1

Physics and Measurement

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

Standards of Length, Mass, and

Time
Matter and Model-Building
Dimensional Analysis
Conversion of Units
Estimates and Order-ofMagnitude Calculations
Significant Figures

* An asterisk indicates an item new to this edition.

Q1.1

Density varies with temperature and pressure. It would

be necessary to measure both mass and volume very
accurately in order to use the density of water as a
standard.

Q1.2

(a) 0.3 millimeters (b) 50 microseconds

(c) 7.2 kilograms

*Q1.3

In the base unit we have (a) 0.032 kg (b) 0.015 kg

(c) 0.270 kg (d) 0.041 kg (e) 0.27 kg. Then the ranking is
c=e>d>a>b

Q1.4

No: A dimensionally correct equation need not be true.

Example: 1 chimpanzee = 2 chimpanzee is dimensionally correct.
Yes: If an equation is not dimensionally correct, it cannot
be correct.

*Q1.5

The answer is yes for (a), (c), and (f ). You cannot add or subtract a number of apples and a
number of jokes. The answer is no for (b), (d), and (e). Consider the gauge of a sausage, 4 kg 2 m,
or the volume of a cube, (2 m)3. Thus we have (a) yes (b) no (c) yes (d) no (e) no (f ) yes

*Q1.6

41 41 (1 L 1.3 )(1 qt 1 L)(1 gal 4 qt) (10 1.3) gal 8 gallons, answer (c)

*Q1.7

The meterstick measurement, (a), and (b) can all be 4.31 cm. The meterstick measurement and
(c) can both be 4.24 cm. Only (d) does not overlap. Thus (a) (b) and (c) all agree with the
meterstick measurement.

*Q1.8

0.02(1.365) = 0.03. The result is (1.37 0.03) 107 kg. So (d) 3 digits are signicant.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 1.1
P1.1

Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

4 3 4
3
6
21
3
Modeling the Earth as a sphere, we nd its volume as r = ( 6.37 10 m ) = 1.08 10 m .
24
3
3 . This value is intermediate
m
5.98 10 kg
Its density is then = =
=
3
3
5.52 10 kg m

1.08 10

21

between the tabulated densities of aluminum and iron. Typical rocks have densities around 2 000
to 3 000 kg m3. The average density of the Earth is signicantly higher, so higher-density material
must be down below the surface.
1

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 1

10/27/06 4:33:21 PM

Chapter 1

m
V = ( r 2 ) h and V , we have

With V = ( base area )

P1.2

( height )

=
=

9
3
1 kg
10
mm

2
3
(19.5 mm ) ( 39.0 mm
1m

r h
=
P1.3

2.15 10

kg m

Let V represent the volume of the model, the same in =

mgold

and gold
*P1.4
V

. Next,

gol

d
iron

iron
m
for both. Then = 9.35 kg V
V

gold

19.3 10 3 kg/m 3
and mgold = 9.35 kg

7.86

kg/m

23.0 kg .

V
9.35 kg 3
10 (d / 2)3 = d 3 / 6 where d is the diameter.
= m / and V = (4 / 3) r 3 = (4 / 3)
6(1.67 10

27

kg)
Then = 6m / d 3 =
= 2.3 1017 kg/m 3
15
3
(2.4 10 m)
12
.
17
3
3
3 it is 20 10 times the density of lead
2.3 10 kg/m /(11.3 10 kg/m
)=
P1.5

4
4
3
3
r and the mass is m = V = r . We divide
3
3
this equation for the larger sphere by the same equation for the smaller:
For either sphere the volume is V =
m

4 3r 3
s
5.

ms
Then r = rs

P1.6

=
5 = 4.50 cm (1.71) =

4 r3 3
7.69 cm .

Section 1.2

=
rs

Matter and Model-Building

From the gure, we may see that the spacing between diagonal planes is half the distance
between diagonally adjacent atoms on a at plane. This diagonal distance may be obtained from
the Pythagorean theorem, Ldiag = L + L . Thus, since the atoms are separated by a distance
1
L + L 0.141 nm .
L = 0.200 nm, the diagonal planes are separated by
2
2 2
=

Section 1.3
P1.7
(a)
2
m

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 2

Dimensional Analysis
This is incorrect since the units of [ ax ] are

s , while the units of [ v ] are m s .

2

10/27/06 12:27:01 PM

P1.8

(b)
(a)

This is correct since the units of [ y] are m, and cos ( kx ) is dimensionless if [ k ] is in m1 .

Circumference has dimensions of L.

(b)

Volume has dimensions of L

. (c)

Area has dimensions of L .

Expression (i) has dimension L ( L

1/ 2

= 2 L , so this must be area (c).

2
Expression (ii) has dimension L, so it is (a).

Expression (iii) has dimension L (L2 ) = L3, so it is (b). Thus, (a) = i i; (b) = i i i; (c) = i

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 2

10/27/06 12:27:01 PM

Physics and Measurement

P1.9

Inserting the proper units for everything except G,

2

kg m = G [ kg ] .
2
[ m ]2
s

3 m
Multiply both sides by [ m ]2 and divide by [ kg ]2; the units of G are
2
kg s

Section 1.4
P1.10

Conversion of Units

Apply the following conversion factors:

9

1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 d = 86 400 s, 100 cm = 1 m, and 10 nm = 1 m

in day
1
( 2.54 cm in ) (10 2 mcm ) (10 9
= 9.19 nm s .
nmm)
32

86 400 s day
This means the proteins are assembled at a rate of many layers of atoms each second!
P1.11

Conceptualize: We must calculate the area and convert units. Since a meter is about 3 feet, we

)(

should expect the area to be about A 30 m 50 m = 1500 m2 .

Categorize: We model the lot as a perfect rectangle to use Area = Length Width. Use the
conversion: 1 m = 3.281 ft.
Analyze: A = LW = (100 ft )
=

1m

(150 ft )

3.281 ft

1m

= 1 390 m 1.39 10 m

3.281 ft

Finalize: Our calculated result agrees reasonably well with our initial estimate and has the proper
2
units of m . Unit conversion is a common technique that is applied to many problems.
P1.12

(a)

V = ( 40.0 m ) ( 20.0 m ) (12.0 m ) = 9.60 10 m

3
3
3
5
3
V = 9.60 10 m ( 3.28 ft 1 m ) 3.39 10 ft
3

=
(b)

The mass of the air is

kg m 9.60 10 m = 1.15 10

m = airV = 1.20

)(

The student must look up weight in the index to nd

Fg = mg = (1.15 10 kg )( 9.80 m s
4

) = 1.13 10 . N
5

Converting to pounds,
2.54 10
Fg = 1.13 10 N (1 lb 4.45 N ) =

*P1.13

The area of the four walls is (3.6 + 3.8 + 3.6 + 3.8)m (2.5 m) = 37 m2. Each sheet in the book
has area (0.21 m) (0.28 m) = 0.059 m2. The number of sheets required for wallpaper is
37 m2 0.059 m2 = 629 sheets = 629 sheets(2 pages 1 sheet) = 1260 pages.
The pages from volume one are inadequate, but the full version has enough pages.

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 3

10/27/06 4:18:09 PM

P1.14

Chapter 1

(a)

Seven minutes is 420 seconds, so the rate is

r=

gal s .

30.0 gal
= 7.14
420 s
10 2

(b)

Converting gallons rst to liters, then to m ,

r = ( 7.14 10
r=

(c)

3.786 L 103 m3
1 gal
1L
3
m s .

gal s )

2.70 10

At that rate, to ll a 1-m tank would take

1m

1 03

1h

t=
2.70 10
P1.15

m s

3 600
=

h .

From Table 14.1, the density of lead is 1.13 10 4 kg m 3 , so we should expect our calculated
value to be close to this number. This density value tells us that lead is about 11 times denser than
water, which agrees with our experience that lead sinks.
Density is dened as mass per volume, in =

. We must convert to SI units in the

calculation.
V
3
1 kg
1 kg
100 cm
1 000 000 cm 3
23.94 g
23.94 g
3

=
=
1
1m
3 1 000 g
3
=
2.10 cm m
2.10 cm 1 000 g

P1.16
P1.17

At one step in the calculation, we note that one million cubic centimeters make one cubic
meter. Our result is indeed close to the expected value. Since the last reported signicant digit
is not certain, the difference in the two values is probably due to measurement uncertainty and
should
not be a concern. One important common-sense check on density values is that objects which
3
sink in water must have a density greater than 1 g cm , and objects that oat must be less dense
than water.
ton 2 000 lb 1 h 1 min
The weight ow rate is 1 200
= 667 lb s .
h
ton 60 min 60 s
(a)

(b)

P1.18

1.14 10 4 kg m 3

V=

12

8 10 $ 1 h 1 day 1 yr
3 600 s

1 000 $ s
24 h 365 days
=

250 years

3
7 12
Thus,
the
8 trillion
wouldatmencircle
The circumference
of
theisEarth
the
is
2 (of
6.378
10 bills
m ) is
= 1.24
4.01 10
length
of one
dollardollars
bill
0.155
so equator
that the
the Earth
length
8 trillion
10 m.m.The
12
1.24 10 m
= 3.09 10 times .
7
4
4.01 10 m

(13.0 acres ) ( 43 560 ft

1

2 ( 481 ft )
Bh =
3
acre )

3
= 9.08 107 ft3 ,
or

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 4

10/27/06 12:27:33 PM

3V = 9.08 10 7 ft 3 2.83 10
)
m (
3
1 ft

FIG. P1.18

= 2.57 106 m3

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 4

10/27/06 12:27:44 PM

Physics and Measurement

P1.19

Fg = ( 2.50 tons block ) ( 2.00

10

15 m
P1.20

(a)

blocks ) ( 2 000 lb ton ) = 1.00 10

10

lbs

d
dnucleus, scale

atom, scale

dnucleus, real atom, real

d

300
=
2.40

10
(

ft

= 6.79

1.06 10 10 m

10

dnucleus, scale = ( 6.79 10 3 ft ) ( 304.8 mm 1 ft ) =

ft , or

2.07 mm

3
3
3
3
10
Vatom = 4 ratom / 3 = datom
m
1.06 10
(b)
ratom
=
=
Vnucleus 43 rnucleus / 3 rnucleus
2.40 1015 m
dnucleus
13

=
P1.21
At

V=

P1.22
rEarth (a)

so t =
=
AEarth
AMoon

8.62 10 times as large

V
A

3
3.78 10

25.0 m
2
Earth
4 r

3
m

1.51 10

6
2
2
( 6.37 10
m ) (100 cm m )
1.74 108 cm

(b)

VEarth

4 r

m ( or 151 m )

=
=
=
2
4 rMoon rMoon
3

= 13.4

( 6.37 10 m ) (100 cm m )
6

/ 3 rEarth
Earth

=
=
3

VMoon
P1.23

4 rMoon

=
/ 3 rMoon

1.74 10 cm

To balance, mFe = mAl or FeVFe = AlVAl

4
3
4
3
Fe rFe = Al
rAl
3 r = r
1/3
3 1/3
7.86
= ( 2.00 cm )
=
Al
Fe
2.70
Al

P1.24

= 49.1

2.86 cm .

The mass of each sphere is

3

m Al= AlV Al Al=

4 r Al
3

and
m Fe= FeV Fe =

4 rFe
.
3

3
Fe

Setting these masses equal,

4 r

4 r
3

Al Al

Fe Fe

Fe

and rAl = rFe 3

Al

The resulting expression shows that the radius of the aluminum sphere is directly proportional to
the radius of the balancing iron sphere. The sphere of lower density has larger radius. The

fraction Fe is the factor of change between the densities, a number greater than 1. Its cube root
Al
is a number much closer to 1. The relatively small change in radius implies a change in volume
sufcient to compensate for the change in density.
ISMV1_5103_01.indd 5

10/27/06 12:27:44 PM

Chapter 1

Section 1.5
P1.25

Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

Model the room as a rectangular solid with dimensions 4 m by 4 m by 3 m, and each ping-pong
ball as a
sphere of diameter 0.038 m. The volume of the room is 4 4 3 = 48 m , while the volume of one ball is
3
3
4 0.038 m =
5 m 3
.
2.87 10
3
2
6
48
10 ping-pong balls in the room.
Therefore, one can t about
5 ~
2.87 10
As an aside, the actual number is smaller than this because there will be a lot of space in the
room that cannot be covered by balls. In fact, even in the best arrangement, the so-called best
1
packing fraction is 2 = 0.74 so that at least 26% of the space will be empty. Therefore, the
6

P1.26

P1.27

above estimate reduces to 1.67 106 0.740 ~ 106 .

A reasonable guess for the diameter of a tire might be 2.5 ft, with a circumference of about 8 ft.
Thus, the tire would make 50 000 mi 5 280 ft mi 1 rev 8 ft = 3 10 7 10 7 rev .
rev ~

)(

)(

Assume the tub measures 1.3 m by 0.5 m by 0.3 m. One-half of its volume is then
V = ( 0.5) (1.3 m ) ( 0.5 m ) ( 0.3 m ) =
0.10 m .
3

The mass of this volume of water is

mwater = waterV = (1 000 kg m

)( 0.10 m ) = 100 kg
3

~ 10 kg .

Pennies are now mostly zinc, but consider copper pennies lling 50% of the volume of the tub.
The mass of copper required is
mcopper = copperV = (8 920 kg m
*P1.28

)( 0.10 m ) = 892 kg
3

~ 10 kg .

The time required for the task is

1 h 1 working day
1 bad yr
=
9 1 s

16 h
10 $
58 yr
300 working days
1 $ 3600 s
Since you are already around 20 years old, you would have a miserable life and likely die
before accomplishing the task. You have better things to do. Say no.

P1.29

Assume: Total population = 10 7; one out of every 100 people has a piano; one tuner can serve about
1 000 pianos (about 4 per day for 250 weekdays, assuming each piano is tuned once per year). Therefore,
# tuners ~ 1 tuner 1piano
7
100 people (10 people) = 100 tuners .
1 000 pianos

Section 1.6
P1.30

Significant Figures

METHOD ONE
We treat the best value with its uncertainty as a binomial ( 21.3 0.2 ) cm ( 9.8 0.1) cm ,
A = [ 21.3 ( 9.8 ) 21.3 ( 0.1) 0.2 ( 9.8 ) ( 0.2 ) ( 0.1)]
cm .
2
The rst term gives the best value of the area. The cross terms add together to give the
uncertainty and the fourth term is negligible.

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 6

10/28/06 2:41:27 AM

A=

209 cm 4 cm

.
METHOD TWO
We add the fractional uncertainties in the data.
A = ( 21.3 cm ) ( 9.8 cm )

0.2

21.3

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 6

0.1

= 209 cm 2% = 209 cm 4 cm

9.8

10/28/06 2:41:27 AM

Physics and Measurement

(b)

P1.31

(a)

(c)

P1.32

r = ( 6.50 0.20 ) cm = ( 6.50 0.20 ) 10

m
2
m = (1.85 0 02 ) kg

(d)

m
3

= ( 4 ) r3
also, = m + 3 r .

m
r
In other words, the percentages of uncertainty are cumulative. Therefore,

0.02

1.85

3 ( 0.20 )

0.103 ,
6.50
kg m

1.85
=
=
3

and

( 4 ) 6.5 102

= (1.61 0.17 )
10
(a)

(b)
(c)
s.f.)
P1.34

103
kg m

= (1.6 0.2 )
10

kg m .

756.??
37.2?
0.83
+ 2.5?
796. / 5 / 3 = 797
0.003 2 ( 2 s.f.) 356.3 ( 4 s.f.) = 1.140 16 = ( 2 s.f.)
5.620 ( 4 s.f.) ( >4 s.f.) = 17.656= ( 4
17.66

1.1

We work to nine signicant digits:

1 yr = 1 yr

31 556 926 0

365.242 199 d 24 h 60 min 60 s

1 yr

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 7

1.61

m 3

P1.33

1d

1 h 1 min

. s .

*P1.35

The tax amount is $1.36 $1.25 = $0.11. The tax rate is $0.11 $1.25 = 0.088 0 = 8.80%

*P1.36

(a)

We read from the graph a vertical separation of 0.3 spaces = 0.015 g .

(b)

Horizontally, 0.6 spaces = 30 cm2 .

(c)

Because the graph line goes through the origin, the same percentage describes the vertical
and the horizontal scatter: 30 cm2 380 cm2 = 8% .

(d)

Choose a grid point on the line far from the origin: slope = 0.31 g 600 cm2 = 0.000 52 g cm2
= (0.000 52 g cm2)(10 000 cm2 1 m2) = 5.2 g/m2 .

(e)

For any and all shapes cut from this copy paper, the mass of the cutout is proportional to
its area. The proportionality constant is 5.2 g/m2 8%, where the uncertainty is
estimated.
10/28/06 2:41:45 AM

(f )

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 7

This result should be expected if the paper has thickness and density that are uniform
within the experimental uncertainty. The slope is the areal density of the paper, its mass
per unit area.

10/28/06 2:41:45 AM

Chapter 1

*P1.37

15 players = 15 players (1 shift 1.667 player) = 9 shifts

*P1.38

Let o represent the number of ordinary cars and s the number of trucks. We have
o = s + 0.947s = 1.947s, and o = s + 18. We eliminate o by substitution: s + 18 = 1.947s
0.947s = 18 and s = 18 0.947 = 19 .

*P1.39

Let s represent the number of sparrows and m the number of more interesting birds.
We have s m = 2.25 and s + m = 91. We eliminate m by substitution: m = s 2.25
s + s 2.25 = 91
1.444s = 91
s = 91 1.444 = 63 .

*P1.40

For those who are not familiar with solving equations numerically, we provide a detailed solution.
It goes beyond proving that the suggested answer works.
4
3
2x real
3x solutions
+ 5x 70the= equation
0 is quartic,
The
equation
not attempt
it with
To
nd
how many
has so
andwe
todo
estimate
them,towesolve
graph
the algebra.
expression:
x

y = 2x 4 3x 3 + 5x

158

24

70

70

66

52

26

270

We
70see that the equation y = 0 has two roots, one around x = 2.2
and the other near x = +2.7. To home in on the rst of these solutions
we compute in sequence: When x = 2.2, y = 2.20. The root must
be
between x = 2.2 and x = 3. When x = 2.3, y = 11.0 . The root is
between x = 2.2 and x = 2.3. When x = 2.23, y = 1.58 . The root
is between x = 2.20 and x = 2.23. When x = 2.22, y = 0.301.
The
root is between x = 2.20 and 2.22. When x = 2.215, y = 0.331.
The root is between x = 2.215 and 2.22. We could next try
x = 2.218, but we already know to three-digit precision that the root
is x = 2.22.

FIG. P1.40

tan
*P1.41

sin cos
calculator may return
For
tan ( sin
3)==arc
( 3
)=, 3.
your
We require
3tan
cos
, or
= 3 , or tan
1
71.6,
but this angle is not between 0 and 360 as the problem
requires. The tangent function is negative in the second quadrant (between 90 and 180) and in the fourth quadrant (from
270 to 360). The solutions to the equation are then
108 .

288
360 71.6 =

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 8

360

FIG. P1.41

and 180 71.6 =

10/27/06 12:27:07 PM

Physics and Measurement

*P1.42

We draw the radius to the initial point and the radius to the nal point.
The angle between these two radii has its sides perpendicular, right side
to right side and left side to left side, to the 35 angle between the original
and nal tangential directions of travel. A most useful theorem from
R
geometry
identies
these angles
as equal:
=
circumference
of the same
radius
is 35.
2 R.The
Bywhole
proportion,
2 Rthen of
840a 360
m circle

then
.
=

i
35.0
N
W

E
S

360

R=

840 m

840 m

FIG. P1.42

1.38 10

360

35

35

0.611

We could equally well say that the measure of the angle in radians is
= 35 = 35

2 radians
m

Solving yields R = 1.38 km.

R
*P1.43

Length changes by 15.8%:

+ 0.158

840

360

Mass is proportional to cube of length: m = k

= 0.611 rad =

m mi = (

= 1.158

) 3.

Mass increase: mf = mi + 17.3 kg.

mf
Eliminate by substitution: m 17.3 kg= 1.1583 = 1.553
f
m = 1.553 m 26.9 kg
f

*P1.44

26.9 kg = 0.553 m

mf = 26.9 kg 0.553 = 48. 6 kg .

We use substitution, as the most generally applicable method for solving simultaneous equations.
We substitute p = 3q into each of the other two equations to eliminate p:
3qr = qs

1 2 1
1
2
3qr + 2 . qs = qt
2
2
2
2
2
2
3r = s
3r + ( 3r ) = t. We solve for the
These simplify to 2 2
.
We
substitute
to
eliminate
s:
2
2
3r + s = t
12r = t
2

combination

t
:
r

t2
2 = 12 .
r
t
r

*P1.45
(T

Solve the given equation for t:

either 3.46 or
3.46

t = 4QL kd 2(T T ) = [4QL k

h

(a)

T )] [1 d 2].
c

Making d three times larger with d 2 in the bottom of the fraction makes
t nine times smaller .

(b)

t is inversely proportional to the square of d.

(c)

Plot t on the vertical axis and 1/d 2 on the horizontal axis.

(d)

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 9

From the last version of the equation, the slope is 4QL/k(Th Tc) . Note that this quantity
is constant as both t and d vary.

10/28/06 2:42:03 AM

10

Chapter 1

Additional Problems
P1.46 It is desired to nd the distance x such that
x
=
100 m

1 000 m
x

(i.e., such that x is the same multiple of 100 m as the multiple that 1 000 m is of x). Thus, it is seen that
x = (100 m ) (1 000 m ) = 1.00 10
2

and therefore
x=

1.00 10 m

316 m .

=
*P1.47

(a)

The mass is equal to the mass of a sphere of radius 2.6 cm and density 4.7 g cm3, minus the
mass of a sphere of radius a and density 4.7 g cm3 plus the mass of a sphere of radius a and
density 1.23 g cm3.
1
1
2 3
m = 4r3 3 4a3 3 + 4a
3
= (4.7 g cm3)4(2.6 cm)3 3 (4.7 g cm3)4(a)3 3 + (1.23 g cm3)4(a)3 3
m = 346 g (14.5 g/cm3)a3

*P1.48

(b)

For a = 0 the mass is a maximum, (c) 346 g . (d) Yes . This is the mass of the
uniform sphere we considered in the rst term of the calculation.

(e)

For a = 2.60 cm the mass is a minimum, (f) 346 14.5(2.6)3 = 90.6 g . (g) Yes . This
is the mass of a uniform sphere of density 1.23 g cm3.

(h)

(346 g + 90.6 g) 2 = 218 g (i) No . The result of part (a) gives 346 g (14.5 g cm3)
(1.3 cm)3 = 314 g, not the same as 218 g.

( j)

We should expect agreement in parts b-c-d, because those parts are about a uniform
sphere of density 4.7 g/cm3. We should expect agreement in parts e-f-g, because those
parts are about a uniform liquid drop of density 1.23 g/cm3. The function m(a) is not a
linear function, so a halfway between 0 and 2.6 cm does not give a value for m halfway
between the minimum and maximum values. The graph of m versus a starts at a = 0 with
a horizontal tangent. Then it curves down more and more steeply as a increases. The
liquid drop of radius 1.30 cm has only one eighth the volume of the whole sphere, so its
presence brings down the mass by only a small amount, from 346 g to 314 g.

(k)

No change, so long as the wall of the shell is unbroken.

(a)

We have B + C(0) = 2.70 g cm3 and B + C(14 cm) = 19.3 g cm3. We know B = 2.70 g/cm3
and we solve for C by subtracting: C(14 cm) = 16.6 g cm3 so C = 1.19 g/cm4 .
(2.70 g/cm
14 cm
m=
+ 1.19 g/cm x)(9 cm )dx
14 cm
0
3
4
2

(b)

= 24.3 g/cm

dx + 10.7 g/cm 0
2

xdx

= (24.3 g/cm)(14 cm 0) + (10.7 g/cm )[(14 cm) 0] / 2

2
2
= 340 g + 1046 g = 1.39 kg

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 10

10/27/06 12:27:09 PM

Physics and Measurement

P1.49

11

The scale factor used in the dinner plate model is

0.25 m

S=
10

m lightyears .

= 2.5

1.0 105 lightyears

The distance to Andromeda in the scale model will be
Dscale = D S = 2.0 10 6 lightyears 2.5 10 6 m lightyears =
(
)(
)
actual
*P1.50

5.0 m .

The rate of volume increase is

dV
d 4
=
dt dt 3

34
r =
3

dr 2
3r
dt

dr 2
= 4 r
dt

(a)

dV dt = 4 (6.5 cm)2(0.9 cm s) = 478 cm3/s

(b)

dr dV / dt
=
2
dt
4 r

478 cm / s
=
2
4 (13 cm)

= 0.225 cm / s

(c)

P1.51

When the balloon radius is twice as large, its surface area is four times larger. The new
volume added in one second in the ination process is equal to this larger area times an
extra radial thickness that is one-fourth as large as it was when the balloon was smaller.
One month is
1 mo = ( 30 day ) ( 24 h day ) ( 3 600 s h ) = 2.592 10 s.
6

Applying units to the equation,

V = 1.50 Mft3 mo t + 0.008 00

mo2

t2.

3
ft mo

Mft3
3
6
3
Since 1 Mft, = 10 ft
V = (1.50 10 ft mo ) t + ( 0.008 00
6

10

t .

Converting months to seconds,

V=

6
3
1.50 10
ft mo

2.592 10 6 s mo

t+
2
t .

0.008 00 6 103 ft 2mo

( 2.592
10

Thus, V [ft ] = ( 0.579 ft s ) t + (1.19

3

10
*P1.52

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 11

s mo )2

ft s

(deg)

(rad)

tan ( )

sin ( )

difference between and tan

15.0

0.262

0.268

0.259

2.30%

20.0

0.349

0.364

0.342

4.09%

30.0

0.524

0.577

0.500

9.32%

33.0

0.576

0.649

0.545

11.3%

31.0

0.541

0.601

0.515

9.95%

31.1

0.543

0.603

0.516

10.02%

10/27/06 12:27:09 PM

We see that

in radians, tan( ) and sin( ) start out together from zero and diverge only slightly

in value for small angles. Thus 31.0 is the largest angle for which

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 11

tan
0.1. tan <

10/27/06 12:27:09 PM

12

P1.53

Chapter 1

2 r = 15.0 m
r = 2.39 m
h
= tan 55.0
r
h = ( 2.39 m ) tan (55.0
)=

P1.54

3.41 m

Let d represent the diameter of the coin and h its thickness.

The mass of the gold is
2 d
m = V = At =
4

55

+ dh t
FIG. P1.53

where t is the thickness of the plating.

( 2.41)

+ ( 2.41) ( 0.178 )
0.18 10

m = 19.3 2

= 0.003 64 grams
3.64 cents
cost
= = 0.003 64 grams $10 gram = $0.036 4
This is negligible compared to $4.98.
P1.55

The actual number of seconds in a year is

(86 400 s day ) ( 365.25 day yr ) = 31 557 600 s yr.

The percent error in the approximation is
( 10 syr ) (31 557 600 s
7
100% = 0.449% .
yr )
31 557 600 s yr
P1.56

furlongs 220 yd 0.914 4 m 1 fortnight 1 day 1 hr

1 yd
14 days

v = 5.00fortnight 1 furlong
24 hrs 3 600 s
=

8.32 10

m s4

This speed is almost 1 mm s; so we might guess the creature was a snail, or perhaps a sloth.
P1.57

(a)

The speed of rise may be found from

v=

( Vol rate of flow )

3
16.5 cm
s

0.529 cm s .

=
(Area: D

(b)

/ 4)
2
Likewise, at a 1.35 cm diameter, (6.30 cm )2 /
v=

16.5 cm s
2

= 11.5 cm s .

(1.35 cm ) /

4
ISMV1_5103_01.indd 12

10/27/06 12:27:1010
PM

Physics and Measurement

P1.58

m
m
4m
The density of each material is =
.
=
=
V
r 2 h D2 h
g
4( 51.5 g )
The tabulated value 2.70
Al:
2.75
3

cm
( 2.52 cm ) ( 3.75 cm )
4( 56.3 g )

Cu:

9.36 g

cm

The tabulated value

8.92

g
3

cm
g3

is

is

13

2% smaller.

5% smaller.

(1.23 cm (5.06 cm
4( 94.4 g )
g
Brass: =
8.91 cm 3
2
(1.54 cm ) ( 5.69 cm )
=

cm

g
4( 69.1 g )
3
7.68
cm
Sn: =
(1.75 cm
= )2 ( 3.74 cm )

Fe: =

7.88 g
4 ( 216.1 g )
3
(1.89 cm
= )2 ( 9.77 cm )
cm

(10 cars)(10 mi yr)

P1.59
V20 mpg =
= 5.0 10
20 mi gal
8

10

The tabulated value

g 3
0.3% smaller.
cm
is
7.86

gal yr

mi yr) = 4.0
V25 mpg = (10 cars)(10
25 mi gal

gal yr

10

10

Fuel saved = V25 mpg V20 mpg

=
P1.60

1.0
10
10

gal yr

The volume of the galaxy is

r 2t = 1021 m

) (

19

10

61

~ 10

m.
If the distance between stars is 4 1016 m, then there is one star in a volume on the order of

( 4 10

16

The number of stars is about

m )3 ~ 10 50 m 3 .

10 61 m 3
11
~ 10 stars .
50
3
10 m star

ANSWERS TO EVEN-NUMBERED PROBLEMS

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 13

P1.2

2.15 104 kg m3

P1.4

2.3 1017 kg m3 is twenty trillion times larger than the density of lead.

P1.6

0.141 nm

P1.8

(a) ii

P1.10

9.19 nm s

(b) iii

(c) i

10/27/06 12:27:1111
PM

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 13

P1.12

(a) 3.39 105 ft3

(b) 2.54 104 lb

P1.14

(a) 0.071 4 gal s

(b) 2.70 104 m3 s

(c) 1.03 h

10/27/06 12:27:1212
PM

14

P1.16

667 lb s

P1.18

2.57 10 m

P1.20

(a) 2.07 mm

P1.22

(a) 13.4; (b) 49.1

1 3
rAl = rFe Fe
Al

P1.24

ISMV1_5103_01.indd 14

Chapter 1

(b) 8.57 1013 times as large

P1.26

~10 rev

P1.28

No. There is a strong possibility that you would die before nishing the task, and you have much
more productive things to do.

P1.30

( 209 4 ) cm 2

P1.32

(1.61 0.17) 103 kg m3

P1.34

31 556 926.0 s

P1.36

(a) 0.015 g (b) 30 cm2 (c) 8% (d) 5.2 g m2 (e) For any and all shapes cut from this copy
paper, the mass of the cutout is proportional to its area. The proportionality constant is 5.2 g m2
8%, where the uncertainty is estimated. (f) This result is to be expected if the paper has
thickness
and density that are uniform within the experimental uncertainty. The slope is the areal density of
the paper, its mass per unit area.

P1.38

19

P1.40

see the solution

P1.42

1.38 km

P1.44

either 3.46 or 3.46

P1.46

316 m

P1.48

(a) = 2.70 g cm3 + 1.19 g cm4 x

P1.50

(a) 478 cm3 s (b) 0.225 cm s (c) When the balloon radius is twice as large, its surface area is
four times larger. The new volume added in one increment of time in the ination process is equal
to this larger area times an extra radial thickness that is one-fourth as large as it was when the balloon was smaller.

P1.52

0.542 rad

P1.54
P1.56
4
10

3.64 cents; no
m s; a snail
8.32

(b) 1.39 kg

10/27/06 12:27:11 PM

P1.58

see the solution

P1.60

~1011 stars