Pressure Head Against 1/r2

RESULT
Part A: Free Vortex

a.
Orifice diameter = 0.8 cm
Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm

Table 1: Data obtained for 0.8 cm orifice diameter
Pressure
Diamete
Measured
Pitot tube
head /
Velocity,
Radius,
r2
1/r2
r at
height, h
head
Depth of
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
(cm2)
(1/cm2)
centre, D
(cm)
difference
the pitot
, H (cm)
tube, X
1.00
1.00
1.00
(cm)
0.70
0.40
0.40
44.29
44.29
44.29
0.70
0.65
0.55
0.49
0.42
0.30
2.04
2.37
3.31
(cm)
1.40
1.30
1.10
7.80
8.10
8.10
Pressure head against 1/r2

0.8
0.7
0.6
f(x) = - 0.15x + 0.8
0.5
Pressure head, X (cm)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
2.04
2.37
3.31
1/r2 (1/cm2)
Figure 7: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for a 0.8 cm orifice diameter
Table 2: Difference between actual and theoretical velocity for 0.8 cm orifice diameter
Radius, r (cm)
0.70
0.65
0.55
Actual velocity (cm/s)

44.29
44.29
44.29
Theoretical velocity (cm/s)

24.51
26.40
31.20
Velocity against radius
Velocity, V (cm/s)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.55000000000000004
Actual velocity
Theoretical velocity
0.7
Radius, r (cm)
Figure 8: Graph of velocity against the radius of the profile for 0.8 cm orifice diameter
b.

Pressure
Diamete
Measured
r at
centre, D
(cm)
2.60
2.50
2.80
height, h
(cm)
7.10
7.30
7.40
Pitot tube
head /
head
Depth of
Velocity,
Radius,
difference
the pitot
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
, H (cm)
tube, X
1.50
1.50
1.50
(cm)
1.40
1.20
1.10
54.25
54.25
54.25
1.30
1.25
1.40
r2 (cm2)
1.69
1.56
1.96
1/r2
(1/cm2)
0.59
0.64
0.51

1.6
1.4
1.2
f(x) = - 0.15x + 1.53
1
Pressure head, X (mm)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.59
0.64
0.51
1/r2 (1/mm2)
Radius, r (cm)
2.60
2.50
2.80

54.25
54.25
54.25

3.81
3.96
3.54
Velocity, V (mm/s)
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Actual velocity
24
24.5
25
Radius, r (mm)
c.

Diamete
Measured
Pitot tube
Pressure
Velocity,
Radius,
r at
height, h
head
head /
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
centre, D
(cm)
difference
Depth of
, H (cm)
the pitot
(cm)
r2 (cm2)
1/r2
(1/cm2)
tube, X
3.80
3.60
3.70
7.50
7.40
7.80
1.70
1.70
1.70
(cm)
1.00
1.10
0.70
57.75
57.75
57.75
1.90
1.80
1.85
3.61
3.24
3.42
0.28
0.31
0.29
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
f(x) = 0.05x + 0.83
1/r2 (1/mm2)
Radius, r (cm)
3.80
3.60
3.70

57.75
57.75
57.75

450
400
350
300
Velocity, V (mm/s)
250
Actual velocity
200
150
100
50
0
23
23.5
29.5
Radius, r (mm)
d.

Diamete
Measured
Pitot tube
Pressure
Velocity,
Radius,
r at
height, h
head
head /
V (cm/s)
r (cm)
centre, D
(cm)
difference
Depth of
, H (cm)
the pitot
(cm)
r2 (cm2)
1/r2
(1/cm2)
tube, X
4.00
4.80
4.90
7.30
7.00
7.10
(cm)
1.20
1.50
1.40
2.00
2.00
2.40
62.64
62.64
68.62
2.00
2.40
2.45
4.00
5.76
6.00
0.25
0.17
0.17

1.6
1.4
f(x) = - 0.1x + 1.57
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.17
0.17
0.25
1/r2 (1/mm2)
Figure 13: Graph of pressure head against 1/r2 for 2.4 cm orifice diameter
Radius, r (cm)
4.00
4.80
4.90

62.64
62.64
68.62

400
350
300
250
Actual velocity
200
Velocity, V (mm/s)
150
100
50
0
14.5
16.5
17
Radius, r (mm)
Part B: Forced Vortex
Table 9: Data for forced vortex experiment obtained and calculated value
Distance
1
from
centre
(mm)
h0 (cm)
2nd
st
Measured
Theoretica
l
Measured
3rd
Theoretica
Measure
Theoretical
0
30
70
110
No of
revolution
6.0
6.4
6.6
7.0
6.0
63.55
69.99
80.38
8.2
8.3
8.7
8.9
8.2
78.58
83.17
93.82
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.8
10.3
94.62
99.36
109.31
35
34
34
velocity
3.67
3.56
3.56
(rad/s)
LPM
10.00
10.59
12.86
s in 60s
Angular
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge against Distance from centre
Height from top of measuring gauge to bridge, h (mm)
Measured
Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Linear (Theoretical)
Distance from centre (mm)
Figure 15: Graph of vortex profile for the 1st trial
Measured
Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Figure 16: Graph of vortex profile for the 2nd trial
Measured
Linear (Measured)
Theoretical
Figure 17: Graph of vortex profile for the 3rd trial
CALCULATIONS

Pressure Head Against 1/r2

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RESULT

Part A: Free Vortex

Orifice diameter = 0.8 cm

Distance from bridge to water surface, a = 24.5 cm