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Non Uniform Amplitude: N-Element Linear Array

The document describes a non-uniform linear array with an even or odd number of elements. It provides equations to calculate the array factor for even and odd arrays, using the excitation coefficients an. It then describes how to choose the excitation coefficients using the binomial theorem and binomial series expansion coefficients. For example, a 5-element binomial array would have excitation coefficients of a1=3, a2=4, and a3=1, matching the coefficients for the binomial expansion of (1+x)^3. The binomial array has very low sidelobes but wide variations in element amplitudes, low efficiency, and is difficult to implement in practice.

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Ankan Gayen
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20 views

Non Uniform Amplitude: N-Element Linear Array

The document describes a non-uniform linear array with an even or odd number of elements. It provides equations to calculate the array factor for even and odd arrays, using the excitation coefficients an. It then describes how to choose the excitation coefficients using the binomial theorem and binomial series expansion coefficients. For example, a 5-element binomial array would have excitation coefficients of a1=3, a2=4, and a3=1, matching the coefficients for the binomial expansion of (1+x)^3. The binomial array has very low sidelobes but wide variations in element amplitudes, low efficiency, and is difficult to implement in practice.

Uploaded by

Ankan Gayen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NElement Linear Array

Non Uniform amplitude


The array can have an even or odd number of elements. The
geometry used is as follows:
Even #

Odd #

For the even numbered array we can write the AF as:

( AF ) 2 M = a1e

kd
cos
2

+ aM e
+ a1e

+ aM e
Using:

+ a2 e

3 kd
cos
2

( 2 M 1) kd
cos
2
kd
cos
2

+ a2 e

+
j

( 2 M 1) kd
cos
2

e + jx + e jx
= cos x
2

+ .... +

3 kd
cos
2

+ .... +
(33)

Eqn (33) becomes:

( AF ) 2 M

(2n 1)

kd cos
= 2 an cos
2

n =1
M

(34)

You can normalize the previous eqn to get:

( AF ) 2 M

(2n 1)

kd cos
= an cos
2

n =1
M

(35)

Similarly, for the odd numbered array or (2M+1) elements the array
factor can be expressed as:
M +1

( AF ) 2 M +1 = an cos[(n 1)kd cos ]


n =1

If we let:

d
u=
cos

(36)

Then Eqn (35) & (36) becomes:


M

( AF ) 2 M = an cos[(2n 1)u ]

(37)

n =1

M +1

( AF ) 2 M +1 = an cos[2(n 1)u ]

(38)

n =1

The question now becomes:


excitation coefficients) ???

How do we chose as (the

One way is to use the binomial theorem & use the values from the
binomial series expansion as the coefficients for the AF.
This is only one approach.

Binomial Array
Consider the series in Eqns (37):

( AF ) 2 M = a1 cos[u ] + a2 cos[3u ] + a3 cos[5u ] + ...

+ aM 1 cos[(2M 3)u ] + aM cos[(2M 1)u ]

(39)

That reminds us of the binomial expansion.


The binomial expansion is:

(1 + x)

m 1

(m 1)(m 2) 2
= 1 + (m 1) x +
x +
2!
(m 1)(m 2)(m 3) 3
+
x + ...
3!

(40)

m=1

m=2

1 1

m=3

1 2 1

m=4

1 3 3 1

m=5

1 4 6 4 1

m=6

1 5 10 10 5 1

m=7

1 6 15 20 15 6 1

(41)

Example:
Consider the binomial array of 5 elements, what are the excitation
coefficients.
2M+1=5

2a1 = 6 a1 = 3
a2 = 4
a3 = 1

a3

a2

2a1

a2

a3

For 8 elements the coefficients are:

21 35 35 21

a4

a3

a2

a3

a4

a1

a1

a2

Note

Advantages
The binomial array has very low side lobes
You can actually get the sidelobes equal to
zero if d=/2
They exhibit larger beamwidth compared to
the uniform array

Disadvantages:

Wide variations between the amplitudes of the


different elements

Low efficiencies
Difficult to implement in practice [the
electronics required to create the wide
variation in magnitudes]

[Array factor for a 10-element broadside binomial array]

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