SATURN 2010

Panel on
Architecture Certification
Software Engineering Institute
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213

May 20, 2010

2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Our panelists

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Rolf Siegers, Raytheon Company

Rolf Siegers joined Raytheon in 1984 and currently leads Raytheon's
companywide Raytheon Mission Architecture Program (RayMAP), a
set of initiatives addressing architecture governance, assessment,
process, training & certification, collaborations, reference architectures,
and tools. Rolf is an Engineering Fellow, a Raytheon Certified Architect,
member and past Chair of Raytheon's corporate Architecture Review
Board, and co-leader of the Raytheon Certified Architect Program.
Rolf has led several multi-disciplinary architecture teams for large-scale, softwareintensive national and international systems since 1997. He is certified as a TOGAF-8
Architect (The Open Group), ATAM Evaluator (SEI), Software Architecture
Professional (SEI), and Master ITAC Architect (The Open Group). Rolf has presented
at conferences for IEEE, U.S. Department of Defense, Object Management Group
(OMG), International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE), Integrated Defense
Architectures, The Open Group, and the Software Engineering Institute (SEI).
Rolf holds bachelor degrees in Computer Science and Mathematics from Huntingdon
College and is a member of IEEE and INCOSE. He resides in Dallas, Texas with his
wife and three children.
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Don OConnell, Boeing Company

Don OConnell is a Technical Fellow working for the Boeing
Company. His work includes software architecture and
system architecture tasks for dozens of projects across all
Boeing divisions (both commercial and military projects).
Don is an SEI certified ATAM lead evaluator. He regularly
performs architecture evaluations and a variety of
architecture trade analyses for numerous Boeing programs.
Don created the Boeing Software Architect Certificate (SAC) program, and
has led it for about 3 years.

Title: software architect, systems architect

Counting today, he has worked for Boeing for more than 27 years
Has worked on a dozens of programs including AWACS, V-22, Mod5B
windmill, Energy systems, 787 and 747 jet airplanes, P-8, FCS, Minuteman,
and in Phantom Works.
Has worked in lots of locations, all over the US, Hawaii, Philly, England,
France, Germany, Norway, Australia and even in Minneapolis.
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Frances Paulisch, Siemens AG

Dr. Frances Paulisch works in the corporate technology
division of Siemens AG in Munich, and is responsible
for the Siemens System and Software Initiative, which
addresses strategic software topics at Siemens and also
enables the sharing of software-related best practices
throughout Siemens worldwide. Frances is particularly
interested in the combination of cutting-edge topics and
their practical use. Her main current areas of interest are
requirements engineering, software architecture, agile and lean software
development, and global software development. She is responsible for a
qualification and certification program on key roles in software development,
in particular on software architecture.
She received her masters degree in computer science at Purdue University
and her doctorate in software engineering from the University of Karlruhe in
Germany. She is the chair of the advisory board of the "IEEE Software"
magazine.

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Andy Ruth, IASA

Andy Ruth is the Vice President of Education for the
International Association of Software Architects,, and
is creating the learning elements to support lifelong
career development for 60,000 IT architects around
the world. The key elements of this effort are focused
on creating a common body of knowledge, supported
by training, certification, and community programs.
Prior to IASA, Andy was the architect role owner for Microsoft and creator of
the Microsoft Certified Architect (MCA) program. When asked how long he
has been in the industry, Andy suggested long enough to remember when
TCP/IP was being introduced as a new standard communications protocol.
Andy is a published author and industry speaker with over 25 years
experience in the IT field.

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Linda Northrop, SEI

Linda Northrop is director of the Research,
Technology, and Systems Solution Program at
the Software Engineering Institute where she
leads the work in architecture-centric
engineering, software product lines, systems
of systems, and ultra-large-scale systems.
She is coauthor of the book Software Product Lines: Practices and Patterns
and led the research group on ULS systems that resulted in the book, UltraLarge-Scale Systems: The Software Challenge of the Future.
Before joining the SEI, she was associated with both the United States Air
Force Academy and the State University of New York as professor of
computer science, and with both Eastman Kodak and IBM as a software
engineer.

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Panel Format

Part 1: Each speaker will give a brief two-slide overview of his/her

certification program using the following outline:
a)

b)

c)
d)
e)
f)
g)

Target candidate: To whom are you targeting the program? What are the
max/min qualifications?
Description of program: E.g., describe the courses; say how long completion
takes; are there levels or stages? Is it available only within your organization or
do you offer it to outsiders?
Intended results: Someone successfully completing the certification program
should be able to
Testing: Must a candidate pass an examination? If so, describe it.
Number of people completing the program to date: Obvious
Costs and benefits measured/ observed: To individuals, to your
organization, to the community
Overall / concluding observations: E.g., what would you change about the
program if you could?

Part 2: Each speaker will present concluding thoughts about

certification programs for architects.
Discussion and questions throughout
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Questions for the audience

How many of you work for an organization that has its own architect
certification program?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

Questions for the audience

How many of you work for an organization that encourages or

supports architect certification?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

10

Questions for the audience

How many of you are holders of an architect/architecture certificate or

certification?

Did your organization sponsor you or did you pay for it yourself?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

11

Part 1
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

12

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

a. Target Candidate:
Senior systems and/or enterprise architect practitioner*
(minimum entry labor grade is one level below Engineering Fellow)

b. Description of Program:
Companywide initiative which formally identifies, instructs,
and assesses Raytheons top systems and enterprise architects

Spans all Raytheon Businesses and includes participants from U.S., U.K, and Australia
Program milestones: Raytheon Trained Architect, Raytheon Certified Architect
Participants are Raytheon employees; Customer participation also permitted
Recertification required every 3 years

c. Intended Results:
Establish a cadre of senior architects across Raytheon worldwide to develop
architectures that support customer mission success, facilitate interoperability
between highly complex systems, foster the expertise required for Raytheon to
excel as a Mission Systems Integrator, and mentor our next generation of architects

d. Testing:
Certification requires fulfillment of several dozen criteria in the areas of

Professional Development, Core Skills, Practitioner Experience, Contributions to the

Architecture Discipline
*other programs address junior and mid-level engineers
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

13

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

e. Number of People Completing Program to Date:
Over 360 participants in program, from U.S. and abroad

150+ fully certified

115+ others fully trained
Remainder are at various stages of their training

f. Cost and Benefits Measured/Observed:

$400k start-up; ~$1M annual

Measurement information is not releasable; general observations are

Large-scale pursuits are leveraging this expertise the most

Communication and collaboration across our architecture community is greatly improved
Starting with a common foundation (process, training) enhanced our program and its results
Benefits are being realized outside of the Engineering organization
Junior, mid-level, and senior engineers are enthusiastic about an upper-level rung on the
technical career ladder

g. Overall/Concluding Observations:

Certification programs must support ongoing evolution after their deployment

Certification is a mechanism to curtail business card architects
What would I change?*

Standardize some soft skills training, establish scale/scope levels of architects,

adapt program for next generation of architects
*a personal opinion
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

14

Boeing Software Architect Certification Program

a. What kind of person/qualifications to enter?
Software or System Engineer architect, seasoned veteran, 6000+ hours of proven,
direct SW architecture experience

b. What does it include, how long does it take (work time, calendar
time)?
Includes about 25 of 100 line items of study, content varies depending on domain of
expertise. Takes 20+ hours for seasoned vet, takes > 100 hours for up and comer.
Calendar time of months or many months.

c. What are the intended results? Someone with SAC can do what?
Refresh seasoned veterans in the state of art
Train upcoming architects in practices and in the state of art.SAC holders are
referenced for SW arch jobs and arch analysis tasks

Mission is to improve SW architecture in Boeing. SW community significantly affected,

some SE community affected

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

15

Boeing Software Architect Certification Program

d. What is the test to get the SAC?
Perform/complete 25 of the ~100 packet line items on your own time and schedule, fill
out application packet along with reference details about SW arch experience. Lastly,
interview with SAC holders/management.

e. How many have done it to date?

> 100 are finished/in work, > 1000 have examined it

f. What benefits have been observed?

Common terminology and understanding of SW architecture

Network with SW arch peers

Architecture repositories

g. What are the overall observations on the program?

The definitions of what SW architecture includes (and excludes) is all over the board as
you look widely. This program helps fix that

Volunteer to certify works, funding would probably work faster

Modifiability of the SAC works fine
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

16

Siemens: Curriculum for Software Engineers

a)

b)

Target candidate: The program is a whole SET of roles, initial focus

and main topic addressed today is on senior software architects,
experienced software architects of our most complex (class A)
systems. Requires at least 5 years experience as architect of class
B systems and similar length of experience as a technical team
lead, must currently be responsible for architecture of class A
project during the qualification program (and apply the techniques
there).
Description of program: Role-based qualification program,
architecture driven but content addresses many topics beyond
architecture (requirements, business understanding and strategy,
testing & quality, leadership). Is structured as a series of 4 training
units (14 days) over 9 month timeframe, between training units
apply knowledge to own real project and pass the relevant
certification gates.
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

17

Siemens: Curriculum for Software Engineers

c)
d)

e)

f)

g)

Intended results: reduction in non-conformance costs

Testing: must pass a series on knowledge gates (not multiple
choice, but open questions on applying what they learned to their
projects) and at end a capability gate demonstrating
social/leadership skills.
Number of people completing the program to date:
50 completed, 15 in the pipeline
Costs and benefits measured/ observed: Large initial investment in
developing the program. Cost per person for the training also high
as very training-intensive and with our top experts as trainers and
assessors. Feedback of participants *and their managers* excellent,
a real change in how they think and act. Is a key way to influence
whole organization
Overall / concluding observations: it is so work-intensive that it is
difficult to scale, to make much faster progress
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

18

IASA CITA-P
a. Target candidate: Practicing IT architects
b. Description of program:
- The IASA CITA-P program is the 3rd level of certification for measuring
an architects career progression. The prerequisite is experience
successfully delivering value through IT.
- The CITA-P measures a candidates knowledge and experience using
the skills in the IT Architect Body of Knowledge (ITABoK) in order to
deliver business value through the use of IT with predictable and
repeatable success on IT projects.
- The ITABoK is based on qualitative and quantitative analysis of the
day-to-day skills that make todays worldwide community of top
architects successful in their practice.

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

19

IASA CITA-P
c. Intended results: Provide predictable and repeatable results in
delivering business value through the use of IT
d. Testing: Candidate submits a brief on experience and then stands for
an interview with four senior architects, CIOs, or CTOs. Prereq is exp
e. Successful candidates to date: 31 (program launched Dec 09)
f. Cost/benefit assessment:
- Individual gets validation of skills and growth roadmap
- Organization gets reliable measure of architectural skills
- Community get another member of the community and view on
current business challenges and best practices in architecture
g. Conclusions: Owned by the community of architects. As it needs to
change and grow, it will.

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

20

SEI

Software
Architecture
Professional

ATAM
Evaluator

ATAM
Leader

Mission

Provides software architects

needed depth and breadth in
architecture concepts and
practices

Qualifies software architects to

participate in SEI-authorized
ATAM evaluations

Certifies software architects to

lead SEI-authorized
architecture evaluations using
the ATAM

a. Ideal
Candidates

Practicing software architects,

designers, and developers of
software-reliant systems

Those involved in the evaluation

of software architectures, such
as software and system
architects and designers

Practicing software architects

with superior communication,
interaction, and facilitation skills

NA

NA

five years experience in

software engineering
two years experience
developing software
BS degree in Computer
Science or related discipline

Complete four SEI courses:

SAPP
DSA
SADA
SPL

Complete two SEI courses:

SAPP
ATAM Evaluator

ATAM Evaluator Certificate

Completion of three additional
SEI courses (DSA, SADA,
ATAM Leader)
ATAM Leader application
recommendation from an
ATAM Leader
signed code of conduct

Minimum
Qualifications

b. Requirements

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

21

SEI

Software
Architecture
Professional

ATAM
Evaluator

ATAM
Leader

c. Expected
Outcome

Ability to
apply architecture-centric
practices throughout life cycle
produce and understand
documentation for software
architecture
Understanding of
quality attributes and their
relationship to architecture
relationship of architecture to
business goals
s/w product line approach

Ability to
evaluate a software
architecture
execute the steps of the ATAM

Ability to
lead the evaluation of a
software architecture using
the ATAM

d. Testing (exam
begun in 2008)

SAPP exam:

SAPP exam: 75% score

SAPP exam: 75% score

ATAM leader observation

e. Awardees

1140

521

11 (9 are SEI staff members)

f. Benefits

Community level: focus on quality attributes and connecting business goals to architectural decisions
corporate-level architecture initiatives and programs; SATURN
Organization level: improved architecture practices and improved architectures; 10 of 11 US Army
programs recognized significant or very substantial improvements from the use of the ATAM (Impact
of Army Architecture Evaluations, CMU/SEI-2009-SR-007).
Individual level: improved understanding of architecture concepts; greater confidence in using
effective architecture-centric practices; enhanced technical credentials

75% score

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

22

Questions for discussion

How well would the programs that you just heard about work in your
organization? Would people sign up? Would the organization lend its support?
Why or why not?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

23

Questions for discussion

Is software architecture as a topic well-founded/well-agreed upon enough to

warrant certification?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

24

Questions for discussion

Do you think architecture certification primarily benefits the individual, the

employer, the customer, or the community?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

25

Questions for discussion

How can certification address the broad range of application areas? Can an
architect of a web-based non-mission critical application, an architect of a
business-critical financial application, an architect of a highly-complex, life-critical
embedded application be equally certified?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

26

Questions for discussion

Should we be certifying organizations instead of individuals?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

27

Questions for discussion

What is the appropriate role in certification of examining architecture results as

opposed to architectural knowledge?

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

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Part 2
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

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Rolf Siegers, Raytheon Company

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

30

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Role of Certification:

To ensure (minimal) competencies of individuals carrying the architect

title (important both to a company and to its customers)
To level-set to a common foundation of architecture knowledge across
an organization

Facilitates communication across a community-of-architects

(best practices, lessons learned, techniques & tools, etc)
Facilitates reuse (reference architectures, product line architectures, &
other enablers)

Changes to the Architecture Discipline:

A formalized, documented process continuum is needed integrating

enterprise, system, & sw architecture (framed through metamodels, IMHO)

Company Culture Change:

Culture change is accelerated when confronted with explicit business value

We need more independent research quantifying the positive/negative

impacts of the architecture practice

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

31

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Key elements of RCA certification requirements include

multiple architecture engagements (support and/or leadership)

standards-based architecture training (approximately 5 weeks)

Raytheon Enterprise Architecture Process (REAP)

U.S. Department of Defense Architecture Framework (DoDAF)
The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF)
Zachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture
U.S. Federal Enterprise Architecture
SEIs Software Architecture Principles & Practices + SEIs ATAM
RCAP Capstone

full system lifecycle experience

leadership, communication, & core skills
ConOps, architecture decision-making, governance, assessment, and the
list goes on

external certifications: TOGAF-8, ATAM Evaluator

contributions to the architecture discipline
(both within Raytheon and outside the company)
successful completion of RCAPs Skills Assessment and
Architecting History templates plus a series of 1-on-1 and panel
oral certification board reviews
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

32

Don OConnell, Boeing Company

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

33

Boeing: Philosophically Speaking

Is this certification worth it?
Yes, but have to balance the amount of effort for certification to
the actual benefits
What does the future look like
Domain specific arch certificates
Academic credentials

Industry and Academia align for SW architecture

More Agile practices

Not a one size fits all

Can anybody be an Architect?
Anybody can call themselves an architect, (i.e. George Castanza
who often pretended to be an architect)

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

34

Frances Paulisch, Siemens AG

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

35

Siemens: Curriculum for Software Engineers

Key success factors

The holistic architecture-driven (but content not only architecture)

approach

Being able to apply the techniques immediately in current project is an

important success factor, in particular so that the key architects can
participate in the qualification program
Connection to the expert career path at Siemens and topmanagement attention to the program
Certification not based on presence or multiple-choice

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

36

Siemens: Curriculum for Software Engineers

12 Guiding principles of Siemens Curriculum for Software Engineers
Architecture is the key throughout the whole lifecycle as well as across releases
2. Build on existing basis where feasible (from technical and business perspective) and be able to
recognize when such reuse is not suitable
3. Avoid unnecessary technological platform development by using technical standards and
products available on the market
4. In product and system business the product (lifecycle) manager / In project and solution
business the project manager is and must act as owner of the main requirements.
5. Pay particular attention to non-functional requirements (NFRs), often overlooked but are
extremely important
6. Be prepared and able to handle changing requirements, but be aware about the risk of late
changes
7. Synchronize well across the technical disciplines: software, mechanics, electronics,
mechatronics, systems engineering
8. Work together truly as a team, avoid silo thinking, be willing and able to speak and understand
the other roles and disciplines
9. Work iteratively (no 100% definition of all up-front), strive to identify and resolve technical and
business risks early
10. Structure the system to avoid unnecessary complexity, and to actively enable and support
multi-site development
11. Strive for transparency and base decisions on clear business / technical reasons, not political
ones
12. Do not underestimate the importance of soft skills, these can be particularly important for
convincing and motivating
1.

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

37

Andy Ruth, IASA

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

38

IASA CITA-P

Before

After

http://blogs.ajc.com/jeff-schultz-blog/files/2009/02

http://web.gcpower.net/wp-content/

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

39

Linda Northrop, SEI

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

40

SEI Software Architecture Certificate and

Certification Program
About the SEI
federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) whose
research has identified and influenced best practices in architecturecentric engineering
has disseminated these best practices through widely cited
publications and professional training programs
does not certify software architects
certifies leaders of the SEI Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method
(ATAM) for evaluating software architectures
offers two certificate programs in software architecture
Software Architecture Professional Certificate
ATAM Evaluator Certificate
established these certificate and certification programs in 2003
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

41

SEI Program in Context

SEI
architecturecentric
engineering

Foundations
Methods
Practices
Quality
attributes,

Books

Course
Software
s
Architecture:
Principles and
Practices (SAPP)
Documenting
Software
Architectures
(DSA)
Software
Architecture
Design and
Analysis (SADA)

ATAM, ADD,
QAW, AADL,

Software Product
Lines (SPL)

Views and
Beyond, ARID,

ATAM Evaluator

CBAM, software
product lines

Certificate
Programs
and
Certification
Software
Architecture
Professional
ATAM Evaluator
ATAM Leader

ATAM Leader

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

42

SEI: Trends in Institutionalizing Architecture

Practices
Commercial
Organizations
Siemens
Microsoft
Lockheed
Martin

Bosch
Boeing
Raytheon

Architecture
Initiative
Architecture
Books
ATAM

1998

ATAM,
Training QAW
(SLEP, SEI Pilots
Courses)

Chief
Systems
Engineer
Mandate

SATURN
Courses,
Conference
Certificate Programs,
Certifications

Software
Army Architect
Impact Mandate
Study

MTW,
System and
Software ATAM,
SoS Architecture
Evaluation

Defense
Contractor
s

U.S. Army

SEI

QAW

2010
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

43

SEI: Benefits Accrued

Community level
focus on quality attributes and connecting business goals to
architectural decisions
corporate-level architecture initiatives and programs
SATURN
Organization level
improved architecture practices and improved architectures
10 of 11 US Army programs recognized significant or very
substantial improvements from the use of the ATAM (Impact of
Army Architecture Evaluations, CMU/SEI-2009-SR-007).
Individual level
improved understanding of architecture concepts
greater confidence in using effective architecture-centric practices
enhanced technical credentials
Raytheon Certified Architect Program
Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

44

SEI: Observations

Certificates have been very popular.

Issue

Solution

Scaling to meet demand

On-line courses; licensing external course

instructors

Pressure to make certificate programs into

certification programs

Begin by instituting evaluative component:

SAPP exam

Backlash against SAPP exam

Lowered the minimum score

ATAM Leader certification has not been popular.

Issue

Solution

Process is onerous

Beginning in September 2010, streamlined

observation process

Technical currency is key.

Issue

Solution

Keeping pace with changes in software

architecture technology

Courses are continually updated.

Raytheon Certified Architect Program

Rolf Siegers, 20 May 2010
2010 Carnegie Mellon University

45