INTRODUCTION

Room cleaner is very much useful in cleaning floors in hospitals, houses, auditorium, shops,
computer centers etc; it is very simple in construction and easy to operate. Anybody can operate
this machine easily. It consist of moisture cotton brush, the brush cleans the floor and dried with
aid of small blower. Hence it is very useful in hospitals, houses, etc. The time taken for cleaning
is very less and the cost is also very less. Maintenance cost is less. Much type of machines is
widely used for this purpose. But they are working under different principles and the cost is also
very high.
Good well-maintained entrance matting can dramatically reduce the need for cleaning.
For public and office buildings about 80 to 90% of the dirt is tracked in from outside. Installing a
total of 15 feet of matting consisting of both indoor and outdoor sections will remove about 80%
of this. Thus about two-thirds of the dirt can be removed at the entrance

Reasons for cleaning floors

The principal reasons for floor cleaning are:

To prevent injuries due to tripping or slipping. Injuries due to slips and trips on level
floors are a major cause of accidental injury or death. Bad practice in floor cleaning is
itself a major cause of accidents.

To beautify the floor.

To remove stains, dirt, litter and obstructions.

To remove grit and sand which scratch and wear down the surface.

To remove allergens, in particular dust.

To prevent wear to the surface (e.g. by using a floor wax or protective sealant).

To make the environment sanitary (e.g. in kitchens).

To maintain an optimum traction (e.g. for dance floors).

Methods of floor cleaning

The treatment needed for different types of floors is very different. For safety it is most
important to ensure the floor is not left even slightly wet after cleaning or mopping up.
Sawdust is used on some floors to absorb any liquids that fall rather than trying to prevent
them being spilt. The sawdust is swept up and replaced each day. This was common in the past in
pubs and is still used in some butchers and fishmongers.
It used to be common to use tea leaves to collect dirt from carpets and remove odours.
Nowadays it is sill quite common to use diatomaceous earth, or in fact any cat litter type
material, to remove infestations from floors.

There are also a wide variety of floor cleaning machines available today such as floor
buffers, automatic floor scrubbers and sweepers, and carpet extractors that can deep clean almost
any type of hard floor or carpeted flooring surface in much less time than it would take using a
traditional cleaning method.

Wood flooring
Wood flooring should be treated completely differently depending on whether it waxed or
oiled, or whether it has a polyurethane coating. It is important to determine the type of finish of a
wood floor and always treat it the appropriate way, for instance it is difficult to clear wood floor
wax from a polyurethane floor. Simple cleaning instructions:
1. Clear the floor of any furnature that's easy to move.
2. Sweep or vacuum all loose dirt and debris.
3. Mop the floor, going along with the grain. If your floors are polyurethaned, dampen a
mop with water and a few drops of dishwashing liquid. Be sure to ring out the mop
thoroughly before using it on the floor. Run the mop back and forth, going with the grain
of the wood in smooth strokes. If your floors are lacquered or shellacked, dont use water,
which can stain the wood and cause buckling.
4. Buff the floor with a soft cloth to remove any soapy residue. Cloth diapers work well for
buffing, because theyre very soft and absorbent.
Tile and stone floors
Nowadays many modern kitchens, stairs, and bathrooms have tile flooring that can be
cleaned in three simple steps:
1. Dirt or dust should first be removed with a vacuum cleaner or a broom.

2. Have a floor cleaning solution or spray bottle for the appropriate floor. If you are cleaning
stone floors (marble, granite, travertine, etc.), make sure the cleaning agent states that it is
for stones. An acidic tile cleaning solution can be used on ceramic and porcelain floors
3. After spraying the tile or stone floors in a small area, use a mop to clean and scrub floors.

Reducing the need for cleaning

Good well-maintained entrance matting can dramatically reduce the need for cleaning.
For public and office buildings about 80 to 90% of the dirt is tracked in from outside. Installing a
total of 15 feet of matting consisting of both indoor and outdoor sections will remove about 80%
of this. Thus about two-thirds of the dirt can be removed at the entrance.
The Principles of Rotary Cleaning
Therefore, it is crucial that the correct machine is chosen to carry out any given task
efficiently. The most common varieties of machine used have a single rotating head, onto which
can be attached brushes, pads, bonnet mops, sanding discs and scarifying assemblies (more on
these later).
The head itself is driven by an electric motor or, in the case of non-electric versions,
propane and petrol. The power is transmitted to the rotating head in one of the following ways:
Direct drive where the motor is situated directly above the head with the power being
transmitted by means of a gear box.
Belt drive - where the motor is situated off centre or the rear of the rotating head with the head
itself being driven by a drive belt.

The Range of Tasks Performed

Scrubbing
Impacted soil deposits can be removed from hard floors by scrubbing, which requires the
use of a suitable cleaning solution in conjunction with the machine. Brushes or a suitably graded
abrasive pad can be used to dislodge the soil once it has been softened by the cleaning solution.
Burnishing
The tips of a rotary brush or the surface of an abrasive pad will scratch and cut at the
floor surface to create a smooth surface with a gloss finish. If this process is used on a floor that
has had polish applied, it will lead to the removal of the surface layer of polish to achieve the
same results.
Spray Cleaning
Again, like scrubbing, the machine is used in conjunction with a cleaning solution. It
differs from scrubbing in that a buffable detergent is used and it is applied using a trigger spray
or pump up bottle spray in the form of a fine mist, which, when subjected the action of the
machine, will leave a gloss film on the surface of the floor. This process can be used to maintain
unpolished floors or to maintain the appearance of floor treated with polish.
Buffing
A soft grade abrasive pad is used to create a gloss finish on the floor. If a floor has been
recently treated with wax, emulsion or seal finish, buffing will enhance the appearance of the
floor by generating heat on the surface which will harden waxes and resins present in the newly
laid polish.
Spray Burnishing
In essence, this is very similar to spray cleaning but the term is applied to the
maintenance procedures required of floors where a buffable polish has been applied and the
abrasive pad will remove soil along with the surface layer of polish to leave a glossy finish.

Waxes and resins present in the product applied form part of the eventual finish, further
enhancing the appearance of the floor.
Scarifying
This is the most aggressive way of removing impacted soil from a surface. A scarifying
attachment is fitted to the machine that incorporates a series of sharp cutting tools that will
remove soil deposits by means of a chisel like action.
Light Sanding
This can be done with the use of abrasive mesh discs used in conjunction with a slow
speed machine. They can be used to lightly sand an uneven or damaged surface or strip back
multiple layers of polish that cannot be removed by conventional stripping.
Bonnet Mopping
A cleaning process for carpets or hard floors using a standard speed rotary machine fitted
with the appropriate bonnet mop. Each surface has its own particular technique and involves a
surface-specific bonnet mop.
Carpet

A carpet bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of polyester and viscose and is an

extremely effective cleaning technique. For best results the carpet should first be vacuum cleaned
and pre- sprayed to tackle any heavy soiling. A solution of the appropriate detergent is used to
pre-soak the bonnet mop which is then wrung out before being used to buff the carpet.
Hard Floors

With hard floor bonnet cleaning the rotary machine should have a centre feed facility and
be fitted with a solution tank A hard floors bonnet is manufactured from a mixture of nylon and
high tensile nylon which ensures that it is hard wearing and the mop does not hold too much
water. To distinguish it from carpet bonnets the hard surface bonnet generally contains easily
identified coloured fleck, and has a mesh centre to allow water to feed through to the bonnet.
The cleaning technique here is different to carpets. The bonnet is put onto the drive board
in a dry state, and dampened by feeding water through from the solution tank. Only sufficient
cleaning solution should be fed to the bonnet, and as the bonnet dries out more solution can be
fed through. If done correctly the floor should be air dried in two or three minutes.

Types of Machine
As previously stated, although the machines may look similar, they do perform a number
of separate tasks, depending on their individual properties. In this section we will look at the
various types of machines available.
Single Brush Machines
Single brush machines have, as the name implies, a single rotating drive pulley driven,
powered by an electric motor. The drive pulley itself can be driven via a belt linking it to the
rotor of the motor or through a gearbox.
All machines apart from the Ultra High Speed machines are designed to be used in
conjunction with drive brushes, abrasive pads and a wide range of other accessories and

assemblies. Ultra High Speed machines, due to their speed configuration tend to be fitted with a
fixed drive board which is not removed after use.
The working width of these machines can vary from 28 to 60 cm and the speed at which
it is driven falls into one of the following categories:
Slow or Standard Speed

120 250 rpm

High Speed

260 360 rpm

Super Speed

370 490 rpm

Ultra High Speed

500 2000+ rpm

As a general rule, machines in the Standard, High and Super Speed categories, will tend
to be swing machines which are operated in a side to side motion. They will have a head weight
on the floor of anything between 20 to 45 kilos, depending on working diameter, size and weight
of motor and general construction of the machine. The machines operate on the principal that at a
point of equilibrium or in a horizontal position to the floor the machine will hover in the same
spot. By gently raising the handle the machine will move to the right, and by gently lowering the
handle the machine will move to the left. It is a combination of this slight upward and downward
movement on the handle that allows the machine to swing in a side to side action.

With Ultra High Speed machines, these are known as divided weight machines and tend
to be operated in a straight line method. In order to facilitate these higher speeds the rear wheels

will be in contact with the floor when in use and possibly the machine will also have a front or
central castor wheel to give further ease of mobility. Ultra High Speed machines usually have a
pad pressure of between 3 to 9 kilos, depending on the diameter and speed of the machine. This
is why they are particularly effective in polishing or burnishing hard floor surfaces, but cannot be
used for more aggressive cleaning methods such as scrubbing or stripping.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED
1. Solar
2. D.C Motor
3. wheel
4. Solar
5. wiper
6. Cleaning liquid
7. Water
8. Battery

COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION

Solar Cell

Fig 32 Solar Cell

Description:

This epoxy-encapsulated polycrystalline solar cell offers 6.7V and 31mA in a 37x33mm
package. These are mounted on sturdy fiberglass backing, with color-coded polarity solder tabs. As for
performance, it offers 6.1V at 23mA in its 37x33mm package. After using your solar cells for a couple of
bots I noticed that they can be altered to provide about 3.3v at near 80ma (in full sun) by cutting the bus
connector on the back to electrically separate the two sides of the cell and then to cross-connect the two
sides of the bus to the + and - contacts. This puts the two sides in parallel.

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into
electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices
intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used
when the light source is unspecified. Assemblies of cells are used to make solar panels, solar
modules, or photovoltaic arrays. Photovoltaic is the field of technology and research related to
the application of solar cells in producing electricity for practical use. The energy generated this
way is an example of solar energy (also called solar power).

TIMELINE OF SOLAR CELL

The term "photovoltaic" comes from the Greek
(phs) meaning "light", and "voltaic", meaning electric, from the name of the Italian physicist
Volta, after whom a unit of electrical potential, the volt, is named. The term "photo-voltaic" has
been in use in English since 1849.
The photovoltaic effect was first recognized in 1839 by
French physicist A. E. Becquerel. However, it was not until 1883 that the first solar cell was
built, by Charles Fritts, who coated the semiconductor selenium with an extremely thin layer of
gold to form the junctions. The device was only around 1% efficient. Sven Ason Berglund had a
number of patents concerning methods of increasing the capacity of these cells. Russell Ohl
patented the modern junction semiconductor solar cell in 1946, which was discovered while
working on the series of advances that would lead to the transistor.
The modern age of solar power technology arrived in 1954
when Bell Laboratories, experimenting with semiconductors, accidentally found that silicon
doped with certain impurities was very sensitive to light [citation needed].Daryl Chapin, with Bell Labs
colleagues Calvin Fuller and Gerald Pearson, invented the first practical device for converting
sunlight into useful electrical power. This resulted in the production of the first practical solar
cells with a sunlight energy conversion efficiency of around 6 percent. The solar battery was first
demonstrated on April 25, 1954. The first spacecraft to use solar panels was the US satellite
Vanguard 1, launched in March 1958 with solar cells made by Hoffman Electronics. This
milestone created interest in producing and launching a geostationary communications satellite,
in which solar energy would provide a viable power supply. This was a crucial development
which stimulated funding from several governments into research for improved solar cells.
In 1970 the first highly effective GaAs heterostructure
solar cells were created by Zhores Alferov and his team in the USSR.Metal Organic Chemical
Vapor Deposition (MOCVD, or OMCVD) production equipment was not developed until the
early 1980s, limiting the ability of companies to manufacture the GaAs solar cell. In the United
States, the first 17% efficient air mass zero (AM0) single-junction GaAs solar cells were
manufactured in production quantities in 1988 by Applied Solar Energy Corporation (ASEC).
The "dual junction" cell was accidentally produced in quantity by ASEC in 1989 as a result of
the change from GaAs on GaAs substrates to GaAs on Germanium (Ge) substrates. The
accidental doping of Ge with the GaAs buffer layer created higher open circuit voltages,
demonstrating the potential of using the Ge substrate as another cell. As GaAs single-junction
cells topped 19% AM0 production efficiency in 1993, ASEC developed the first dual junction
cells for spacecraft use in the United States, with a starting efficiency of approximately 20%.
These cells did not utilize the Ge as a second cell, but used another GaAs-based cell with

different doping. Eventually GaAs dual junction cells reached production efficiencies of about
22%. Triple Junction solar cells began with AM0 efficiencies of approximately 24% in 2000,
26% in 2002, 28% in 2005, and in 2007 have evolved to 30% AM0 production efficiency,
currently in qualification.

HIGH EFFICIENCY CELL

High efficiency solar cells are a class of solar cell that can
generate electricity at higher efficiencies than conventional solar cells. While high efficiency
solar cells are more efficient in terms of electrical output per incident energy (watt/watt), much
of the industry is focused on the most cost efficient technologies, i.e. cost-per-watt. Many
businesses and academics are focused on increasing the electrical efficiency of cells, and much
development is focused on high efficiency solar cells.

THEORY

Simple explanation
1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials,
such as silicon.
2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow
through the material to produce electricity. Due to the special composition of solar cells,
the electrons are only allowed to move in a single direction. The complementary positive
charges that are also created (like bubbles) are called holes and flow in the direction
opposite of the electrons in a silicon solar panel.
3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC)
electricity.

PHOTOGENERATIORN OF CHARGE CARRIERS

When a photon hits a piece of silicon, one of three things can happen:
1

The photon can pass straight through the silicon this (generally) happens for lower
energy photons,

The photon can reflect off the surface,

The silicon can absorb the photon, if the photon energy is higher than the silicon band
gap value. This generates an electron-hole pair and sometimes heat, depending on the
band structure.

When a photon is absorbed, its energy is given to an electron in the crystal lattice. Usually this
electron is in the valence band, and is tightly bound in covalent bonds between neighboring
atoms, and hence unable to move far. The energy given to it by the photon "excites" it into the
conduction band, where it is free to move around within the semiconductor. The covalent bond
that the electron was previously a part of now has one fewer electron this is known as a hole.
The presence of a missing covalent bond allows the bonded electrons of neighboring atoms to
move into the "hole," leaving another hole behind, and in this way a hole can move through the
lattice. Thus, it can be said that photons absorbed in the semiconductor create mobile electronhole pairs.
A photon need only have greater energy than that of the band gap in order to excite an electron
from the valence band into the conduction band. However, the solar frequency spectrum
approximates a black body spectrum at ~6000 K, and as such, much of the solar radiation
reaching the Earth is composed of photons with energies greater than the band gap of silicon.
These higher energy photons will be absorbed by the solar cell, but the difference in energy
between these photons and the silicon band gap is converted into heat (via lattice vibrations
called phonons) rather than into usable electrical energy.

PULLEY
A pulley is a wheel on an axle that is designed to support movement and change of
direction of a cable or belt along its circumference. Pulleys are used in a variety of ways to lift
loads, apply forces, and to transmit power. In nautical contexts, the assembly of wheel, axle, and
supporting shell is referred to as a "block."
A pulley is also called a sheave or drum and may have a groove between two flanges
around its circumference. The drive element of a pulley system can be a rope, cable, belt, or
chain that runs over the pulley inside the groove.
Hero of Alexandria identified the pulley as one of six simple machines used to lift
weights. Pulleys are assembled to form a block and tackle in order to provide mechanical

advantage to apply large forces. Pulleys are also assembled as part of belt and chain drives in
order to transmit power from one rotating shaft to another.

Block and tackle

Various ways of rigging a tackle.

A set of pulleys assembled so that they rotate independently on the same axle form a
block. Two blocks with a rope attached to one of the blocks and threaded through the two sets of
pulleys form a block and tackle.
A block and tackle is assembled so one block is attached to fixed mounting point and the
other is attached to the moving load. The mechanical advantage of the block and tackle is equal
to the number of parts of the rope that support the moving block.

Rope and pulley systems

A hoist using the compound pulley system yielding an advantage of 4. The single fixed
pulley is installed on the hoist (device). The two movable pulleys (joined together) are attached
to the hook. One end of the rope is attached to the crane frame, another to the winch.

A rope and pulley system -- that is, a block and tackle -- is characterised by the use of a
single continuous rope to transmit a tension force around one or more pulleys to lift or move a
loadthe rope may be a light line or a strong cable. This system is included in the list of simple
machines identified by Renaissance scientists.
If the rope and pulley system does not dissipate or store energy, then its mechanical
advantage is the number of parts of the rope that act on the load. This can be shown as follows.
Consider the set of pulleys that form the moving block and the parts of the rope that support this
block. If there are p of these parts of the rope supporting the load W, then a force balance on the
moving block shows that the tension in each of the parts of the rope must be W/p. This means the
input force on the rope is T=W/p. Thus, the block and tackle reduces the input force by the factor
p.

A gun tackle has a single pulley in both the fixed and moving blocks with two rope parts
supporting the load W.

Separation of the pulleys in the gun tackle show the force balance that results in a rope
tension of W/2.

A double tackle has two pulleys in both the fixed and moving blocks with four rope parts
supporting the load W.

Separation of the pulleys in the double tackle show the force balance that results in a rope
tension of W/4.
How it works

The simplest theory of operation for a pulley system assumes that the pulleys and lines
are weightless, and that there is no energy loss due to friction. It is also assumed that the lines do
not stretch.
In equilibrium, the forces on the moving block must sum to zero. In addition the tension
in the rope must be the same for each of its parts. This means that the two parts of the rope
supporting the moving block must each support half the load.

Fixed pulley

The load F on the moving pulley is balanced by the tension in two parts of the rope
supporting the pulley.

Movable pulley

Diagram 2: A movable pulley lifting the load W is supported by two rope parts with tension W/2.
These are different types of pulley systems:
Fixed: A fixed pulley has an axle mounted in bearings attached to a supporting structure. A
fixed pulley changes the direction of the force on a rope or belt that moves along its
circumference. Mechanical advantage is gained by combining a fixed pulley with a movable
pulley or another fixed pulley of a different diameter.

Movable: A movable pulley has an axle in a movable block. A single movable pulley is
supported by two parts of the same rope and has a mechanical advantage of two.
Compound: A combination of fixed and a movable pulleys forms a block and tackle. A block
and tackle can have several pulleys mounted on the fixed and moving axles, further
increasing the mechanical advantage.

Diagram 3: The gun tackle "rove to advantage" has the rope attached to the moving pulley. The
tension in the rope is W/3 yielding an advantage of three.

Diagram 3a: The Luff tackle adds a fixed pulley "rove to disadvantage." The tension in the rope
remains W/3 yielding an advantage of three.

The mechanical advantage of the gun tackle can be increased by interchanging the fixed
and moving blocks so the rope is attached to the moving block and the rope is pulled in the
direction of the lifted load. In this case the block and tackle is said to be "rove to advantage
Free body diagrams
The mechanical advantage of a pulley system can be analyzed using free body diagrams
which balance the tension force in the rope with the force of gravity on the load. In an ideal
system, the massless and frictionless pulleys do not dissipate energy and allow for a change of
direction of a rope that does not stretch or wear. In this case, a force balance on a free body that
includes the load, W, and n supporting sections of a rope with tension T, yields:

The ratio of the load to the input tension force is the mechanical advantage MA of the pulley
system

Thus, the mechanical advantage of the system is equal to the number of sections of rope
supporting the load.
Belt and pulley systems

Flat belt on a belt pulley

Belt and pulley system

A belt and pulley system is characterised by two or more pulleys in common to a belt.
This allows for mechanical power, torque, and speed to be transmitted across axles. If the pulleys
are of differing diameters, a mechanical advantage is realised.
A belt drive is analogous to that of a chain drive, however a belt sheave may be smooth
(devoid of discrete interlocking members as would be found on a chain sprocket, spur gear, or
timing belt) so that the mechanical advantage is approximately given by the ratio of the pitch
diameter of the sheaves only, not fixed exactly by the ratio of teeth as with gears and sprockets.
In the case of a drum-style pulley, without a groove or flanges, the pulley often is slightly
convex to keep the flat belt centred. It is sometimes referred to as a crowned pulley. Though once
widely used on factory line shafts, this type of pulley is still found driving the rotating brush in
upright vacuum cleaners, in belt sanders and bandsaws. Agricultural tractors built up to the early
1950s generally had a belt pulley for a flat belt (which is what Belt Pulley magazine was named
after). It has been replaced by other mechanisms with more flexibility in methods of use, such as
power take-off and hydraulics.

A.C. MOTOR
An electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy.
This conversion of electrical power to mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part of the
motor. A D.C. Motor is called as Conduction motor, but an A.C. Motor is called as Induction
Motor.

Induction Motor Design Principle

We all know that an electric motor is used for the conversion of electrical energy into
mechanical energy. This mechanical energy may be used for the pumping of liquid from one
place to other by using pumps or even to blow air by blowers or ceiling fans. The conversion of
electrical power to mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part of the motor. In D.C.
Motors, the electric power is conducted directly to the armature (the rotating part) through
brushes & commutator. Thus we can say a D.C. Motor as a conduction motor. But in case of an
A.C. Motor, the rotor does not receive electric power by conduction, but by Induction. Thus they
are called as induction motors. This can be compared with the secondary winding of a
transformer. These induction motors are also called as rotating transformers. Of all motors, it is
generally a 3-phase or a poly-phase induction motor is used in a larger extent in many industries

The Direction of rotation of an Electric motor is given by Fleming's Left Hand rule:
o

It shows the relation between the direction of "thrust" on a conductor carrying a

"current" in a "magnetic field".

Keep the Thumb, Index finger & the Middle finger of the left hand at right angles
to each other.The First finger or the index finger indicates the direction of the Field.

The seCond finger or the middle finger represents the direction of the Current.

The THumb represents the direction of the THrust or the direction of motion of
the conductor.

Also other important Law is the Faraday's Law Of Electro Magnetic Induction.There are 3
important rules/laws of electro magnetic induction.They are as follows:
1. An EMF is induced in a coil whenever the flux through the coil changes with time.
2. The magnitude of induced EMF is directly proportional to the rate of change of flux.
3. The direction of the EMF is such as to oppose the change in flux.

Why Does A Rotor Rotate?

If a 3-phase supply is fed to the stator windings of a 3-phase motor, a magnetic flux of
constant magnitude, rotating at synchronous speed is set up. At this point, the rotor is stationary.
The rotating magnetic flux passes through the air gap between the stator & rotor and sweeps past
the stationary rotor conductors. This rotating flux, as it sweeps, cuts the rotor conductors, thus
causing an e.m.f to be induced in the rotor conductors. As per the Faradays law of

electromagnetic induction, it is this relative motion between the rotating magnetic flux and the
stationary rotor conductors, which induces an e.m.f on the rotor conductors. Since the rotor
conductors are shorted and form a closed circuit, the induced e.m.f produces a rotor current
whose direction is given by Lenzs Law, is such as to oppose the cause producing it. In this case,
the cause which produces the rotor current is the relative motion between the rotating magnetic
flux and the stationary rotor conductors. Thus to reduce the relative speed, the rotor starts to
rotate in the same direction as that of the rotating flux on the stator windings, trying to catch it
up. The frequency of the induced e.m.f is same as the supply frequency.

Cogging Of Induction Motors

Sometimes, when the supply voltage is low, the squirrel cage induction motor refuses to
start. This happens when the number of stator teeth and the number of the rotor teeth is equal,
thus causing a magnetic locking between the stator and the rotor. This phenomenon is other-wise
called as teeth-locking or Magnetic locking. This problem can be overcome by having the
number of rotor slots prime to the stator slots.

Plugging of Motor

The Induction motor can be stopped immediately by just interchanging any two of the
stator leads. When an induction motor is rotating at a high speed, during emergency if situation
arises that the motor has to be stopped immediately, can be done by interchanging any 2 leads of
the stator supply. By doing this, it reverses the direction of the revolving flux, which produces a
torque in the reverse direction, thus causing a breaking effect on the rotor. This breaking period
is called the Plugging period.

Analogy with the Mechanical Clutch

The Rotor Cu loss = Slip * Rotor Input

This is evident by considering the working of mechanical clutch, used in automobiles. By
visualizing the figure pf plate clutch, it is evident that the torque on the drive shaft must be equal
to the torque on the driven shaft. Further, it should be emphasized that the these two torques are
the one and the same, because the torque is caused by the friction between the two plates. Let $1
and $2 be the angular velocities on these two shafts assuming the plate clutch is slipping.
Then input = T*1
Output= T* 2
But 2 = 1*(1-s)
So output = T* 1*(1-s)

Loss = T* 1 T* 2
Loss = T* 1 T 1*(1-s)
Loss = s * T 1
Thus
Loss = slip * input.
COIL

An electromagnetic coil (or simply a "coil") is formed when a conductor (usually

an insulated solid copper wire) is wound around a core or form to create an
inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is passed through a coil, it generates heat. One loop
of wire is usually referred to as a turn, and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use in
an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often connected to a coil.
Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating tape to provide
additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil assembly with taps is often
called a winding. A transformer is an electromagnetic device that has a primary winding and
a secondary winding that transfers energy from one electrical circuit to another by inductive
coupling without moving parts. The term tickler coil usually refers to a feedback coil, which is
often the third coil placed in relation to a primary coil and secondary coil. A coil tap is a wiring
feature found on some electrical transformers, inductors and coil pickups, all of which are sets of
wire coils. The coil tap(s) are points in a wire coil where a conductive patch has been exposed
(usually on a loop of wire that extends out of the main coil body). As self induction is larger for
larger coil diameter the current in a thick wire tries to flow on the inside. The ideal use of copper
is achieved by foils. Sometimes this means that a spiral is a better alternative. Multilayer coils
have the problem of interlayer capacitance, so when multiple layers are needed the shape needs
to be radically changed to a short coil with many layers so that the voltage between consecutive
layers is smaller
DC MOTOR

DC Motor has two leads. It has bidirectional motion

If we apply +ve to one lead and ground to another motor will rotate in one direction, if
we reverse the connection the motor will rotate in opposite direction.

If we keep both leads open or both leads ground it will not rotate (but some inertia will be
there).

If we apply +ve voltage to both leads then braking will occurs.

BATTERY
Battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery (or "voltaic pile")
in 1800 by Alessandro Volta and especially since the technically improved Daniel cell in 1836,
batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.
The Lead Acid battery is made up of plates, lead, and lead oxide (various other elements
are used to change density, hardness, porosity, etc.) with a 35% sulfuric acid and 65% water
solution. This solution is called electrolyte, which causes a chemical reaction that produce
electrons. When you test a battery with a hydrometer, you are measuring the amount of sulfuric
acid in the electrolyte. If your reading is low, that means the chemistry that makes electrons is
lacking. So where did the sulfur go? It is resting on the battery plates and when you recharge the
battery, the sulfur returns to the electrolyte.
Basically there are two types of lead acid batteries (along with 3 sub categories);The two
main types are Starting (cranking), and Deep Cycle (marine/golf cart). The starting battery (SLI

starting lights ignition) is designed to deliver quick bursts of energy (such as starting engines)
and therefore has a greater plate count. The plates are thinner and have somewhat different
material composition. The deep cycle battery has less instant energy, but greater long-term
energy delivery. Deep cycle batteries have thicker plates and can survive a number of discharge
cycles. Starting batteries should not be used for deep cycle applications because the thinner
plates are more prone to warping and pitting when discharged. Dual Purpose Battery is a
compromise between the two types of batteries, though it is better to be more specific if possible.
Wet Cell (flooded), Gel Cell, and Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) are various versions of the
lead acid battery. The Wet cell comes in two styles; Serviceable and Maintenance free. Both are
filled with electrolyte and are basicly the same. I prefer one that I can add water to and check the
specific gravity of the electrolyte with a hydrometer. The Gel Cell and the AGM batteries are
specialty batteries that typically cost twice as much as a premium wet cell. However they store
very well and do not tend to sulfate or degrade as easily as wet cell. There is little chance of a
hydrogen gas explosion or corrosion when using these batteries; these are the safest lead acid
batteries you can use. Gel Cell and some AGM batteries may require a special charging rate. If
you want the best,most versatile type, consideration should be given to the AGM battery for
applications such as Marine, RV, Solar, Audio, Power Sports and Stand-By Power just to name a
few. If you don't use or operate your equipment daily, AGM batteries will hold their charge better
that other types. If you must depend on top-notch battery performance, spend the extra money.
Gel Cell batteries still are being sold but AGM batteries are replacing them in most applications.
There is a some common confusion regarding AGM batteries because different manufactures call
them by different names; some of the more common names are "sealed regulated valve", "dry
cell", "non spillable", and "Valve Regulated Lead Acid" batteries. In most cases AGM batteries
will

give

greater

life

span

and

greater

cycle

life

than

wet

cell

battery.

SPECIAL NOTE about Gel Batteries: It is very common for individuals to use the term GEL
CELL when referring to sealed, maintenance free batteries, much like one would use Kleenex
when referring to facial tissue or "Xerox machine" when referring to a copy machine. Be very
careful when specifying a battery charger, many times we are told by customer they are requiring
a charger for a Gel Cell battery and in fact the battery is not a Gel Cell.

AGM:
The Absorbed Glass Matt construction allows the electrolyte to be suspended in close
proximity with the plates active material. In theory, this enhances both the discharge and
recharge efficiency. Common manufacturer applications include high performance engine
starting, power sports, deep cycle, solar and storage battery. The larger AGM batteries we sell are
typically good deep cycle batteries and they deliver their best life performance if recharged
before allowed to drop below the 50% discharge rate. The Scorpion motorcycle batteries we
carry are a nice upgrade from your stock flooded battery, and the Odyssey branded batteries are
fantastic for holding their static charge over long periods of non use. When Deep Cycle AGM
batteries are discharged to a rate of no less than 60% the cycle life will be 300 plus cycles.
GEL:
The Gel Cell is similar to the AGM style because the electrolyte is suspended, but
different because technically the AGM battery is still considered to be a wet cell. The electrolyte
in a Gel Cell has a silica additive that causes it to set up or stiffen. The recharge voltage on this
type of cell is lower than the other styles of lead acid battery. This is probably the most sensitive
cell in terms of adverse reactions to over-voltage charging. Gel Batteries are best used in VERY
DEEP cycle application and may last a bit longer in hot weather applications. If the incorrect
battery charger is used on a Gel Cell battery poor performance.

HOW TO Wire a DPDT rocker switch for reversing polarity

When you need to control a DC motor (such as a DC linear actuator) you usually
need to be able to swap the polarity on the wires going to the motor.
A double pole, double throw switch is used for this purpose but you have to wire it
up correctly to reverse the polarity going to the linear actuator.

Step 1: Required materials

You need the following materials:

-DPDT rocker switch

-insulated disconnect terminals (female) x 6

-wire
-wire cutter/crimper/stripper tool
-a linear actuator or DC motor to control

Step 2: Connecting the wires to the disconnect terminals

First you need to cut a bit off each wire that will be going to the motor. This is the
jumper that will allow the polarity to swap.
I'm using blue and brown wire. THE COLOR OF THE WIRE IS NOT SIGNIFICANT.
You can use red and black, or any combination of wire color. Because you'll be
swapping the polarity back and forth on the actuator, the color of the wire, and
whether they are on the right side or the left doesn't matter.
Twist together one end of the blue jumper wire and the end of the main blue wire.
Then push this into the disconnect terminal and crimp with the wire tool.
Do the same for the brown wire.
At the end of the blue jumper attach another disconnect terminal.
Do the same for the brown wire.
Attach the main blue terminal to one of the poles on the side, attach the main
brown termainl to the pole right next to it.
Attach the blue jumper connector to the opposite corner, and the brown jumper to
the other corner to form an 'X' across the switch.

Step 3: Connecting the wires to the disconnect terminals (for

power)

Similar to the last step take another wire that will go to the +12V DC (or whatever
you are using). I am using blue wire.
Attach this to a disconnect terminal.
Do the same with another piece of wire (I used brown). This will go to ground.
Attach these to the center poles of the switch.
With my switch it doesn't matter which poles it's attached to, as there is no up and
down for the switch. If you don't like it just turn the switch upside down. Otherwise
test before installing the switch.

Step 4: Done!

Step 5: UPDATE: Wiring Diagram

BLOCK DIAGRAM

WORKING PRINCIPLE
The cleaning liquid is mixed in proper proportion and it is poured into the reservoir
through the top way. The cleaning liquid is poured until the tanks are filled. Actuating the lever
opens the valve. Cleaning liquid from the tank spills on the brush. After the required amount is
delivered, the lever is released and the machine is switched ON. The brush gets drive from
motor through pulleys and belts. The brush applies pressure on the floor, when the adjuster rod
is unscrewed and the handle is moved in the required direction to clean the sufficient area. Again
the lever is operated to supply cleaning liquid whenever required. This process is repeated, so
floor is cleaned well. The cotton brush prevents the damages on the mosaic, marble floors and
gives smooth surface finish and shining.

ADVANTAGES

Manual effort is reduced.

Operating time is less.
Cleaning and polishing can be done at same time.
It consumes less cleaning liquid.
Power consumption is less.
Design is very simple.
Easy fabrication.
It occupies less floor area.
Net weight is less.
Maintenance cost less.
Easy control of cleaning solution supply.
It can be used in various floors.
Smoother operation.
By further modification the drive or movement can be made automatic.

APPLICATIONS

Domestic purpose
Hospitals
Computer centers

Auditoriums
Cultural centers
Schools
Colleges
Large scale industries
Medium scale industries
Theatres
Educational institutions

CONCLUSION
Thus in our project we have designed the Automatic floor cleaning machine with the help
of A.C Motor and belt transmission. The machine is designed in order to enable easy operation
and to reduce the effort of human beings. Even chidren and aged people can handle this machine,

no critical operations is needed in this machine. The ultimate need of this project is satisfied and
with the help of this machine we can clean the floor easily.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Woodbank Communications Ltd. (n.d.). (2005). State of Charge (SOC) Determination.
Retrieved from http://www.mpoweruk.com/soc.htm

2. North Arizona Wind & Sun. (n.d.). (2009). Deep Cycle Battery FAQ. Retrieved
from http://www.windsun.com/Batteries/Battery_FAQ.htm
3. http://www.medicaljobsireland.ie/tag/hospital-hygiene-audit-results/
4. http://www.hmi.ie/Documents/february_2009/cover_story_hygiene_report
%20hm_Feb_09_p12.pdf
5. http://www.mrsainfection.org/mrsa-in-ireland.php
6. http://www.wsh.nhs.uk/InfectionControl/MRSA.htm Chen & Schelin: