Organic chemistry I

lab report 1
Alcohols
By: Omar Samir
ID: 117781

Table of contents
Abstract
.

Introduction
...

2,3,
4

Tables
Unknown 1
.

Unknown 2
.....

Unknown 3
.

Unknown 4
.

Chemical equations
..

References

10

Abstract

Alcohols
Are any of a class of organic compounds portrayed by one or more
hydroxyl (oh) gatherings appended to a carbon atom of an alkyl bunch
(hydrocarbon chain). Alcohols may be considered as organic derivatives
of water (H2O) in which one of the hydrogen particles has been
supplanted by an alkyl bunch, commonly spoken to by R in organic
structures. Case in point, in ethanol (or ethyl alcohol) the alkyl gathering
is the ethyl bunchCH2CH3.
Methanol & Ethanol & Benzyl alcohol & glycerol are some examples for
alcohols. Alcohols are among the most widely recognized natural mixes.
They are utilized as sweeteners and as a part of making fragrances, are
profitable intermediates in the blend of different mixes, and are among
the most copiously created natural chemicals in industry Alcohols may
be delegated essential, auxiliary, or tertiary, as indicated by which
carbon of the alkyl gathering is reinforced to the hydroxyl bunch.
Most alcohols are dry fluids or solids at room temperature. Alcohols of
low sub-atomic weight are exceedingly dissolvable in water; with
expanding sub-atomic weight, they get to be less solvent in water, and

their breaking points, vapor pressures, densities, and viscosities

increment

Introduction
According to chemistry, alcohols are any natural compound in which the
hydroxyl utilitarian bond (-O H) is sure to an immersd carbon atom. The
term alcohol initially alluded to the essential alcohol ethyl alcohol
(ethanol).Usually alcohols are known for their smell that are
characterized as "gnawing" and "hanging" to the nasal part (Leroy G.
Wade, 2014) . Ethanol has a minor sugary (or more soil grown foods like)
smell upon the alternate alcohols. Usually, the hydroxyl aggregation
makes the alcohol atoms polar. Those aggregations can frame the
hydrogen bonds to each other and to different mixtures (beside certain
extensive atoms where hydroxyl is guaranteed by steric block if
adjoining groups).Alcohols could be able to give up ketons, aldehydes
and carboxylic acid, they have to experience oxidation or the outcome
would be dried alkenes . They could respond to the ester mixes
structure, and they can (if motivated first) experience nucleophilic
substitution responses. The solitary sets of electrons on the oxygen of
the hydroxyl aggregate likewise makes alcohols nucleophiles .

General reaction of alcohols:

1-Acidity Test
Alcohols respond with sodium metal to give the alkoxides with
development of hydrogen.
2 R-OH + 2Na 2 R-ONa + H2
Sodium alkoxide
Procedure
In dry test tube, take around 5 ml of dry alcohol (water free alcohol) and
include a little bit of sodium metal. Notice the development of a H2 gas.

2
2-Oxidation:
Essential alcohols are oxidized to the relating aldehydes and further
oxidation prompted the arrangement of the carboxylic acids, while the
optional alcohols are oxidized to ketones. The oxidizing operator is
K2cr2o7 in the event of methanol and ethanol, Kmno4 if there should
arise an occurrence of amyl liquor or weaken nitric corrosive if there
should arise an occurrence of benzyl liquor.
Procedure
Warm a mixture of alcohol (1 ml) and the oxidizing operator (2 ml) on a
water shower with the expansion of 1-2 drops of dilute sulfuric acid if
there should arise (K2cr2o7).

In case of using pot dichromate the color would be changed from

orange (Cr+6) to green (Cr+3).

In case of using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) the violet

color disappear (conversion from Mn+7 to Mn+2).

3-Iodoform test:
Alcohols which contain Ch3choh- aggregate in vicinity of iodine and
sodium hydroxide give iodoform test.

Procedure
In a test tube put around 1-2 ml of ethyl liquor then 5 ml of iodine
arrangement (brown) then include drops of sodium hydroxide till a straw
yellow color is gotten. Warm the response mixture on a water shower for
10 min., cool a yellow accelerate will be framed (from CHI3 Iodoform)

3
4-Esterification:
Alcohols can be responded with natural acids to give the ester and this
response is catalyzed by a corrosive where the response is reversible.
Procedure
In a dry test tube take around 2 ml of alcohol and equivalent sum from
the natural acid or its salt and afterward precisely include few drops of
conc. H2so4. Heat the response mixture on a water shower for around
10 minutes. Cool and put the response mixture into 20 ml sodium
bicarbonate arrangement and identify the ester framed (trademark
smell).
Special reaction of alcohols:

1-Borax test:
With glycerol
In a test tube take around 5 ml of 1% borax arrangement and include
few drops of phenolphthalein (phph) it give a pink color. Include dilute
glycerol slowly till the pink color vanishes. Warm the arrangement
delicately; the pink color will be show up again etc
2-React with HCL:
With Benzyl alcohol
Warm 1 ml of benzyl alcohol with 1 ml conc. HCl, the clear solution
becomes turbid and two layers will be formed due to the formation of
benzyl chloride

4
Alcohols
Unknown 1
Physical characteristics:
State: liquid
Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water insoluble
Boiling point: 65 C
Chemical reactions:
Test
Reaction with sodium metal

Oxidation with cupper wire

Observation
Effervescences with the
evolution of a colorless
gas that pops with a
lighting splinter
Effervescences with the

Result
The unknown
possess an acidic
property
The unknown

possess an acidic
property

Oxidation with K2Cr2O7

test

evolution of a colorless
gas that pops with a
lighting splinter
Color turns from orange
to green

Oxidation with KMnO4

The pink color discharges

Esterification with acetic

acid

Fruity odor clarity

The unknown is
Oxidisable
The unknown is
alcohol

Esterification with salicylic

acid

Vix odor clarity

The unknown
might be methanol

Iodoform test

No characteristics
observation

The unknown is
methanol

Unknown is
Methanol
structure CH3OH

The unknown is
Oxidisable

write the

Comment using chemical equations

Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic
character
oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the
oxidisability of the unknown
acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic
nature
since the unknown soluble in water so it might be methanol
or ethanol
it give no observation with iodoform , it is methanol

5
Alcohols
Unknown 2
Physical characteristics:
State: liquid
Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water insoluble
Boiling point: 78 C

Chemical reactions:
Test
Reaction with sodium metal

Result
The unknown
possess an acidic
property

Oxidation with K2Cr2O7

test

Observation
Effervescences with the
evolution of a colourless
gas that pops with a
lighting splinter
Effervescences with the
evolution of a colourless
gas that pops with a
lighting splinter
Color turns from orange
to green

Oxidation with KMnO4

The pink color discharges

Esterification with acetic

acid

Green apple odor clarity

The unknown is
Oxidisable
The unknown
Might be ethanol

Iodoform test

Yellow crystals has

created

Oxidation with cupper wire

Unknown is
C2H6OH

ethanol

The unknown
possess an acidic
property
The unknown is
Oxidisable

The unknown is
ethanol
write the structure

Comment using chemical equations

Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic
character
oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the
oxidisability of the unknown
acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic
nature
it gives yellow crystals with iodoform test so the unknown is
ethanol

6
Alcohols

Unknown 3
Physical characteristics:
State: liquid
Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water insoluble
Boiling point: 204 C
Chemical reactions:
Test
Reaction with sodium metal

Observation
Effervescences with the
evolution of a colourless
gas that pops with a
lighting splinter
Color turns from orange
to green

Result
The unknown
possess an acidic
property

Esterification with acetic

acid

Fruity odor clarity

The unknown is
alcohol

Reaction with HCL

Separating into 2 layers

The unknown is
benzyl-alcohol

Oxidation with K2Cr2O7

test

Unknown is

benzyl-alcohol

The unknown is
Oxidisable

write the structure

Comment using chemical equations

Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic

character
oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the
oxidisability of the unknown
acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic
nature
separating into 2 layers happened when it react with HCL

7
Alcohols
Unknown 4
Physical characteristics:
State: viscous liquid
Color: colorless
Solubility in water: water-soluble
Boiling point: 290 C
Chemical reactions:
Test
Reaction with sodium metal

Observation
Effervescences with the
evolution of a colourless
gas that pops with a
lighting splinter
Color turns from orange
to green

Result
The unknown
possess an acidic
property

Esterification with acetic

acid

Fruity odor clarity

The unknown is
alcohol

Borax test

Pink color discharges

The unknown is
glycerol

Oxidation with K2Cr2O7

test

Unknown is
structure

glycerol

The unknown is
Oxidisable

write the

Polyalc.

Comment using chemical equations

Acidity test showed that the unknown to possess an acidic
character

oxidation test by ( KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 ) both showed the

oxidisability of the unknown
acidic & oxidisable the unknown might be an alcohol
function group test ( Esterification ) confirmed the alcoholic nature
the pink color discharges with the borax test so the unknown is
glycerol

8
Chemical equations
1-Acidity:
2 R-OH + 2Na 2 R-ONa + H2
Sodium alkoxide
2-oxidation:

3-iodoform:

4- Esterification:

References

Reactions of Alcohols,(n .d.), Computing Camden Rutgers. Retrieved

from http://crab.rutgers.edu/~alroche/Ch11.pdf

Leroy G. Wade, Jr. (2014, April 9). Alcohol, Retrieved from

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13366/alcohol

Reactions of Alcohols,(n .d.), Cliffs Notes. Retrieved from

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/chemistry/organic-chemistryii/alcohols-and-ethers/reactions-of-alcohols

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