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Lecture3 PDF

1. This document discusses antenna parameters including radiated power and radiation patterns. It defines radiated power as the total power radiated by an antenna, calculated by integrating the Poynting vector over a closed surface enclosing the antenna. 2. Radiation patterns graphically show the directional properties of an antenna's field as a function of space coordinates. Key features discussed include the main lobe, minor lobes, half-power beamwidth, and beamwidth between first nulls. Common patterns include isotropic and omnidirectional patterns. 3. The space surrounding an antenna is divided into near and far field regions. The far field exists at distances greater than 2D2/λ, where the field is essentially transverse

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Ankan Gayen
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17 views

Lecture3 PDF

1. This document discusses antenna parameters including radiated power and radiation patterns. It defines radiated power as the total power radiated by an antenna, calculated by integrating the Poynting vector over a closed surface enclosing the antenna. 2. Radiation patterns graphically show the directional properties of an antenna's field as a function of space coordinates. Key features discussed include the main lobe, minor lobes, half-power beamwidth, and beamwidth between first nulls. Common patterns include isotropic and omnidirectional patterns. 3. The space surrounding an antenna is divided into near and far field regions. The far field exists at distances greater than 2D2/λ, where the field is essentially transverse

Uploaded by

Ankan Gayen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Leccture--3

Anten
nna parameteers: (Co
ontinueed)
1.4.3 Ra
adiated Po
ower
With this information,, now we are in a position
n to calculatte the total raadiated powerr from an anttenna.
b written as
Mathemattically it can be

Fig. 15: Calculation


C
off radiated pow
wer
Note: Forr antennas, mostly
m
we aree interested in
n its far-fieldd radiation. S
So, the integrration in the aabove
equation is
i over a closeed surface with the antenna inside and tthe surface is sufficiently ffar from antennna.

1.4.4 Ra
adiation Pattern
P
n pattern is a graphical rep
presentation of
o the radiatioon properties of the antennna as a functiion of
Radiation
space coo
ordinates.

A field pattern
n is a graph that
t
describess the relativee far field valles, E or H, w
with directionn at a
fiixed distance from the anteenna. A field
d pattern incluudes an magnnitude (amplittude) pattern E or
H
H and a phasee pattern E or H.
A power patterrn is a graph that
t describess the relative (average) raddiated power ddensity Pave of the
faar-field with direction
d
at a fixed distance from the anntenna.

A typical antenna radiation pattern is shown in Fig. 16 (a). The characteristics to note down from this
pattern are:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Main (major) lobe


Minor lobe (includes side lobes and back lobe)
Half-power beamwidth (HPBW)
Beamwidth between first nulls (BWFN)

Note: A radiation pattern shows only the relative values but not the absolute values of the field or power
quantity. Hence the values are usually normalized (i.e., divided) by the maximum value. [In Fig. 16, mark
the maximum of the main lobe that is 1)
The size of the minor lobes is much smaller than that of the major lobe. In order to clearly visualize the
minor lobes, sometimes the scales of the radiation pattern are expressed in dB, as shown in Fig. 16 (b).
The calculation procedure of the beamwidths from the radiation pattern is shown in Fig. 17.
Note: By the reciprocity theorem, the radiation pattern of an antenna in the transmitting mode is same as
those for the antenna in the receiving mode.

Main lobe
maximum direction

1.0
Half-power
Beamwidth
(HPBW)

Main lobe

0.5

Beamwidth
between
first nulls
(BWFN)

Minor
lobes

(a)

Main lobe
0 dB
- 3 dB

- 10 dB

(b)
Fig. 16: Antenna radiation pattern

Fig. 17: Calculation


C
off beamwidths from the radiiation pattern .

Issotropic Rad
diation Patterrn: It is the paattern of a pooint source.
o Characcteristics
Completely
y non-directio
onal antenna
nd receives eq
qually well inn all directionss
Radiates an
p
is spheerical
Radiation pattern
oncept
o Exists only as a mathematical co
a a referencee
o Used as
Omnidirection
O
nal Radiation Pattern: Itt is the patternn of a Hertziaan dipole. [seee Fig. 18]
o Along the ends of th
he dipole therre is no radiattion (nulls)
o Maxim
mum radiation
n is along the broadside dirrection
o Somettimes used a reference
r

(a)
y

sin

HPBW 900

(b)

(c)

Fig. 18: Omnidirectional radiation pattern.


Example:
The step-by-step procedure of drawing the radiation pattern of a Hertzian dipole is as follows:

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

1.4.5 Fiield Regions


g an antenna is usually diivided into tw
wo regions: ((i) near field region and (ii) far
The spacee surrounding
field regio
on. (See Fig. 19)
Far field is defined as
a that region
n of the field
d of an antennna where thhe angular fiield distributiion is
independeent of the disttance from th
he antenna. Th
his region is ccommonly taaken to exist aat distances ggreater
than 2D2/ from the an
ntenna, wheree D is the overall dimensiion of the anttenna. This reegion is also ccalled
as the Fraaunhofer region. In this reegion, the fielld componennts are essentiially transverrse and the anngular
distributio
on is independ
dent of the radial distance where the meeasurements aare made.
The field immediately surrounding the antenna and
a the far fieeld region is known as thee near field reegion.
on is again divided
d
into tw
wo sub regions as (a) reacctive near fieeld and (b) raadiating near field,
This regio
according
g to their characteristics. (S
See Fig. 19).

0.62 D 3

2D 2

Reactive
region

Radiating
region

Near field region

Fig. 19: Near field and far field regions of an antenna.

Far field region

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