12
-.22
-.10
78/92
11/3/2016
I.
Wye, Rectangular and Round (15)

?
15?
30?
45?
Q1b/Qc or Q2b/Qc
0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0
-2.6
-2.1
-1.3
-1.9
-1.5
-.93
-1.3
-1.0
-.55
-.77
-.53
-.16
-.30
-.10
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.56
0.42
0.69
0.92
0.67
0.91
1.26
0.85
1.1
1.6
0.97
1.4
2.0
1.0
1.6
2.3
BACK TO
TOP
When:
A1b = A2b
Ac = A1b + A2b
Table 6-10 LOSS COEFFICIENTS, DIVERGING JUNCTIONS (Tees, Wyes)

Use the velocity pressure (Vp) of the upstream section. Fitting loss (TP) = C x Vp
A. Tee or Wye, 30o to 90o, Round (15)
79/92
11/3/2016
Vs/Vc
C
0
0.35
0.1
0.28
0.2
0.22
0.3
0.17
0.4
0.13
0.5
0.09
0.6
0.06
0.8
0.02
1.0
0
Wye ? = 30?: Branch, Coefficient C (See Note 8)

Ab/Ac
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
0.75
0.72
0.69
0.65
0.59
0.55
0.40
0.28
0.55
0.51
0.46
0.41
0.33
0.28
0.26
1.5
0.40
0.36
0.31
0.26
0.21
0.24
0.58
---
0.28
0.25
0.21
0.19
0.20
0.38
1.3
---
0.21
0.18
0.17
0.18
0.27
0.76
2.5
---
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.16
0.15
0.16
0.22
0.40
1.3
-----
0.15
0.16
0.20
0.32
0.62
2.0
-----
0.16
0.20
0.28
0.47
0.92
-------
0.19
0.26
0.39
0.67
1.3
-------

Ab/Ac
BACK TO
TOP
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.78
0.77
0.74
0.74
0.66
0.66
0.56
0.60
0.62
0.59
0.56
0.52
0.47
0.48
0.56
2.1
0.49
0.47
0.44
0.41
0.40
0.52
1.0
---
0.40
0.38
0.37
0.38
0.43
0.73
1.8
---
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.40
0.54
1.2
-----
0.31
0.32
0.36
0.45
0.69
1.8
-----
0.32
0.35
0.43
0.59
0.95
2.7
-----
0.35
0.41
0.54
0.78
1.3
-------
0.40
0.50
0.68
1.0
1.7
-------

Ab/Ac
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.83
0.82
0.81
0.79
0.76
0.80
0.77
1.0
0.71
0.69
0.68
0.66
0.65
0.75
0.96
2.9
0.62
0.61
0.60
0.61
0.65
0.89
1.6
---
0.56
0.56
0.58
0.62
0.74
1.2
2.5
---
0.52
0.54
0.58
0.68
0.89
1.8
-----
0.50
0.54
0.61
0.76
1.1
2.6
-----
0.53
0.60
0.72
0.94
1.4
3.5
-----
0.60
0.70
0.87
1.2
1.8
-------
0.68
0.82
1.1
1.5
2.3
------80/92
11/3/2016

Ab/Ac
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
B.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
0.95
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.99
1.1
1.3
2.1
0.92
0.94
0.97
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.9
---
0.92
0.95
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.8
2.9
---
0.93
0.98
1.1
1.2
1.5
2.3
-----
0.94
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.7
-------
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.95
1.1
1.2
1.5
2.0
-------
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.8
2.4
-------
1.2
1.4
1.7
2.1
---------
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.5
---------
90o Conical Tee, Round (2)

Vb/Vc
C
BACK TO
TOP
0
1.0
0.2
0.84
0.4
0.74
0.6
0.62
0.8
0.52
1.0
0.42
1.2
0.36
1.4
0.32
1.6
0.32
1.8
0.37
2.0
0.52
For Main Loss Coefficient (c) see Fitting 6-10A (Page 6.27).
C.
45o Conical Wye, Round (2)

81/92
11/3/2016
Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
0.84
0.4
0.61
0.6
0.41
0.8
0.27
1.0
0.17
1.2
0.12
1.4
0.12
1.6
0.14
1.8
0.18
2.0
0.27
D.
90o Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 45o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
1.32
0.4
1.51
0.6
1.60
0.8
1.65
1.0
1.74
1.2
1.87
1.4
2.0
1.6
2.2
1.8
2.5
2.0
2.7
1.8
3.0
2.0
3.4
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages31335/ductwork-designBACK
TO
TOP
program-77.png)
E.
90o Tee, Round, with 90o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
1.03
0.4
1.08
0.6
1.18
0.8
1.33
1.0
1.56
1.2
1.86
1.4
2.2
1.6
2.6
82/92
11/3/2016
F.
90o Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 45o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
1.06
0.4
1.15
0.6
1.29
0.8
1.45
1.0
1.65
1.2
1.89
1.4
2.2
1.6
2.5
1.8
2.9
2.0
3.3
G.
90o Conical Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 45o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main (2)
BACK TO
TOP

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
0.94
0.4
0.88
0.6
0.84
0.8
0.80
1.0
0.82
1.2
0.84
1.4
0.87
1.6
0.90
1.8
0.95
2.0
1.02
H.
90o Conical Tee, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 45o to Main (2)
83/92
11/3/2016

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
0.95
0.4
0.90
0.6
0.86
0.8
0.81
1.0
0.79
1.2
0.79
1.4
0.81
1.6
0.86
1.8
0.96
2.0
1.10
I.
45o Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
0.88
0.4
0.77
0.6
0.68
0.8
0.65
1.0
0.69
1.2
0.73
1.4
0.88
1.6
1.14
1.8
1.54
2.0
2.2
BACK
TO
TOP
J.
45o Conical Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 60o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
0.82
0.4
0.63
0.6
0.52
0.8
0.45
1.0
0.42
1.2
0.41
1.4
0.40
1.6
0.41
1.8
0.45
2.0
0.56
84/92
11/3/2016
K.
45o Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 30o Elbow, Branch 45o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc
C
0
1.0
0.2
0.84
0.4
0.72
0.6
0.62
0.8
0.54
1.0
0.50
1.2
0.56
1.4
0.71
1.6
0.92
1.8
1.22
2.0
1.66
L.
45o Conical Wye, Round, Rolled 45o with 30o Elbow, Branch 45o to Main (2)

Vb/Vc
C
BACK TO
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pagesTOP
0
1.0
0.2
0.93
0.4
0.71
0.6
0.55
0.8
0.44
1.0
0.42
1.2
0.42
1.4
0.44
1.6
0.47
1.8
0.54
2.0
0.62
M. 45o Wye, Conical Main and Branch with 45o Elbow, Branch 90o to Main
(15)
Vb/Vc
C
0.2
0.76
0.4
0.60
0.6
0.52
0.7
0.50
0.8
0.51
0.9
0.52
1.0
0.56
1.1
0.61
1.2
0.68
Vb/Vc
C
1.4
0.86
1.6
1.1
1.8
1.4
2.0
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.6
3.1
2.8
3.7
3.0
4.2
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(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages31335/ductwork-design-
Vs/Vc
C
program-86.png)
N.
0.2
0.14
0.4
0.06
0.6
0.05
0.8
0.09
1.0
0.18
1.2
0.30
1.4
0.46
1.6
0.64
1.8
0.84
2.0
1.0
Tee, 45o Entry, Rectangular Main and Branch

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.91
0.81
0.77
0.78
0.78
0.90
1.19
1.35
1.44
0.79
0.72
0.73
0.98
1.11
1.22
1.42
1.50
0.70
0.69
0.85
1.16
1.26
1.55
1.75
0.66
0.79
1.23
1.29
1.59
1.74
0.74
1.03
1.54
1.63
1.72
0.86
1.26
1.50
2.24
0.92
1.31
1.63
1.09
1.40
1.17
BACK TO
TOP
P.
Tee, 45o Entry, Rectangular Main and Branch with Damper

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.61
0.46
0.43
0.39
0.34
0.37
0.57
0.61
0.60
0.43
0.57
0.64
0.71
0.54
0.62
0.77
0.85
1.04
0.53
0.73
0.98
1.16
0.68
1.07
1.54
0.83
1.36
0.18
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages31335/ductwork-design-
0.8
0.9
program-88.png)
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1.6
1.8
0.89
1.33
1.08
1.34
1.28
2.04
1.30
4.78
1.69
1.90
2.09
2.40
1.81
2.77
1.47
2.23
1.92
Q.
Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.03
1.04
1.11
1.16
1.38
1.52
1.79
2.07
2.32
1.01
1.03
1.21
1.40
1.61
2.01
2.28
2.54
1.05
1.17
1.30
1.68
1.90
2.13
2.64
1.12
1.36
1.91
2.31
2.71
3.09
1.27
1.47
2.28
2.99
3.72
1.66
2.20
2.81
3.48
1.95
2.09
2.21
2.20
2.29
2.57
BACK TO
TOP
R.
Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch with Damper

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.58
0.67
0.78
0.88
1.12
1.49
2.10
0.64
0.76
0.98
1.05
1.48
2.21
0.75
0.81
1.08
1.40
2.25
1.01
1.18
1.51
2.29
1.29
1.70
2.32
1.91
2.48
2.53
0.8
0.9
87/92
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1.6
1.8
2.72
3.42
3.30
4.58
2.84
3.65
3.09
3.92
3.30
4.20
3.19
4.15
3.29
4.15
3.16
4.10
4.05
S.
Tee, Rectangular Main and Branch with Extractor

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.60
0.62
0.74
0.99
1.48
1.91
2.47
3.17
3.85
0.69
0.80
1.10
1.12
1.33
1.67
2.40
3.37
0.82
0.95
1.41
1.43
1.70
2.33
3.89
0.90
1.24
1.52
2.04
2.53
3.23
1.21
1.55
1.86
2.31
3.09
1.64
1.98
2.51
3.03
2.47
3.13
3.30
3.25
3.74
4.11
BACK TO
TOP

Vb/Vc
C
T.
0.2
0.03
0.4
0.04
0.6
0.07
0.8
0.12
1.0
0.13
1.2
0.14
1.4
0.27
1.6
0.30
1.8
0.25
0.8
0.9
Tee, Rectangular Main to Round Branch

Qb/Qc
Vb/Vc
0.1
0.2
1.00
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
88/92
11/3/2016
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1.01
1.14
1.18
1.30
1.46
1.70
1.93
2.06
1.07
1.10
1.31
1.38
1.58
1.82
2.06
2.17
1.08
1.12
1.20
1.45
1.65
2.00
2.20
1.13
1.23
1.31
1.51
1.85
2.13
1.26
1.39
1.56
1.70
2.06
1.48
1.64
1.76
1.98
1.81
1.80
1.99
1.88
2.00
2.07

Vb/Vc
15
30
45
60
90
BACK TO
TOP
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.90
1.0
0.65
0.69
0.74
0.82
1.0
0.51
0.56
0.63
0.79
1.0
0.38
0.44
0.54
0.66
1.0
0.23
0.34
0.45
0.59
1.0
0.20
0.26
0.38
0.53
1.0
0.11
0.19
0.29
0.43
1.0
0.06
0.15
0.24
0.36
1.0
0.14
0.15
0.23
0.33
1.0
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.39
1.0
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
1.0
0.76
0.76
0.76
0.76
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

o
15o60o
90o
As/Ac
Vs/Vc
0
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages0.1
31335/ductwork-design0.2
program-93.png)
0.3
0.4
0 - 1.0 0 - 0.4
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.36
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.36
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.52
0.40
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.52
0.38
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.37
1.0
0.81
0.64
0.50
0.36
89/92
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V.
0.25
0.16
0.04
0
0.07
0.39
0.90
1.8
3.2
0.25
0.16
0.04
0
0.07
0.39
0.90
1.8
3.2
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
0.30
0.23
0.17
0.20
0.36
0.79
1.4
2.4
4.0
0.25
0.16
0.04
0
0.07
---------
0.27
0.18
0.07
0.05
0.14
0.39
-------
0.28
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.21
0.59
1.2
-----
Tee Rectangular Main to Conical Branch (2)

Vb/Vc
C
0.40
0.80
0.50
0.83
0.75
0.90
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.5
1.4
BACK TO
TOP
W.
Wye, Rectangular (15)

Ab/Ac
Ab/Ac
0.25
0.33
0.5
0.67
0.25
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
0.55
0.35
0.62
0.52
0.50
0.35
0.48
0.40
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.32
0.85
0.80
0.40
0.30
1.2
1.3
0.48
0.34
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.8
2.0
0.60
0.44
3.1
2.8
0.78
0.62
4.4
3.8
1.1
0.92
6.0
5.0
1.5
1.4
90/92
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1.0
1.0
1.33
2.0
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.44
0.67
0.70
0.60
0.38
0.55
0.60
0.52
0.38
0.46
0.51
0.43
0.41
0.37
0.42
0.33
0.52
0.32
0.34
0.24
0.68
0.29
0.28
0.17
0.92
0.29
0.26
0.15
1.2
0.30
0.26
0.17
1.6
0.37
0.29
0.21

Ab/As
Ab/As
0.25
(/sites/all/files/advanced-pages- 0.33
0.5
31335/ductwork-design0.67
program-95.png)
1.0
1.0
1.33
2.0
0.25
0.25
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
X.
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Qb/Qc
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-.01
0.08
-.03
0.04
0.72
-.02
0.10
0.62
-.03
0
-.06
-.02
0.48
-.04
0
0.38
-.01
-.02
-.05
-.04
0.28
-.04
0.01
0.23
0.05
-.01
0
-.03
0.13
-.01
-.03
0.13
0.13
0.02
0.06
-.01
0.05
0.06
-.01
0.08
0.21
0.08
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.13
0.03
0.05
0.29
0.16
0.19
0.12
0.09
0.22
0.10
0.06
0.38
0.24
0.27
0.23
0.18
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.46
0.34
0.35
0.37
0.30
0.38
0.30
0.20
Symmetrical Wye, Dovetail, Rectangular (15)
BACK TO
TOP

A1b/Ac or A2b/Ac
0.50
1.0
When: R/W = 1.5

Course 3 Lesson (/advanced-training/course-3/course-3-lesson)
91/92
11/3/2016
About the Author

(/content/varkie-thomas)
Varkie C. Thomas, Ph.D., P.E. Research Professor College of

Architecture Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, Illinois, USA
Varkie Thomas taught graduate courses in Energy Efficient Building Design, Building Energy
Performance Analysis and advised doctoral candidates (1996-2008) as an Adjunct Professor at Illinois
Institute of Technology (IIT) from SOM. He is currently a Research Professor with the Ph.D. program at
IIT. He was a member of the UN Technical Program to China in 1991 and a Visiting Professor from
Purdue in Malaysia in 1996/97 funded by the World Bank.
Academic: B.Sc. (Honors) in Mathematics from St. Xaviers College Bombay University; Post-Graduate
Diploma in Environmental Engineering from London South Bank University; Post-Graduate Diploma
(with Distinction) and Ph.D. in Industrial Management from Strathclyde University Glasgow. Registered
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Professional Engineer (P.E.) and Certified Energy Manager (CEM - Association. of Energy Engineers).
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Ductwork Design Program - Energy-Models

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11/3/2016

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

routing ductwork from the fans to the terminal devices.

= subscripts for stations 1 and 2 in the system

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= conversion factor (144)

PZ1 - PZ2 = a (Z2 - Z1)

Head and Pressure

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= velocity pressure (in. of water)

= total pressure (in. of water)

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= fluid density (lbm/cu ft)

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= equivalent internal diameter of duct (in.)

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= duct material absolute roughness (ft)

= conversion factor (2.16 x 10-6)

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Fibrous Glass Duct, Rigid

Fig. 1-6: Duct Material Absolute Roughness

Frictional Losses for Noncircular Ducts

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= perimeter of oval duct (in.

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= conversion factor (1097)

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Pt(s to c) = Cc,s Pv,c | Pt(c to s) = Cc,s Pv,c

(reproduced with permission from ASHRAE Handbook:

Fan Pressures, Mechanical Energy

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= total pressure loss for section of ductwork (in. of water)

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Equal Friction Sizing Method

Static Regain Sizing Method

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Total Pressure Sizing Method

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Velocity Reduction Sizing Method

Constant Velocity Sizing Method

Circuit Analysis and System Balancing

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

For a motor that is outside the airstream, the heat gain is

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= heat gain from electric motor (Btu/hr)

= temperature rise across the fan (oF)

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Fig. 1-8: Heat Gains from Typical Electric Motors

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= cf1 AV?/UPL for rectangular and oval ducts

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

Ductwork Design Program | Energy-Models.com

= design supply air quantity (cu ft/min)