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Review. Limit of A Function: Evaluate The Following Limits or Explain Why It Does Not Exist

The document discusses limits of functions and continuity of functions. It defines the limit of a function, continuity of a function, types of discontinuities (essential, removable), continuity from right/left, and on intervals. It provides examples of evaluating limits, identifying discontinuities, and determining continuity on intervals. The intermediate value theorem is also defined.

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53 views42 pages

Review. Limit of A Function: Evaluate The Following Limits or Explain Why It Does Not Exist

The document discusses limits of functions and continuity of functions. It defines the limit of a function, continuity of a function, types of discontinuities (essential, removable), continuity from right/left, and on intervals. It provides examples of evaluating limits, identifying discontinuities, and determining continuity on intervals. The intermediate value theorem is also defined.

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Snow Drop
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Review.

Limit of a Function
Evaluate the following limits or explain why it does not exist.

lim 4 x 2 3 f 1
x1
x

x 1
lim

1 2 x 1 x 3

lim

x 2

4 x2 0 g 2

Review. Limit of a Function


Evaluate the following limits or explain why it does not exist.

x2 1

h x x 5

3
5

4
x

lim h x does not exist

x0

lim h x 2 h 1

x1

1 x
1 x 0
x0

CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION

Definition
A function f is continuous at a number a
if all of the following are satisfied:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

exists;
exists; and

Remarks
If at least one of the conditions is not
satisfied, then the function f is
discontinuous at a.
If condition (ii) is not satisfied, the
discontinuity is said to be essential.
If condition (ii) is satisfied and either (i) or
(ii) is not satisfied, the discontinuity is said
to be removable.

Definition
A function f is continuous at a number a
if all of the following are satisfied:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

exists;
exists; and

Essential

Definition
A function f is continuous at a number a
if all of the following are satisfied:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

exists;
exists; and

Removable

Theorems
A polynomial function is continuous
everywhere.
A rational function is continuous at
every number in its domain.

Example

Since this is a polynomial function, then it


is continuous everywhere.

Example

Since this is a rational function, then it is


continuous in its domain, i.e. it is
continuous at every real number except 2.

Example

Note that

does not exist.

Then, the discontinuity is essential.

Example

This rational function is continuous at


every real number except at 1 and 3.

Example

This is an infinite limit, i.e. the limit does not


exist.
Hence, the function h has an essential
discontinuity at 1.

Example

Hence, the function h has a removable


discontinuity at 3.

Example

h has a removable discontinuity at 3.

h1 x

x2 9
x2 4 x 3
3

,x 3
,x 3

Example

The function is possibly discontinuous only at


2.
(i)
does not exist.
Then, F is indeed discontinuous at 2.

Example

Hence, the discontinuity at 2 is removable.

Example

F has a removable discontinuity at 2.

Exercise.

Identify, if any, the points of


discontinuity of the given functions.

f x 2 x3 4 x 2 1

g x x 1 x x 1
2

The above functions do not have points of


discontinuity.

Exercise.

Identify, if any, the points of


discontinuity of the given functions.

x 5 3 x 1

F x
x 5 x 1

F is discontinuous at -5 and at 1.
F has a essential discontinuity at 1 and
a removable discontinuity at -5.

Exercise.

Identify, if any, the points of


discontinuity of the given functions.

G x

2 x
x2 1

G is discontinuous at -1 and at 1.
G has a essential discontinuity at -1 and
a essential discontinuity at 1.

Exercise.

Identify, if any, the points of


discontinuity of the given functions.

x2 1

h x x 5

3
5 4 x

1 x
1 x 0
x0

h is discontinuous at 0.
h has a essential discontinuity at 0.

Definition
A function f is continuous from the right
at a number a if all of the following are
satisfied:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

exists;
exists; and

Definition
A function f is continuous from the left at
a number a if all of the following are
satisfied:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

exists;
exists; and

Example

The function is possibly discontinuous at -2


and 0.
(i)

Example

Hence, the function has an essential


discontinuous at -2.

Example

But

Thus, the function is continuous from the


right at -2.

Example

The function has an essential discontinuity


at 0.

Example

But

so the function is continuous from the left at


0.

Definition

A function is continuous on an open


interval
if it is continuous at every
number in the interval.

Example

We know that f is discontinuous at -2 and


0.
f is continuous on any open interval that
does not contain -2 and 0.

Definition
A function f is continuous on a closed
interval
if the following are satisfied:
(i) f is continuous on the open interval
(ii) f is continuous from the right at a;
(iii) f is continuous from the left at b.

Definition
A function f is continuous on an interval
if the following are satisfied:
(i) f is continuous on the open interval
(ii) f is continuous from the right at a.

Definition
A function f is continuous on an interval
if the following are satisfied:
(i) f is continuous on the open interval
(ii) f is continuous from the left at b.

Example

f is continuous from the right at -2.


f is continuous from the left at 0.

Example

f is continuous on this interval since


it is continuous on
it is continuous from the right at -2 and
it is continuous from the left at 0.

Example

f is not continuous on

since it is
not continuous from the left at -2.

Example

f is not continuous on

since f is not
continuous on
since 0, a point of
discontinuity, is in the open interval.

Example

f is continuous on

since
it is continuous on
and
it is continuous from the left at 3.

Intermediate Value Theorem


If the function f is
continuous on the closed interval
and

then for any number k between


and
there exists a number c between a and b
such that

Example

f is a polynomial function and is continuous


anywhere.
Then it is continuous on the given interval.

The conditions of the IVT are satisfied.

Example

By IVT, there exists a c between 0 and 3


such that
.

The value of c satisfying IVT is 2.

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