Disease Is Reduced. The Level of Herd Immunity May Vary With Diseases

review
1. What is herd immunity and how does it apply to practice?

Herd immunity describes the immunity level that is present in a population group.
o Population with low herd immunity is one with few immune members; consequently,
it is more susceptible to a particular disease. Nonimmune people are more likely
to contract the disease and spread it throughout the group, placing the entire
population at greater risk.
o Population with high herd immunity is one in which the immune people in the group
outnumber the susceptible people; consequently, the incidence of a particular
disease is reduced. The level of herd immunity may vary with diseases.
Barriers to Immunization coverage: Financial, social, cultural, religious, philosophical
objections, provider limitations.
Mandatory preschool immunizations and required travel vaccinations are applications of the
herd immunity concept.
2. Know Tuberculosis incubation grades (graph) and who is at risk based on the size of
their induration. P. 258
TB has two stages: latent infection, which is noninfectious to others, and active disease,
which is highly infectious to others.
The incubation time for TB is approximately 10 to 12 weeks
o Incubation Period: during which the organism multiplies to sufficient numbers to
produce a host reaction and clinical symptoms (important because you might not
have s&s but can still be spread/transmitted). INTERVAL BTW EXPOSURE AND ONSET
OF SYMPTOMS.
Immune-suppressed individuals (HIV) can develop active TB within weeks after exposure to
the mycobacterium, disease progresses much faster than in those with a normal, competent
immune system.
o a suspected case of TB in a person with HIV/AIDS is usually treated immediately,
without waiting for the results of sputum tests or chest x-ray
In other conditions caused by noninfectious agents, the time from exposure to onset of
symptoms, known as the induction period or latency period, is often years to decades.
o For example, children exposed to radiation may have a 5-year latency period for
leukemia. Lung cancer caused by exposure to asbestos may have a latency period of
40 years between exposure and detection of the disease.
3. What is multi-resistant tuberculosis and how is it applied in practice?
On an individual case basis, the most common means by which resistant organisms are
acquired is by noncompliance with therapy for the full, recommended period.
MDR-TB is a form of TB that is present in virtually all countries surveyed by WHO. The
primary cause of multi-drug resistance is the inappropriate or incorrect use of anti-TB drugs.
Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease spread in the air when people cough, sneeze or speak. It
normally requires prolonged contact over a long period for healthy people to become
infected, experts say. And although it's treated with antibiotics, the problem of drug-resistant
TB is a growing concern.
An estimated 480,000 ppl developed multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) in 2015. In some
cases, an even more severe form of MDR-TB may develop with bad treatment. Extensively
drug-resistant TB is a form of TB that responds to even fewer available medicines.
How is it applied to practice?
o DOTS (Direct Observation Therapy) intervention can help those with TB successfully
treat and cure the disease
o When candidates for drug therapy are identified, it is essential to provide program
support to ensure that the maximum number of individuals comply with their
medication regimen for the full duration of therapy.
o A component of a successful TB program is case management of care and treatment,
which includes monitoring for adherence to treatment, administering medications
(either directly through DOT or through DOT supervision by ancillary staff),
interviewing the individual for signs and symptoms of adverse reactions, collecting
lab specimens in a timely manner and monitoring for culture conversion, monitoring
for overall health and wellbeing, educating, and making referrals

Disease Is Reduced. The Level of Herd Immunity May Vary With Diseases

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Disease Is Reduced. The Level of Herd Immunity May Vary With Diseases

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Disease Is Reduced. The Level of Herd Immunity May Vary With Diseases

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

review

1. What is herd immunity and how does it apply to practice?

You might also like