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Table 1- Calculation of χ2 for Graph 1

This document contains data from measurements of the mass of US pennies from different years. It provides a statistical analysis of the data including calculating confidence intervals, comparing means using t-tests, performing linear regression to determine if mass decreases with year, and using chi-squared tests to determine if the data fits a Gaussian distribution. Key results include a significant decrease in mass over time, some years having significantly different averages, and the full and reduced data sets not fitting a Gaussian distribution.

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Jonique Major
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47 views3 pages

Table 1- Calculation of χ2 for Graph 1

This document contains data from measurements of the mass of US pennies from different years. It provides a statistical analysis of the data including calculating confidence intervals, comparing means using t-tests, performing linear regression to determine if mass decreases with year, and using chi-squared tests to determine if the data fits a Gaussian distribution. Key results include a significant decrease in mass over time, some years having significantly different averages, and the full and reduced data sets not fitting a Gaussian distribution.

Uploaded by

Jonique Major
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mass

(g)
(x)
2.415

Observed
number of
coins
(Yobs)
1

Calculated
ordinate of
Gaussian curve
(Ycalc)
0.026917598

0.973082402

2.425

0.132079739

-0.132079739

2.435

0.536323314

-0.536323314

2.445

1.802253014

1.197746986

2.455

5.011819689

-1.011819689

2.465

12

11.53369281

0.46630719

2.475
2.485

31
47

21.96517094
34.61736919

9.03482906
12.38263081

2.495

66

45.14886084

20.85113916

2.505

46

48.72959469

-2.72959469

2.515

36

43.52432718

-7.52432718

2.525

11

32.1710028

-21.1710028

2.535

19.6784277

-11.6784277

2.545

9.961149489

-4.961149489

2.555

4.172744415

2.827255585

2.565

1.446529772

0.553470228

2.575

0.449791087

1.550208913

Table 1- Calculation of

Reporting Your Results


Gathering data:

Yobs-Ycalc

( Y obs Y calc )
Y calc

2 (all 17
points)
2 (15 pointsfirst 2 omitted)
2 for Graph 1

35.1773348
2
0.13207973
9
0.53632331
4
0.79600246
5
0.20427292
8
0.01885279
9
3.71625317
4.42926627
2
9.62970042
2
0.15289860
7
1.30077828
1
13.9321538
2
6.93072005
7
2.47089999
8
1.91561556
3
0.21176839
9
5.34280856
9
86.8977292
2
51.5883146
7

1. Attach a table of masses, with one column sorted by mass for each year.
2. Divide 1982 into two columns, one for light (zinc) and one for heavy (brass) pennies.
3. One year should be divided into one column from Denver and one from Philadelphia.
Discrepant data:

1. List the mean ( x ) and standard deviation (s) for each column.
2. Discard data that lie outside of x 4s and recompute x and s.
Confidence intervals and t test:
1. For the year 1982 with highest average mass:
95% confidence interval (= x ts/ n ) = 2.946 0.213
For the year 1982 with lowest average mass:
95% confidence interval = 2.47817 0.309
Comparison of means with t test:
tcalculated = 4.47
ttable = 2.074
Is the difference significant? Yes
2. For the year 1982 with highest average mass:
95% confidence interval = 3.1212 0.076
For the year 1982 with lowest average mass:
95% confidence interval = 3.073 0.07
Comparison of means with t test:
tcalculated = 2.10
ttable = 2.262
Is the difference significant? Somewhat
3. For Philadelphia versus Denver coins in one year:
Philadelphia 95% confidence interval = 3.088188 0.039
Denver 95% confidence interval = 3.072 0.09
Comparison of means with t test:
tcalculated = 0.701
ttable = 2.110
Is the difference significant? Yes
Gaussian distribution of masses:
Prepare a graph analogous to Figure 1 with labels showing the 3s limits.
Least-squares Analysis:
Prepare a graph analogous to Figure 2 and find the least-squares slope and intercept and their
standard deviations.
m sm = -0.0006 0.000515
t95% confidence = 0.0010094 t99% confidence = 0.0013207
95% confidence: m tsm = -0.0006 0.0010094

Does interval include zero? No


99% confidence: m tsm = -0.0006 0.0013207
Does interval include 0? No
Is there a systematic increase or decrease of penny mass with year? Decrease
2 test:
Write Equation 2 for the smooth Gaussian curve that fits your bar graph.
Construct a table analogous to Table 1 to compute 2 for the complete data set.
Computed value of 2 = 86.89772922 Degrees of freedom = 16
Critical value of 2 = 26.3
Do the data follow a Gaussian distribution? No
Now omit bars on the graph that are greater than 3 standard deviations away from the mean and
calculate a new value of 2 with the reduced data set.
Computed value of 2 = 51.58831467 Degrees of freedom = 14
Critical value of 2 = 23.7
Does the reduced data set follow a Gaussian distribution? No

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