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Math12-1 - Lesson 10 - Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

This document provides information about exponential and logarithmic functions including: - The definitions and properties of exponential functions of the form f(x) = bx and natural exponential function f(x) = ex. - The definitions of logarithms and logarithmic functions as inverses of exponential functions. - Properties and graphs of logarithmic functions including common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. - Examples of evaluating exponential and logarithmic functions and using the change-of-base formula.

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Gabriel R Gonzales
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293 views20 pages

Math12-1 - Lesson 10 - Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

This document provides information about exponential and logarithmic functions including: - The definitions and properties of exponential functions of the form f(x) = bx and natural exponential function f(x) = ex. - The definitions of logarithms and logarithmic functions as inverses of exponential functions. - Properties and graphs of logarithmic functions including common (base 10) and natural (base e) logarithms. - Examples of evaluating exponential and logarithmic functions and using the change-of-base formula.

Uploaded by

Gabriel R Gonzales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LESSON 10

EXPONENTIAL and LOGARITHMIC


FUNCTIONS

EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
If x and b are real numbers such that b > 0 and b 1, then
f(x) = bx is an exponential function with base b.
Examples of exponential functions:
a) y = 3x
b) f(x) = 6x

Example: Evaluate the function y = 4x at the given values of x.


a) x = 2
b) x = -3
c) x = 0

PROPERTIES OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION y = bx

The domain is the set of all real numbers.


The range is the set of positive real numbers.
The y intercept of the graph is 1.
The x axis is an asymptote of the graph.
The function is one to one.

The graph of the function y = bx

y bx

Domain : ,
Range : 0 ,
y int ercept : 0 ,1
x int ercept : none
Horizontal Asymptote : x axis

1
o

EXAMPLE 1: Graph the function y = 3x


x

-3

-2

-1

1/27

1/9

1/3

27

y 3x

1
o

EXAMPLE 2: Graph the function y = (1/3)x


x

-3

-2

-1

27

1/3

1/9

1/27

y
1
y
3

1
o

EXAMPLE 3: Graph of the function y = 3x


with translations
y

y 3x

y 3x 1

y 3 x 1

1
o

NATURAL EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION: f(x) = ex

y
f x e x

Domain : ,
Range : 0 ,
y int ercept : 0 ,1
x int ercept : none
Horizontal Asymptote : x axis

1
o

DEFINITION OF A LOGARITHM AND A LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION


If x > 0 and b is a positive constant (b 1), then
y = logb x
if and only if
by = x
The notation logb x is read the logarithm (or log) base b of x.
The function defined by f(x) = logb x is a logarithmic function
with base b. This function is the inverse of the exponential
function g(x) = bx.
Examples of logarithmic functions:
a) y = log3 x
b) f(x) = log6 x
Definition of Exponential Form and Logarithmic Form:
The exponential form of y = logb x is by = x.
The logarithmic form of by = x is y = logb x.

EXAMPLE 1: Express in exponential form:

a ) log4 64 3
b ) log2 32 5
c ) log 1 16 4
2

d ) log5 0.04 2
EXAMPLE 2: Express in logarithmic form:

a ) 6 3 216
5
4

b ) 16 32
4
3

c ) 27 81
1
2

d ) 49 7

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

The domain is the set of positive real numbers.


The range is the set of all real numbers.
The x intercept of the graph is 1.
The y axis is an asymptote of the graph.
The function is one to one.

The graph of the function y = logb x


y

Domain : 0 ,
Range : ,
x int ercept : 0 ,1
y int ercept : none
Vertical Asymptote : y axis

x
y logb x

EXAMPLE 1: Graph the function y = log3 x


x

1/27

1/9

1/3

27

-3

-2

-1

y log3 x

EXAMPLE 2: Graph the function y = log1/3 x


x

27

1/3

1/9

1/27

-3

-2

-1

y log 1 x
3

EXAMPLE 3: Graph the function y = log3 x


with translations
y
y log3 x 2

o
y log3 x 2

x
y log3 x

DEFINITION OF COMMON AND NATURAL LOGARITHMS


The function defined by f(x) = log10 x is called the common
logarithmic function. It is customarily written as f(x) = log x,
without stating the base.
The function defined by f(x) = loge x is called the natural
logarithmic function. It is customarily written as f(x) = ln x.

If ln x loge x , then ln e loge e 1

PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
If M, N, and b (b 1) are positive real numbers, and r is any real
number, then

logb MN logb M logb N


M
logb logb M logb N
N
r
logb N r logb N
logb b 1
logb 1 0
logb b x x
b logb x x

Since logarithmic function is continuous and one-to-one,


every positive real number has a unique logarithm to the
base b. Therefore,
logbN = logbM
if and only if
N=M
EXAMPLE 1: Express the ff. in expanded form:

d) log2 x 4 y 3

a ) log3 xyz
b ) log6 3 x

mnp
c ) log4 2
t

e) log5

x2
y 5 p3

EXAMPLE 2: Express as a single logarithm:

a) log2 x 2 log2 x log2 3


b ) 2 loga m 3 loga n
2
c ) log5 2 3 log5 m 2 log5 n log5 p
3

CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA
If x, a, and b are positive real numbers with a 1 and b 1,
then
loga x
logb x
loga b
Because most calculators use only common logarithms (a = 10)
or natural logarithms (a = e), the change-of-base formula is
used most often in the following form.
If x and b are positive real numbers and b 1, then

loga x
ln x
logb x

loga b ln b
EXAMPLE: Use common logarithms and natural
logarithms to find each logarithm:

a) log5 65

b) log0.8 70

c) log2 0.1

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