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Assignment 4

This document provides 19 problems related to Legendre polynomials. It covers properties of Legendre polynomials including recurrence relations, orthogonal properties, generating functions, and using Legendre polynomials to solve differential equations and represent other functions.

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Siddharth Nathan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
122 views

Assignment 4

This document provides 19 problems related to Legendre polynomials. It covers properties of Legendre polynomials including recurrence relations, orthogonal properties, generating functions, and using Legendre polynomials to solve differential equations and represent other functions.

Uploaded by

Siddharth Nathan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment Sheet 4 (Legendre Polynomials)

MA2020 Differential Equations (July - November 2016)

1. Using the governing differential equation of the Legendre polynomials show that
(a) Pn0 (1) =

n(n+1)
2

(b) Pn0 (1) = (1)n1 n(n+1)


2
n

d
2
n
2. Prove the Rodrigues formula Pn (x) = n!21 n dx
n (x 1)
PN
(1)r (2n2r)!
n2r
3. Prove that Pn (x) =
where N is n2 or n1
depending
r=0 2n r! (nr)! (n2r)! x
2
on n is even or odd
P n
1
1
4. Prove that (1 2xt + t2 ) 2 = (1 t(2x t)) 2 =
n=0 t Pn (x)

5. Using the generating function of pn (x), prove the following


(a) Pn (1) = (1)n
(b) Pn (x) = (1)n Pn (x)
(2m)!
(c) P2m (0) = (1)m 22m
(m!)2

(d) P2m+1 (0) = 0


6. Prove that

(
Pn (0) =

0,
(1)1/2 (n!)
,
2n ((n/2)!)2

n is odd
n is even

7. Prove the following recurrence formulae for Pn (x)


(a) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
0
(x)
(b) nPn (x) = xPn0 (x) Pn1
0
0
(c) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
(x) Pn1
(x)
0
(x) + nPn1 (x)
(d) Pn0 (x) = xPn1

(e) (1 x2 )Pn0 (x) = n (Pn1 (x) xPn (x))


8. If Pn () = 0 then Pn1 () and Pn+1 () are of opposite sign
9. Prove the following orthogonal property of the Legendre polynomials Pn (x)

Z 1
0,
m 6= n
Pm (x) Pn (x) dx =
2
, m=n
1
2n+1
10. Prove the following
R1
2n(n+1)
(a) 1 x2 Pn1 (x) Pn+1 (x) dx = (2n1)(2n+1)(2n+3)
R1
1
3
1
(b) 1 x2 Pn2 (x) dx = 8(2n1)
+ 4(2n+1)
+ 8(2n+3)
R1
(c) 1 P32 (x) dx = 27
R1
(d) 1 xPn2 (x) dx = 0
1

11. Solve (1 x2 )y 00 2xy 0 = 0 (Legendre equation with n = 0). Show that


its general solution is y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x) with y1 (x) = P0 (x) = 1 and
2
(3)(1)2.4 5
1 1+x
y2 (x) = x + x3 +
x + ... = ln
3!
5!
2 1x
12. Solve (1 x2 )y 00 2xy 0 + 2y = 0. (Legendre equation with n = 1)
13. Show that the coefficient of xn in Pn (x) is

(2n)!
.
2n (n!)2

14. Show that there are constants 0 , 1 , ..., n such that


xn = 0 P0 (x) + 1 P1 (x) + ... + n Pn (x)
15. Show that any polynomial of degree n is a linear combination of P0 (x), P1 (x), ..., Pn (x).
16. Find the (
first three terms of the Legendre series of
0, 1 x < 0
i) f (x)=
ii) f (x)= ex , 1 x 1
x, 0 x 1
17. Let Pn (x) be the Legendre
polynomial. Show that

m<n
0,
R1 m
n+1
2
(i)
x Pn (x)dx= 2 (n!)

, m=n
1
(2n + 1)!
R1
2n(n + 1)
(ii)
(1 x2 )Pn0 (x)Pn0 (x)dx =
2n + 1
1
18. The function on the left side of

1
= P0 (x) + P1 (x)t + P2 (x)t2 + ... + Pn (x)tn + ...
1 2xt + t2

is called the generating function of the Legendre polynomials. Assuming that


this relation is true use it
a) To verify that Pn (1) = 1, Pn (1) = (1)n .
1.3...(2n 1)
b) P2n+1 (0) = 0, P2n (0) = (1)n
2n (n!)
c) Differentiate (1) with respect to t and show that
(x t)

Pn (x)tn = (1 2xt + t2 )

n=0

nPn (x)tn1

n=1

d) Equate the coefficients of tn in (c) and obtain the recurrence relation


(n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) nPn1 (x)
e) Use recurrence relation in (d) to find P2 (x), P3 (x), P4 (x) and P5 (x) assuming
that P0 (x) = 1, P1 (x) = x.
19. Find the first few terms of the Fourier-Legendre
series.
(
0, 1 < x < 0

(a) f (x) = cos (x)


(b) f (x)=
2
x, 0 < x < 1

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