Solubility PDF
Solubility PDF
Solubility PDF
2 Solubility
Solubility
January 13
Properties of Solution
Characteristics:
Distribution of particles is uniform
Components in solution do not separate upon standing
Components cannot be separated by filtration.
Solute / Solvent mixes in ratios - up to the solubility limit.
Solution is almost always transparent.
Compounds of solution may be separated by other
methods i.e., distillation or chromatography.
Solubility
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Unsaturated
Saturated
Immiscible - When
two liquids are not
soluble in each other
supersaturated
Solubility
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Solubility
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LDF
Ionic
Covalent
Solubility
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H2O literally pulls the lattice arrangement of the solid salt apart because of the attraction
between the + or - of water to the - or + ions.
Consider:
1) M+ & X- (i.e., Na+ and Cl - )
2) M+ to - oxygen of H2O & X- to + hydrogen of H2O
If (1) is favorable (lattice energy) then solute does not dissolve (insoluble) i.e., AgCl
if (2) is favorable then hydration, solute does dissolve (soluble). NaCl
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Solubility
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Equilibrium:
Dissolution = Crystallization
Observe: After some
time, no change in
amount of solid
precipitate at the
bottom of the beaker.
Concentration of the
solution is maintained
[Solute]
D
Solid
[Solute]
Solution
Solubility
Dynamic Equilibrium
Equilibrium
Situation in which changes occur at equal rates so there is no
apparent net change.
LeChatelier Principle
A change (stress) on a system at equilibrium will cause the
system to self adjust itself to reduce the stress until a new
equilibrium is re-established.
Example:
Traffic at a toll bridge
Vapor Pressure
Sugar dissolving
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Solubility
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% ionization:
100 % ionization
Weak electrolyte
very soluble
slightly to very soluble
0 % ionization
Solubility
insoluble or soluble
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Hmix or Hhydration
Closer Look, Hmix:
Hhydr is
always negative
Solubility
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An uphill
process that is
spontaneous.
How is this
possible ?
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Solubility
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Solubility
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Solubility
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NaOH in H2O
NH4NO3 in H2O
NaCl in Heptane
Hexane in Heptane
Solubility
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Solubility
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2 i) Temperature on Solubility:
Solids & Liquids
Temperature -
[Solute]
Solid
[Solute]
Solution
As the temperature
increase, both solute
and solvent will be
moving faster, this will
result in the mixing of
both substance to be
more effective.
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Solubility
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Equilibrium Revisited
[Solute]
Solid
[Solute]
Solution
Solubility
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LeChatelier Principle
TeeterTooter
At Equilibrium
Stress applied
Self Adjust
Re-establish Equilibrium
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Solubility
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Solubility
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Product
Solubility
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Energy +
Exothermic Process.
Energy is a product
Heating a solution
in which the Hsoln
is exothermic
(Energy is a
product) results in
a shift of the
reaction to the left
or more solute
precipitating out of
solution.
Temp increase
R
+ Energy
R
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Energy +
Solubility
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Energy
Temp increase
P
R
R
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+ Energy
+ Energy
P
Solubility
Endothermic Process
Energy is a reactant
Heating a solution
in which the Hsoln
is endothermic
(Energy is a
reactant) results
in a Shift of the
reaction to the
right or more
solute dissolving
in solution.
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Solubility
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gas
As the temperature
increase, both solute
and solvent will be
moving faster, the
gas solute however
will now have enough
energy to leave the
liquid interface.
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Solubility
[Solute]
Solution
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Energy +
Gas in solution
Temp increase
As the temperature
increase, both solute and
solvent will be move faster.
The gas solute however will
now have enough energy to
leave the liquid interface
because IMF can be
overcome
+ Energy
R
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Energy +
Solubility
January 13
Solubility
3 i) Pressure on Solubility:
Solids / Liquid
Pressure - (Solid and Liquid)
The solubility of solids and liquids are
hardly affected by pressure.
Solids and liquids
are already very
close to each other.
An increase in
pressure will not
affect solubility
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Solubility
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Solubility
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Pressure Affect:
Teeter Totter Analogy
R (gas)
[Solute] D [Solute]
Pressure
Sensitive
P (Soln)
Pressure Sensitive
Pres increase
P
R
Pressure
Sensitive
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Pressure
Sensitive
P
Solubility
gas
Solution
In utilizing LeChatelier
Principle to determine the
direction of solubility for a
gaseous solute with variation
in pressure, the first thing
that must be establish is
which side is more sensitive
to pressure. In our case the
gas is more sensitive than the
solution.
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Henrys Law
At pressure of few atmosphere or less, solubility of gas solute
follows Henry Law which states that the amount of solute gas
dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the amount of
pressure above the solution.
c = k P
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Gas
N2
O2
CO2
8.42 10-7
1.66 10-6
4.4810-5
M/mmHg
Solubility
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= 1.2710-4 m
228 torr
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Solubility
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Temp
h
f React
Direction
g Product
i decrease
Solubility
h increase
(-) Exothermic
(-) Exothermic
h
i
f React
g Product
i decrease
h increase
Pressure
Direction
Solubility
h
i
g Product
f React
h increase
i decrease
Gas solute
Gas solute
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Solubility
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