Policy Brief

Integrated Food Security and

Humanitarian Phase Classication
(IPC) Framework

June 2006
Issue 3

Since February 2004, FAO, through the Food Security Analysis Unit (FSAU) Somalia, has been developing
the Integrated Food Security and Humanitarian Phase Classication (IPC) - a tool for improving analysis and
decision making in emergency situations.
The IPC tool is a standardised scale that integrates food security, nutrition and livelihood information into a clear statement about
the severity of a crisis and implications for humanitarian response.
The IPC Reference Table (See Figure 1 on the next page) provides details of the main phase categories: (1) Generally food
secure (2) Chronically food insecure (3) Acute Food and livelihood crisis (4) Humanitarian Emergency and (5) Famine/
Humanitarian catastrophe.
The rationale for the IPC is to provide:
Technical Consensus and a Common Language: The framework helps build consensus by providing a common language for
classifying the severity of diverse crisis scenarios and their impact on human lives and livelihoods. It builds on and complements
on-going global efforts to standardize core elements of humanitarian analysis and response e.g., the SMART, Benchmarking, Needs
Analysis Framework, Humanitarian Tracking System and Sphere Project.
Clearer Early Warning: The framework promotes timely and meaningful analysis to ensure that early warning information inuences
decision making and does not go unheeded. Hazard and vulnerability are accounted for and incorporated into risk statements. Three
levels of risk are operationalised i.e. alert, moderate and high.
Strategic Response: The IPC supports more effective response strategies by linking information with a strategic response framework.
The IPC not only references criteria for dening the severity of a given crisis, but also explicitly links a statement to appropriate
responses for addressing both immediate priorities and medium to longer term requirements. This allows for a consideration of what
responses are most appropriate and feasible in different scenarios in the light of, for example, local capacity and ongoing interventions.

Application of the IPC:

Somalia
The IPC consists of a core Reference Table
and supporting components including:
Analysis Templates: To organise key
pieces of information in a transparent
manner and facilitate analysis for
substantiating a Phase Classication and
guiding response analysis.
Cartographic Protocols: A set of
standardized mapping and visual
communication tools which effectively
convey key information concerning
situation analysis in a single map.
Population Tables: To consistently and

effectively communicate population

estimates by administrative boundaries,
livelihood systems and livelihood zones.

including governments, UN and NGO

agencies, donors, the media and target
communities.

The two main elements of the IPC consist

of a situation analysis and a response
analysis.

Response analysis explicitly links situation

analysis to the design of appropriate
strategic food security interventions. It
aims at bridging the gap between needs
assessment and decision making by
promoting a broad range of responses
including:
- mitigating immediate outcomes
- supporting livelihoods; and
- addressing underlying and structural
causes of food insecurity.

Situation analysis is a critical yet often

overlooked stage of the food securityanalysis response continuum. Situational
analysis is the basis for identifying
fundamental aspects of a situation(severity,
causes, magnitude, etc.). Ideally, the
analysis is backed by a broad-based
consensus among key stakeholders

Published by FAOs Agriculture and Development Economics Division (ESA) with support from the FAO Netherlands Partnership
Programme (FNPP) and the EC-FAO Food Security Programme
FAO Agricultural and Development Economics Division: http://www.fao.org/es/esa/
EC-FAO Food Security Programme: http://www.foodsecinfoaction.org/
Food Security Analysis Unit - Somalia: http://www.fsausomali.org/

Integrated Food Security and Humanitarian Phase Classification Reference Table

Key Reference Outcomes

Phase
Classification

(current or imminent outcomes on lives and livelihoods;

based on convergence of evidence)

Generally
Food Secure

Chronically
Food Insecure

Acute Food and

Livelihood Crisis

Crude Mortality Rate

Acute Malnutrition
Stunting
Food Access/ Availability
Dietary Diversity
Water Access/Avail.
Hazards
Civil Security
Livelihood Assets
Crude Mortality Rate
Acute Malnutrition
Stunting
Food Access/ Availability
Dietary Diversity
Water Access/Avail.
Hazards
Civil Security
Coping
Livelihood Assets
Structural
Crude Mortality Rate
Acute Malnutrition
Disease
Food Access/ Availability
Dietary Diversity
Water Access/Avail.
Destitution/Displacement
Civil Security
Coping
Livelihood Assets

Acute Malnutrition
Disease
Food Access/ Availability
Dietary Diversity
Water Access/Avail.
Destitution/Displacement
Civil Security
Coping
Livelihood Assets

1-2 / 10,000 / day, >2x reference rate, increasing;

U5MR > 4/10,000/day
>15 % (w/h <-2 z-score), > than usual, increasing
pandemic
severe entitlement gap; unable to meet 2,100 kcal ppp day
Regularly 2-3 or fewer main food groups consumed
< 7.5 litres ppp day (human usage only)
concentrated; increasing
widespread, high intensity conflict
distress strategies; CSI significantly > than reference
near complete & irreversible depletion or loss of access

Crude Mortality Rate

Acute Malnutrition
Disease
Food Access/ Availability
Water Access/Avail.
Destitution/Displacement
Civil Security
Livelihood Assets

> 2/10,000 /day (example: 6,000 /1,000,000 /30 days)

> 30 % (w/h <-2 z-score)
pandemic
extreme entitlement gap; much below 2,100 kcal ppp day
< 4 litres ppp day (human usage only)
large scale, concentrated
widespread, high intensity conflict
effectively complete loss; collapse

Crude Mortality Rate

Humanitarian
Emergency

Famine /
Humanitarian
Catastrophe

< 0.5 / 10,000 / day

<3 % (w/h <-2 z-scores)
<20% (h/age <-2 z-scores)
usually adequate (> 2,100 kcal ppp day), stable
consistent quality and quantity of diversity
usually adequate (> 15 litres ppp day), stable
moderate to low probability and vulnerability
prevailing and structural peace
generally sustainable utilization (of 5 capitals)
<0.5/10,000/day; U5MR<1/10,000/day
>3% but <10 % (w/h <-2 z-score), usual range, stable
>20% (h/age <-2 z-scores)
borderline adequate (2,100 kcal ppp day); unstable
chronic dietary diversity deficit
borderline adequate (15 litres ppp day); unstable
recurrent, with high livelihood vulnerability
Unstable; disruptive tension
insurance strategies
stressed and unsustainable utilization (of 5 capitals)
Pronounced underlying hindrances to food security
0.5-1 /10,000/day, U5MR 1-2/10,000/dy
10-15 % (w/h <-2 z-score), > than usual, increasing
epidemic; increasing
lack of entitlement; 2,100 kcal ppp day via asset stripping
acute dietary diversity deficit
7.5-15 litres ppp day, accessed via asset stripping
emerging; diffuse
limited spread, low intensity conflict
crisis strategies; CSI > than reference; increasing
accelerated and critical depletion or loss of access

Strategic Response Framework

(mitigate immediate outcomes, support livelihoods,

and address underlying/structural causes)
Strategic assistance to pockets of food insecure groups
Investment in food and economic production systems
Enable development of livelihood systems based on principles
of sustainability, justice, and equity
Prevent emergence of structural hindrances to food security
Advocacy

Design & implement strategies to increase stability, resistance

and resilience of livelihood systems, thus reducing risk
Provision of safety nets to high risk groups
Interventions for optimal and sustainable use of livelihood assets
Create contingency plan
Redress structural hindrances to food security
Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators
Advocacy
Support livelihoods and protect vulnerable groups
Strategic and complimentary interventions to immediately food
access/availability AND support livelihoods
Selected provision of complimentary sectoral support (e.g.,
water, shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)
Strategic interventions at community to national levels to create,
stabilize, rehabilitate, or protect priority livelihood assets
Create or implement contingency plan
Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators
Use crisis as opportunity to redress underlying structural causes
Advocacy

Urgent protection of vulnerable groups

Urgently food access through complimentary interventions
Selected provision of complimentary sectoral support (e.g.,
water, shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)
Protection against complete livelihood asset loss and/or
advocacy for access
Close monitoring of relevant outcome and process indicators
Use crisis as opportunity to redress underlying structural causes
Advocacy
Critically urgent protection of human lives and vulnerable groups
Comprehensive assistance with basic needs (e.g. food, water,
shelter, sanitation, health, etc.)
Immediate policy/legal revisions where necessary
Negotiations with varied political-economic interests
Use crisis as opportunity to redress underlying structural causes
Advocacy

Early
Warning
Levels

(of worsening Phase)

(of worsening
phase)

Alert

As yet unclear

Not applicable

Hazard: occurrence of, or predicted event stressing livelihoods;

with low or uncertain vulnerability
Process Indicators: small negative change from normal

Close monitoring and analysis

Moderate
Risk

Elevated probability /
likelihood

Specified by
predicted Phase
Class, and as
indicated by color
of diagonal lines
on map.

Hazard: occurrence of, or predicted event stressing livelihoods;

with moderate vulnerability
Process Indicators: large negative change from normal
Hazard: occurrence of, or strongly predicted major event
stressing livelihoods; with high vulnerability
Process Indicators: large and compounding negative changes

Close monitoring and analysis

Contingency planning
Step-up current Phase interventions
Preventative interventions--with increased
urgency for High Risk populations
Advocacy

High Risk

Probability /
Likelihood

High probability; more

likely than not

Severity

Reference Hazards and Vulnerabilities

Implications for Action

Policy Brief

June 2006
Issue 3

Application of the IPC in Somalia: Situation Analysis

The IPC builds upon internationally accepted standards and classications to support a holistic evidence based approach to
analysis. The IPC highlights the need for systematic baseline and pre-crisis food security information as a basis for assessment in
countries that are likely to face recurrent disasters and protracted crises.
Map 1 (see previous page) is a visual representation (cartographic protocol) of the IPC classication system based on the
FSAUs recent food security projection for the 2005/06 Deyr season. The map brings the following unique aspects of the IPC for
food security situation analysis into focus:
Key aspects incorporated into this map include:
Severity (phase classication): The IPC
includes the complete spectrum of food
security situations from general food
security to famine. It emphasizes the need
for food security interventions during all
phases, not just when an emergency breaks
out. The inclusion of the Acute Food and
Livelihood Crisis (Phase 3) underlines the
importance of understanding livelihood
dynamics and their links to food security.
Geographic coverage: The Livelihood
Zone is the IPCs core unit for spatial
analysis. An analysis of livelihood zones
allows for a better understanding of how
people within a given livelihood system

typically source their food and income

and what their their expenditure patterns
and coping strategies are. The Household
Economy Approach (HEA) developed by
SCF-UK and the Food Economy Group
is especially pertinent for this analysis.
Livelihood assets, such as the Key
Reference characteristic, are accounted for
and highlight how livelihood endowments
interact with institutions to enable (or
undermine) livelihoods.

The response framework addresses both

immediate needs and medium and longer
term responses by meeting three broad
objectives: mitigate immediate outcomes,
support livelihoods, and address underlying
and structural causes
The inclusion of the response options
component ensures that responses are
better tailored to specic situations. The
response options component thus marks
a departure from decit driven modes of

Projected trend / scenarios: While

the phase classication describes the
current or imminent situation for a given
area, early warning levels are used as a
predictive tool for communicating the
risk of a worsening phase.

Immediate and Proximate Causes: The

attributes of a given crisis are dened
based on an understanding of hazards,
vulnerabilities and underlying causes. In

Application of the IPC in Somalia: Response Options

The operational value of the IPC lies not
only in referencing criteria for a consistent
situation analysis, but also in explicitly
linking that statement to appropriate
responses that build on the FAO twintrack approach. The twin-track approach
combines broad-based, sustainable
agricultural growth and rural development
with targeted programmes for enhancing
direct access to food for the most needy.

particular, the framework incorporates

risk, which indicates the probability of
a hazard event, exposure, and specic
vulnerabilities of livelihood systems.

assessment, where humanitarian needs are

seen as decits requiring immediate goods and
services. Often, this may increase risk and
vulnerability or undermine the resilience of
the food economy.
Additionally, the introduction of response
analysis requires emergency assessments to
prioritize different response options based
on a closer examination of situation-specic
opportunities and constraints.

Further Reading
FAO/FSAU
2006.
Integrated
Food Security and Humanitarian
Phase
Classication:
Technical
Manual Version 1. Nairobi, FAO/
FSAU
Technical
Series
IV.11
(http://www.fsausomali.org/uploads/
Other/785.pdf )

Future Applications of the

IPC
At the regional and international levels,
the IPC tool informs deliberations beyond
the Somalia context. For example, it has
recently being applied as an analytical
tool in the Horn of Africa drought
crisis. The tool has been of particular
interest to the UN Inter Agency Standing
Committee and to the United Nations
Ofce for Coordination of Humanitarian
Assistance (UN OCHA). In addition,
the IPC may help inform joint FAO
and WFP efforts in contributing to the
Needs Analysis Framework of the UN
Consolidated Appeals process for 2006.
Moving forward, the IPC contributes to
the development of appropriate response
protocols and information systems within
FAO through the FAO Netherlands
Partnership Programme and the EC-FAO
Food Security Information for Action
Programme.

Policy Briefs are working documents and your comments are welcome. Please send your comments to [email protected].
This document is available online at : ftp://ftp.fao.org/es/ESA/policybriefs/pb_03.pdf
IPC Technical Manual: http://www.fsausomali.org/uploads/Other/785.pdf