Biomedical Technology

1. A mammography service examined 327 patients during the third calendar quarter of 1996. 719 films
were exposed during this period, eight of which were repeats. What is the repeat rate?
a. 45.5%

b. code 2.45%

c. 1.1%

d. 54.52%

repeat rate=

no . repeated films
x 100
total no . of films

repeat rate=

8
x 100
719

repeat rate=1.1
2. A type of luminescence where the visible light is emitted only during the stimulation of the phosphor.
.
a. fluorescence b. phosphorescence

c. after glow

d. any of the above

3. If a heart measures 12.5 cm from side to side at its widest point, and its image on chest radiograph
measures 14.7 cm, what is the magnification factor?
.
a. 0.85 b. 1.18

c. 0.15

d. 2.2

object
image
MF=
MF=

14.7 cm
12.5 cm

MF=1.18
4. Radiation doses in the range of approximately200 to 1000 rad produce the
.
a. Gastrointestinal (GI) syndrome
b. Central Nervous System (CNS) syndrome
c. Hematologic syndrome
d. Prodomal syndrome
5. Ratio of incident to transmitted radiation through a grid ratio of patient dose with and without grid
.
a. Bucky factor

b. Damadian factor

c. Grid ratio

d. Roentgen equivalent

6. A radiographic single-phase unit installed in a private office has a maximum capacity of 100
milliseconds of 120kVp and 500mA. What is the power rating?
.

Page
1

a. 42 kW

b. 60 kW

c. 600W

Power rating=( 0.7 ) x

mA x kVp
1000

Power rating=( 0.7 ) x

( 500 ) (120)
1000

d. 24kW

Power rating=42 kW
7. Who completes the development of first computed tomographic (CT) scanner (EMI, Ltd.) in 1973?
.
a. Mistretta

b. Forssmann

c. Kuhl

d. Hounsfield

8. It is the study of the response of an image receptor to x-rays

.
a. sensitometry

b. xeroradiography

c. xeroradiometry

d. spectrometry

9. Ratio of radiographic contrast with a grid to that without a grid

.
a. grid ratio
c. Collidge factor

b. contrast improvement factor

d. Bucky factor

10. Analysis of persons irradiated therapeutically with superficial x-rays has shown that the skin
erythema dose required to affect 50% of persons so irradiated is about
.
a. 200 rad

b. 400 rad

c. 600 rad

d. 800 rad

11. ECG recording requires a bandwidth of 0.05 to ____ Hz

.
a. 1000

b. 540

c. 100

d. 40

12. Find the potential generated if blood flowing in a vessel with radius 0.9 cm cuts a magnetic field of
250 G. Assume a volume flow rate of 175 cubic cm per second.
.
a. 206 uV

b. 309 uV

E=

QB
50 a

E=

( 175 cc . s ) (250 G)
50 (0.9 cm)

c. 903 uV

d. 260 uV

E=309 uV
13. Period during which heart contracts.
.

Page
2

a. Diastole

b. Systole

c. block mode

d. Synapse

14. Apparatus for measuring blood pressure

.
a. defibrillator
c. plethysmograph

b. electrocardiogram
d. sphygmomanometer

15. Given the energy level of 6.624x10^-18 J imparted to an electron stream by an X-ray device,
calculate the frequency in MHz.
.
a. 10^6 MHz

b. 45.29 MHz

f=

E
h

f=

6.624 x 10 J
34
6.624 x 10 J s

c. 10^10 MHz

d. 300 MHz

18

f = 10^10 MHz
16. It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and won Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in 1905. It refers
to the emission of electrons from a clean metallic surface (phototube) when electromagnetic
radiation (light waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
.
a. Photoelectric effect
c. Bremsstrahlung

b. Compton effect
d. Mie effect

17. Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-ray radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs per
cubic centimetre of air at standard temperature and pressure (STP).
.
a. Curie
c. Radiation absorbed dose (rad)

b. Roentgen
d. Gray

18. An optical electronic device that measures the color concentration of a substance in solution.
.
a. colorimeter
c. spectrophotometer

b. flame photometer
d. chromatograph

19. Recording of heart sounds

.
a. ultracardiography
c. electrocardiogram

b. cardioacoustics
d. phonocardiography

20. Recorder for measuring galvanic skin resistance

.
a. electrodermograph
c. electrocorporealograph

b. electromyograph
d. electrogalvanograph

Page
3

Digital and Data Communications

1. It consists of 36 unique codes representing the 10 digits and 26 uppercase letters
a. Discrete code

b. code 39

c. continuous code

d. 20 code

2. The first fixed- length character code developed for machines rather than for people
a. ASCII Code b. Gray Code

c. EBCDIC code

d. Baudot Code

3. The early pioneer in the development of error-detection and correction procedures

a. Richard W. Hamming b. William R. Hamming c. Emile Baudot d. Samuel Baudot
4. The most reliable convolutional coding scheme for error detection
a. checksum

b. LRC c. CRC d. VRC

5. For the given parameters, determine the energy per bit-to noise power density ratio
C = 10e-12 W
fb = 60 kbps
N = 1.2 x 10e-14`W
B = 120 kHz
a. 16.2 dB

b. 14.2 dB

Eb
C B
=10 log
x
N0
N fb

c. 20.2 dB

d. 22.2 dB

12
Eb
10 W
120 kHz
=10 log
x
14
N0
1.2 x 10 W 60 kbps

6. A signal at the input to a mu-law compressor is positive with its voltage one-half the maximum value.
What proportion of the maximum output voltage is produced?
a. 0.786Vmax

b. 0.876Vmax

c. 0.867Vmax

d. 0.678Vmax

uVin
)
Vmax
ln(1+u)

ln(1+
v =Vmax

ln (1+
v =Vmax

( 255 ) (0.5 Vmax )

)
Vmax
ln(1+255)

v =0.876 Vma x

Page
4

7. Inaccuracies caused by the representation of a continuously varying quantity as one of a number of

discrete values.
a. alias signal

b. slope overload c. distortion d. quantizing errors

8. Circuit for digitizing voice at a low data rate by using knowledge of the way in which voice sounds
are produced
a. vocoder

b. codec c. sample-and-hold circuit d. ADC

9. A coding scheme that records the change in signal level since the precious sample
a. unipolar code b. PPM c. PCM d. delta modulation
10. Distortion created by using too low a sampling rate when coding an analog signal for digital
transmission
a. aliasing

b. foldover distortion c. either a or b d. neither a nor b

11. A network with bandwidth of 10 Mbps can pass only an average of 12000 frames per minute with
each frame carrying an average of 10000 bits. What is the throughput of this network?
a. 1 Mbps

b. 2 Mbps c. 3 Mbps d. 4 Mbps

T h roug h put=

12 000 x 10 000
60

= 2 Mbps

12. A telephone subscriber line must have an SNRdB above 40. What is the minimum number of bits?
a. 3.56

b. 5.63 c. 6.35 d. 3.65

SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40

n = 6.35
13. The thick coaxial cable implementation of standard Ethernet
a. 1000 Base-T

b. 10 Base-T

c. 10 Base 2 d. 10 Base 5

14. A bit pattern or a character added to the beginning and the end of a frame to separate the frames
a. Flag

b. Firewall c. Frameguard d. Footprint

15. An IPv4 has an address space of how many?

a. 4294967296

b. 6927694924

c. 2449692769 d. 9672969442

232 = 4294967296
16. What is the bit rate of STS 1?
a. 51.84 Mbps b. 64 kbps c. 100 Mbps d. 2.4 GHz
17. A block coding technique in which four bits are encoded into a five bit code
a. Baudot

b. 2B1Q Encoding

c. 4B/5B Encoding d. 4A/5A Encoding

Page
5

17. A national standards organization that defines standards in the United States
a. ANSI

b. FCC

c. ITU d. CCITT

18. In asynchronous transmission, one or more bits to indicate the end of transmission
a. trailer

b. flag

c. escape byte

d. stop bit

19. What is the overhead (number of extra bits) in the DS-3 service?
a. 1.368 Mbps

b. 1.480 Mbps

c. 2.048 Mbps

d. 6.024 Mbps

Digital Communications
1. The minimum sampling rate according to Nyquist Theorem
a
b
c
d

equal to the lowest frequency of a signal

equal to the highest frequency of a signal
twice the bandwidth of a signal
twice the highest frequency of a signal

2. It is used in wireless applications in which stations must be able to share the medium without
interception by an eavesdropper and without being subject to jamming from a malicious intruder
a. modulation
c. multiple access

b. Multiple access
d. Spread spectrum

3. An error detection method which uses ones complement arithmetic

a

Checksum

CRC

Simple-parity check

Two-dimensional parity check

4. It is a connecting device between two internetworks that use different models

a
b
c
d

Bridge
Gateway
Repeater
router

5. It is an undesired shift or width change in digital bits of data due to circuitry action which causes bits
to arrive at different times
a. alias
c. jitter

b. impulse
d. parity

6. In PCM system, it is the ratio of the maximum input voltage level to the smallest voltage level that
can be quantized

Page
6

Dynamic range

Figure of merit

Quality factor

Noise figure

7. A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels using a time slot of 2 bits, determine the frame
duration
a
b
c
d

20s
50s
100s
400s

The link carries 50,000 frames /sec

The frame duration = 1/50,000 = 20s
8. Determine the Hamming distance for the codewords ( 10101, 11001)
a
b
c
d

one
two
three
five

10101 XOR 11001 = 01100 ( presence of two 1)

9. An address space is the total number of addresses used by the protocol, such
What is the address space of IPv6?
a 232
b 264
c 296
d 2128

as IPv4 and IPv6.

10. It is a standard designed by ITU to allow telephones in the public telephone network to talk to
computers/terminals connected to the internet
a. H. 111
b. H.123
c. H.321
d. H. 323
11. A computer monitor has a resolution of 1200 by 1000 pixels. If each pixel uses 1024 colors, how
many bits are needed to send the complete contents of a screen?
a
b
c
d

12 Gigabits
1. 2 Gigabits
120 Megabits
12 Megabits

Page
7

1,200 times 1000 pixels x 10 bits = 12 Mb

1024 colors requires 10 bits , 210 = 1024

BULSU ESt
Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of communications system.
a. Decoding
b. Companding c. compression d. Coding
A device launches or receives a wave in a transmission line or waveguide in one direction only.
a. crossed-field tube b. directional coupler c. linear-beam tube d. slow-wave structure
A type of linear-beam microwave tube that uses velocity modulation
of the electron beam
a. buncher
b. Gunn device
c. Bunching
d. klystron
A series of pulses in which the amplitude of each pulse represents the amplitude of the information signal at
a given time.
a. PAM

b. PCM

c. PDM

d. PPM

Combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the receiver of communications system.
a. Decoding
b. Companding c. compression d. Coding
_______________ is used to position samples of the different message signals in non-overlapping time
slots.
a. FDM b. TDM c. CSMA-CD d. Hamming Code
A ___________ is similar to a phasor diagram except that the entire phasor is not drawn.
a. Product modulator
b. constellation diagram c. truth table d. none of the above
It was the first fixed length character code.
a. ASCII Code
b. Baudot Code c. Morse Code

d. EBCDIC Code

It involves transmitting each character twice.

a. Error Correction
b. Redundancy c. Checksum

d. Parity

The __________ provides the mathematical justification for using a Gaussian Process as a model for a large
number of different physical phenomena in which the random variable, at a particular instant of time, is the
result of a large number of individual random events.
a. Gaussian Theorem

b. Central Limit Theorem

c. Poisson Distribution d. Gaussian Distribution

A set of communication facilities allowing direct access to 64kpbs data streams (or multiples of) for drop and
insert. A form of cell relay, supports B-ISDN.
a. synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) b. Synchronization
c. Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM)
d. Asynchronous
A series of pulses, in which the timing of each pulse represents the ampltitude of the information signal at a
given time.
a. Pulse Width Modulation b. Pulse Code Modulation
c. Pulse Duration Modulation d. Pulse Position Modulation

Page
8

A line of sight radio link operating at a frequency of 6GHz has a separation of 40km between antennas. An
obstacle in the path is located 10km form the transmitting antenna. By how much must the beam clear the
obstacle?
a.11.6m b. 11.6ft c. 10.6m d. 10.6ft
Variation in received field strength over time due to changes in propagation conditions.
a. Repeater b. Fading c. Fresnel Zone d. Diversity
The atomic weight of an element is approximately determined by
a. the number of neutrons
the number of electrons

b. the number of protons c. the number of protons and neutrons

d.

Of the following substances the most conductor is

a. air
b copper
c. iron d. salt water
The volt is the standard unit of
a. currrent b. charge c. electromotive force d. resistance
Which of the following antenna types is not designed for transmitting at 10 Ghz
a. horn antenna
b dish antenna
c. Zepp antenna
d. helical antenna
The type of radio wave responsible for long distance communications by multiple skips is the:
a. Ground Wave b. Direct Wave c. Surface Wave d. Sky Wave
Line of sight communications is not a factor in which frequency range?
a. VHF b. UHF c. HF d. Microwave
It refers to the rate of change of a signal on the transmission medium after encoding and modulation have
occurred.
a. Bit rate b. Baud c. bit d. Signalling element
It was the first fixed-length character code developed for machines rather than people.
a. ASCII code b. Baudot code c. EBCDIC code d. Code 39
A receiver-transmitter station used to increase the communications range of VHF, UHF and microwave
signals is called a(n):
a. Transceiver b. Remitter c. Repeater d. Amplifier
It represents the simplest whole number ratio of the various types of atoms in a compound.
a. molecular formula
b. chemical formula c. reactants
d. empirical formula
It is a term that is often misunderstood and commonly confused with bit rate (bps
a. Bandwidth
b ASK
c. Baud d. FSK
Defined as the optimum level of a test tone on a channel at same point in a communication system.
a. transmission level point
b. transmission level
c. data level point
d. error detection
Duplicating each data unit for the purpose of detecting errors is a form of error detection called
___________.
a. burst
b. redundancy
c. error correction
d. error detection
Determine the wavelength of a 4 Ghz signal.
a. 0.0075m
b. 75m
c. 750m

Page
9

d. 0.075m

What is the device that converts energy from one form to another?
a. transducer
b. converter
c. transceiver
d. inverter
It may be defined as any undesired voltages or currents that ultimately end up appearing in the receiver
output.
a. reflection b. Electrical noise c. interference
d. loss
The channel capacity of a 5 kHz bandwidth binary system is ____ bits/s. Assuming no noise.
a. 1,000
b. 10,100
c. 10,000
d. 100,000
Microwaves are frequencies above _____ GHz.
a. 2
b. 3
c. 1
d. None of the above
The government agencies that regulates radio communications in the US is the ________.
a. NCC
b. FCC
c. KB
d. PDCC
A wave guide acts a/an _______ filter
.a. high-pass

b. low-pass

c. Either a or b

d. None of the above

Coax is not used beyond frequencies of about ______ GHz.

a. 6

b. 10

c. 4

d. 2

Data Communications refers to the transmission of ________.

a. voice

b. video

c. Computer data d. All of the above

Determine the peak frequency deviation for a binary FSK signal with a mark frequency of 49 kHz, space
frequency of 51kHz and an input bit rate of 2kbps
a. 1 kHz

b. 1.5 kHz

c. 2 kHz

d. 2.5 kHz

It is often used to compare the performance of one digital modulation technique to another.
a. bandwidth efficiency c. dynamic range
b. baud rate
d. Costas loop
It is the process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a finite number of conditions.
a. quantization
c. aliasing
b. sampling
d. digitization
For a PCM system with a maximum analog frequency of 4kHz, determine the minimum sample rate.
a. 8 kHz
b. 9 kHz
c. 10 kHz
d. 11 kHz
It is another relatively simple form of redundancy error checking where each character has a numerical value
assigned to it.
a. Checksum
c. Longitudinal redundancy checking
b. Vertical redundancy checking
d. Cyclic redundancy checking
It is a modulation and multiplexing technique that distributes the signal and its sidebands over a very wide
bandwidth.
a. Spread spectrum
c. Frequency division multiplexing
b. Phase shift keying
d. Quadrature amplitude modulation

Page
10

The computers that hold shared files, programs and the network operating system. They also provide access
to network resources to all the users of the network.
a. Servers
c. Transmission media
b. Clients
d. Peripherals
It is defined by the ITU-T as a service that provides transmission channels capable of supporting
transmission rates greater than the primary data rate.
a. Broadband ISDN
c. LAN Topology
b. Asynchronous Transfer Mode
d. Ethernet
It is the only error-correction scheme that actually detects and corrects transmission errors when they are
received without requiring a transmission..
a. Forward Error Correction
c. Code 39
b. Character Synchronization
d. Line Control Scheme
This OSI Layer is responsible for network availability, data storage and processor capacity. It also determines
the type of dialogue available.
a. Session layer
c. Data layer
b. Network layer
d. Transport layer
It is often defined as the loss incurred by an electromagnetic wave as it propagates in a straight line through
a vacuum with no absorption or reflection of energy from nearby objects.
a. transmission loss
b. atmospheric loss
c. freespace path
d. spreading loss
loss
What do you call the accumulation of additional sounds such as wind, street noise, other voices that
contribute to what the listener hear?
a. natural sound
b. ambience
c. sound amplitude
d. flutter sound
It is a single transmission path from transmitter to receiver with line of sight range.
a. diversity
b. direct path
c. jitter
d. hop

It is defined by the average rate at which energy is carried out per unit area.
a. Harmonics
b. Intensity
c. Frequency

d. Interference

What happens to the frequency of the wave and to its wavelength when a sound wave produced in one
medium enters another medium with a different speed?
a. the frequency of the
b. the frequency of the
c. the frequency of the
d. the frequency of the
wave and wavelength
wave changes while the wave stays the same
wave and wavelength
changes
wavelength stays the
while the wavelength
remains the same
same
changes
An interest rate of 10% compounded continuously is desired of an investment of P15,000. How many years
will be required to recover the capital with the desired interest if P2,500 is received each year?
a. 3.579 years
b. 5.973 years
c. 9.375 years
d. 7.953 years
What is the pH level of toilet soap?
a. 14
b. 4

c. 10

The process of combining multiple audio signals into one track is called?
a. audio mixing
b. stereo panning
c. stereo mixing
The speed of sequence of musical notes is called?
a. pitch

b. tempo

c. timbre

d. musical
instrument digital

Page
11

d. 7
d. audio signal processing

interface (MIDI)
If the frequency of a sound is increased, what will happen to its pitch?
a. decreases
b. increases
c. remains the same

d. none of the above

A type of microwave protection system where each working channel has a dedicated back up or spare
channel.
a

Frequency

diversity

b. Space diversity

c. Hybrid diversity

d. Hot Standby

A method of nonspontaneous lysing (splitting) of a substance by the input of electrical energy, and is often
used to decompose a compound into its elements.
a. extraction
b. electrolysis
c.excitation d. fixation
Also known as Pin 21 of the RS-232 interface on D connector, this connection allows signals to be
transmitted from the DCE to the attached DTE whenever there is a high probability of an error in the received
data due to the quality of the circuit falling below a predefined level.
a. DCE transmitter signal
element timing

b. color quality selector

c. signal quality
detector

It is the electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions.

a. ionic bonding
b. covalent bonding
c. metallic bonding

d. DTE transmitter signal

element timing
d. multiple bonding

What is the process in which the system adapts to the incoming audio level to keep the signal large enough
to fill the systems dynamic range?
a. Decorrelation
b. Lattice quantization
c. Companding
d. Level allocatio
______ which means that 2 or more bits in the data unit have changed.?
a. singe bit error

b. double bit error

It is a four-wire Gigabit Ethernet implementation.

a. 1000 Base-SX
b. 1000 Base-LX

c. burst error
c. 1000Base-T

d. none of the above

d. 1000 Base-CX

It is a digital process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link.
a. TDM

b. FDM

IEEE 802.11 is define in which MAC sublayer?

a.NCF
b.PCF

c. WDM
c.DCF

d. None of the above

d. (b) and (c)

It is the oldest microwave tube design which is commonly used in radar transmitters where they can
generate peak power levels in the megawatt range.
a. Klystron
b. Magnetron
c. Microstrip
d. crossed field tube
A modulation process wherein both frequence and phase remains constant while the amplitude changes.
a. PSK

b. ASK

c. FSK

d. QAM

It is the most powerful redundancy checking technique which is based on binary division.
a. cheksum
b. parity check
c. cyclic redundancy
d. two dimensional parity
check
What do you call the element with electrical properties between those of an insulator and a conductor?

Page
12

a. Semiconductor

b. Conduclator

c. Insuductor

d. Medium conductor

It is the term applied to any method of extinguishing a debt, principal and interest, by a series of payments,
usually at equal intervals.
a. calculation of fixed
b. amortization
c. capacity costing
d. repeatability
charges
assumption
In pulse-code modulation, it translates the quantized samples into digital code words.
a. ADC b. DAC c. encoder d. Decoder
It is an error detection technique in which a redundant bit is appended to every data unit so that the total
number of 1s in the unit (including the parity bit) becomes even.
a. vertical redundancy check b. longitudinal redundancy check
c. cyclic redundancy check
d. Checksum
A local area network topology in which the individual terminal, microcomputers or workstations are connected
directly to a central computer.
a.Star

b. Ring c. Bus d. Mesh

The only way to achieve high data rates with a narrowband channel is to increase the number of bits per
symbol, the most reliable way to do this is to use a combination of amplitude and phase modulation known
as _________.
a quadrature amplitude modulation b. phase shift keying
c. frequency shift keying
d. frequency modulation
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 16-bit quantizing.
a. 4.82 dB b. 25.84 dB c. 51.68 dB d. 98.08 dB

Compute the baud rate for a 72000 bps 64-QAM signal.

a. 12000 baud b. 1200 baud c. 120000 baud d. 12 baud
A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo.
a.0.6 dB b. 1 dB c. 0.4 dB d. 0.8 dB
Telephone switch that connects only to other switches, and not to individual customers.
a.central office b. toll station c. tandem office d. PSTN
It is a form of digital modulation similar to PSK except the digital information is contained in both amplitude
and the phase of the transmitted carrier.
a. FSK b. ASK c. QAM d.BPSK
The most common circuit used for demodulating binary FSK signals.

Page
13

a. squarer b. PLL c. bandpass filter d.frequency divider

We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4KHz.What is the bandwidth needed if we modulate the signal
using AM? Ignore FCC regulations for now.
a

4 KHz

b. 8 GHz

c. 8 KHz

d. 4 GHz

We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 4 MHz. what is the bandwidth if we modulate the signal using
FM? Ignore FCC regulations.
a. 8

b.

c.

36

d. 40

For PCM system with the following parameters determine the minimum number of bits used.
Maximum analog frequency= 4 khz, maximum decoded voltage=2.55,
Minimum dynamic range= 199.5
a. 7

b.

c 8

d. 9

A network topology in which data circulates from one computer to the next in sequence.
a. ring

b. star

c. bus

d. mesh

Find the maximum dynamic range for linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing
a. 2.01 dB

b. 20.1 dB

c. 49.92 dB

d. 4.992 dB

What frequencies would be generated by a telephone using DTMF signalling, when the number 8 is
pressed?
a. 697 Hz and 1477 Hz b. 941 Hz and 1633 Hz
1209 Hz

c. 852 Hz and 1336 Hz

d. 770 Hz and

It is a means of transmitting data by shifting the phase angle of the transmitted signal.
a. FSK

b. PSK

c. ASK

d. QAM

The name given for a set of standards for communicating among computers in which the primary purpose is
to serve as a structural guideline for exchanging information between computers, workstations and networks.
a. OSI

b. TCP/IP

c. PDU

d. LAN

Any transmission system which conveys more than one signal simultaneously can experience this type of
interference due to the reception of portions of a signal from one channel in another channel.
a. Distortion

b. Noise

c. Crosstalk

d. Echo

What type of digital modulation scheme uses two or more different output frequencies?
a. PSK

b.

FSK

c.

QAM

d. QPSK

It is an error-correcting code used for correcting transmission errors in synchronous data streams.
a. Hamming code

b. Morse Code c. ASCII code

Page
14

d. Baudot code

A suite of protocols that allows a wide variety of computers to share the same network.
a. TCP/IP

b. HTTP

c. FTP

d. SMTP

Noise that is primarily caused by lightning. Often called as Static Noise.

a. external noise
c. atmospheric noise

b. equipment noise
d. space noise

A modulation technique in which the frequency of the modulated signal varies with the amplitude of the
modulating signal
a
b

AM
PM

b. FM
d. HM

Is a form of constant amplitude angle modulation similar to standard frequency modulation except the
modulating signal is a binary signal that varies between two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously
changing analog waveform.
a. ASK b. FSK c. CP-FSK d. BPSK
The highest layer in the hierarchy and is analogous to the general manager of the network by providing
access to the OSI environment.
a. Application layer b. Presentation Layer c. Transport layer

d. Session Layer

What is the equation for Hartleys Law?

a. I=ktB

b.

C=2Blog2M

c. fa=fs-fm

d. N=2^m

Network topology wherein individual terminals, microcomputers and workstations are connected directly to a
central computer.
a. Mesh

b.

Bus

c.

Ring

d.

Star

The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on a network
a. multitasking

b.

cross-over

c.

collision

d.

Traffic

A term used to describe a telephone instrument whose handset is on its cradle, ready to receive a ring signal
a. On hook

b. Off hook

c. crosstalk

d. Sidetone

The most commonly used digital modulation scheme.

a. PCUM b. PPM c. PDM

d. PCM

Simple form of redundancy error checking where each character has a numerical value assigned to it. The
characters within a message are combined together to produce an error checking character.
a. CRC b. LRC c. Checksum d. VRC
Is an eight-bit fixed length character set developed in 1962 by the International Business Machines
Corporation.

Page
15

a. ASCII code b. Baudot Code c EBCDIC code d. Code 39

An attempt is made to transmit base band frequency of 30khz using a digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1khz. What audible frequency would result?
a. 14.1KHz

b. 74.1KHz

c. 14.1MHz

d. 7.05KHz

Calculate the capacity of a telephone channel that has a S/N of 1023?

a. 16,000 b/s

b. 30,000 b/s

c. 25,000b/s

d. 3000 b/s

Designed to send characters of the message with the specified bit rate but without any fixed timing
relationship from one character to the next.
a. asynchronous b. synchronous

c. error detection

d. error correction

Token Ring Standard

a. 802.2

b. 802.3

c. 802.4

d. 802.5

It is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from a receiver signal.

a. Carrier Recovery

b. Squaring Loop

c. Costas Loop

d. Remodulator

It is a potential problem whenever two metallic conductors carrying different signals are located in close
proximity to each other.
a. Hybrid

b. Noise

c. Crosstalk

d. Echo suppresors

What is the termed refer as the rapid degradation of output signal quality with channel induced errors?
a threshold effect

b intersymbol interference

c. quantization

d. Saturation

What was the first fixed-length character code developed for machines rather than for people?
a ASCII code

b EBCDIC code c. Code 39 d. Baudot code

A source whose output satisfies the condition of statistical independence among letters in the sequence is
said to be_____.
a memoryless b stationary

c. entropy

d. Equivocation

Calculate the minimum data rate needed to transmit audio with sampling rate of 30 Khz and 14 bits per
sample.
a. 420 b/s

b. 420 Kb/s

c. 420 Mb/s

d. 420 Gb/s

Handles error recovery, flow control (synchronization), and sequencing (which terminals are sending and
which are receiving). It is considered the media access control layer.
a. Transport Layer b. Session Layer

c. Data Link Layer

Page
16

d. Application Layer

A MAC protocol for LANs, with stations connected topologically or logically in a ring. Or the IEEE 802.5 LAN
standard.
a. Token Ring
b. Token Bus
c. Token
d. Topology
A network topology where each device is connected to a centre point and all data is routed through that
point.
a. Star stop transmission
c. Star network

b. Star bits
d. Star wired ring network

A lasers use organic dyes enclosed in a glass tube for an active medium, dye is circulated into the tube with
a pump. A powerful pulse of light excites the organic dye.
a. Solid Lasers
c. Gas Lasers

b. Semiconductor Lasers
d. Liquid Lasers

Codes that have a restriction on the number of consecutive 1s or 0s in a sequence.

a. Fixed weight code
c. Systematic code

b. Linear Block codes

d. Run length limited code

Contains seven bytes (56 bits) of alternating 0s and 1s that alert the receiving system to the coming frame
and enable it to synchronize its input timing
a.

padding b. preamble

c.

CRC

d. Signalling

Every letter was encoded into fixed length of binary code words of length 5.
a. Manchester Code b. Baudot Code

c. Trellis Code

d. Morse Code

The composite signal that modulates the FM carrier.

a. narrowband b.baseband
c.
sideband
d. Singleband
It is a simple means of error detection. It involves the addition of one extra bit to the bits that encode a
character.
a. Parity b. Checksum

c. Hamming code

d. Cyclic redundancy check

A data compression scheme that uses fewer bits to represent more frequently occurring characters or bit
patterns and more bits to represent those occur less frequently.
a. Cyclic redundancy check
d. Bit overhead

b. Bit stuffing

c. Huffman coding

Speed at which symbols are transmitted in a digital communication systems.

a. Bit rate

b. Baud rate

c. Data rate

d. Flow rate

It is the process of converting an infinite number of possibilities to a finite number of conditions.

a. Coding b. Sampling c. Companding

d. Quantization

It is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude that can easily be decoded
by the digital to analog converter in the receiver.
a. Sampling rate

b. Noise Ratio c. Dynamic Range

Page
17

d. Coding Efficiency

It is the institution that developed the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Intertchange).
a. ISO

b. ANSI

c. FCC

d. IEEE

In early 1900s, he showed that any composite signal is a sum of a set of sine waves of different frequencies,
phases and amplitudes.
a. Henri Fourier b. Robert Fourier c. Jean-Baptiste Fourier d. Harry Nyquist
Find the binary equivalent of x8+x3+x+1.
a. 100001011 b. 011110100 c. 010000101 d. 110000101
Given a bandwidth of 6000 Hz for an ASK signal, what is the baud rate?
a. 3000 Hz b. 2000 Hz c. 12000 Hz d. 6000 Hz
Compute the bit rate for a 2000 baud 16-QAM signal.
a. 8000 bps b. 4000 bps c. 2000 bps d. 500 bps
It is an electronic device that is used for computer communications through telephone lines.
a. hub b. Modem c. Router d. NIC
A telephone line has a bandwidth of 4.5 kHz and a signal-to-noise ratio of 40dB. A signal is transmitted down
this line using a four level code. What is the maximum theoretical data rate?
a. 59.795 kbps b. 18 kbps c. 78 kbps d. 41.795 kbps
Showed mathematically that it is posssible to reconstruct a band-limited analog signal from periodic samples,
as long as the sampling rate is at least twice the frequency of the highest frequency component of the signal.
a. Shannon-Hartley b. Claude E. Shannon c. Harry Nyquist
d. R. Hartley
Find the maximum dynamic range for a linear PCM system using 8-bit quantizing.
a. 62.24 dB b. 49.92 dB c. 20.10 dB d. 15.78 dB
In operation, many modern codecs achieved compresion by first encoding the signals using a 12-bit linear
PCM code, then converting the 12-bit linear code into an 8-bit compressed code by discarding some of the
bits. This is a simple example of:
a. Compression b. Differential PCM c. Vocoders d. Digital Signal Processing
Sampling of an analog signal using a sample-and-hold circuit such that the sample has the same amplitude
for its whole duration.
a. Natural Sampling b. Flat-topped Sampling
Sampling
d. Radom Sampling

c. State

The basic building block of the FDM hierarchy.

a. Message Channel

b. Group

c. Multiplexer

Page
18

d. Small Group
The GSM radio system uses GMSK in a 200kHzchannel, with a channel data rate of 270.883 kbps. Calculate
the frequency shift between mark and space.
a. 135.4165kHz

b. 100kHz

c. 270.883kHz

d. 200kHz

For Ethernet system with a length of 2.5km on coaxial cable with a velocity factor of 0.66. What is the
propagation delay?
a. 12.6s

b. 8.33s

c. 1.27 s

d. 13.88 s

A signal at the input to a -Law compressor is positive, with its volatage one-half the maximum value. What
proportion of the maximum output voltage is produced?
a. 0.876Vo

b. 0.678Vo

c. 0.768Vo

d. 0.867Vo

A telephone signal take 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo
a. 0.8dB

b. 0.4004 dB

c. 0.6 dB

d. 2.6 dB

Who invented the telegraph?

a. Carl Friedrich
b. Samuel F.B Morse

c. Alexander Grahambell
d. Emile Baudot

The simplest modulation technique, where a binary information signal modulates the amplitude of an analog
carrier.
a. Ampitude-Shift Keying
b. Frequency-Shift Keying

c. Continous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying

d. Phase-Shift Keying

Is the lowest Open System Interconnection hierarchy and is responsible for the actual propagation of
unstructured data bits (1s and 0s) through a transmission medium.
a. Physical Layer

b. Data Link Layer

c. Network Layer d. Transport Layer

Error-correction scheme that actually detect and corrects transmission errors when they are received without
requiring a retransmission.
a. Forward error correction b. Hamming code

c. Retransmission

d. CRC

It allows the overall complexity of the system to be broken down into individual function layers- that operate
essentially by themselves.
a. Data Rate b. Transparency c. Physical Layer d.Format
This are very useful pictorial representations that clearly show the protocol operations such as words or
convetional drawings.
a. State Transition Diagram b. Flow Chart Diagram
Diagram

c. Block DIagram

Pair of wires that connects the central office to the users phone

Page
19

d. Circuit

a . trunk

b. local loop

c. Telephone wire

d. Network nodes

How long does it take to dial the number 784-3745 using pulse dialing with .5s inter digit time?
a. 6.5s

b. 7.2s

c. 6.8s

d. 12.5s

Network that connects users who are in the same general location
a. WAN

b. Star Tropology

c. LAN

d. Bus Tropology

A balanced modulator that will used in conjuction with a microwave generator, power amplifier, and bandpass filter, up-converts the IF carrier to an RF carrier and amplifies the RF to the desired output power.
a. IF/RF modulator b. Transmit Modulator c. Recieved Modulator d. Equalizer
What is the equation for Hartleys Law?
a. I=ktB b. C=2Blog2M

c. fa=fs-fm

d N=2^m

The loss of data that occurs when two stations transmit at the same time on a network
a. multitasking

b.

cross-over

c.

collision

d.

traffic

We have an audio signal with a bandwidth of 5 HHz. What is the bandwidth modulate the signal using FM?
Ignore FCC regulation.
A. 50 MHz b. 40MHz c. 30 MHz d. 20MHz
Used to established a point to point connection across a network.
a. ARP

b.FTP

c.TCP

d.UDP

An attempt is made to transmit a baseband frequency of 25kHz using digital audio system with a sampling
rate of 44.1 kHz. What audible frequency would result?
a. 39.1kHz

b.19.1kHZ

c.29.1kHz

d.14.1kHz

Defines the rules of the conversation the message passing among the network users
a. network protocol

b. Internet protocol

c. Data

d. Information protocol

Responsible for providing signals to the loop sensing activity and sending phone signals at the end of the
loop
a. SLIC

b. Interface card

c. SCLIC

d. Network card

The typical amount of voltage in dc use in the battery of the central office with respect to ground
a. -48

b.+72

c. +48

d. -72

A network that is composed of a smaller lan that are closely link. It is needed for areas spread out
geographically
a. MAN B. Network tropology
c. WAN
d. Linking system
How many central office allotted for each exchange?

Page
20

a.2

b. 1

c.3

d. 5

It is a method of switching that provides a separate physical path for each symbol
A. circuit switching b. packet switching

c. space switching d. time switching

The central office detects a request for service from a telephone by:
a. flow of loop current

b. no loop current

c. a ringing signal

d. dial pulses

The OSI Layer responsible for data tracking as it moves through a network. It controls and ensures the end
to end integrity of the data message propagated through the network between two devices.
A. Application

b. Transport

c. Physical

d. Session

The sensitivity of a radio receiver is given in terms of dBm. If the receiver is receiving 200 mW, what is the
corresponding dBm of this signal?
a. 46dBm

b. -46 dBm

c. 23 dBm

d. -23 dBm

An antenna with a noise temperature of 75 Kelvin is connected to a receiver input with a noise temperature
of 300 K. Given the reference temperature T0 = 290 K, find the noise figure of the system.
a. 0.97 dB

b. 3.6 dB

c. 6.02 dB

d. 7.2 Db

The modulation index of an AM radio station is 0.75. If the carrier power is 500W, what is the total transmitted
power?
a.

391 W

b. 438 W

c. 641 W

d. 688 W

An FM transmitter system is using a 1MHz crystal oscillator to generate a very stable 108MHz final carrier
frequency. The output of the crystal oscillator is fed to a x36 multiplier circuit then mixed with a 34.5 MHz
signal. The sum output of the mixer is filtered out, while the difference is fed to another multiplier in order to
generate the final carrier frequency. What is the multiplier value?
a. 108

b. 3

c. 1.5

d. 72

A/an _______ is a range of frequency in which the upper frequency is double the lower frequency.
a.

bandwidth

b. frequency doubler

c. octave

d. harmonics

Determine the worst-case output S/N for a narrowband FM receiver with deviation maximum of 10 kHz and a
maximum intelligence frequency of 3 kHz. The S/N input is 3:1.
a. 10

b. 12

c. 14

d. 16

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x fi
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be

Page
21

10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
A small variable capacitance in parallel with each section of ganged capacitor is called _______.
a.

trimmer

b. converter

c. padder

d. autodyne

: How many wavelengths long are required for a pair of conductors to be considered as a transmission line?
a.

b.

c.

1/10

d. 5/8

Determine the time taken for a signal to travel down a 10 m transmission line, if its velocity factor is 0.7.
a. 23.33 ns

b. 14.52ns

c.

76.8 s

d. 47.6 ns

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
The maximum voltage standing wave of an RG-11/U foam coaxial cable is 52 V and its minimum voltage is
17 V. How many percent of the incident power is the reflected power?
a. 51%

b. 26%

c. 3%

d. 97%

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

2 = Pr/Pi
= SWR-1
SWR+1

; SWR = Vmax/ Vmin = 52/17 = 3.05

= 3.05 1 = 0.51
3.05 +1
Thus : 2 = (0.51)2 = 0.26
The reflected power is 26 % of the incident power
At exactly one-quarter wavelength, the short-circuited transmission line behaves as a(an) ___________
circuit.
a. inductive
b. capacitive c. parallel-resonant
d. series-resonant
Determine the phase-shift represented by a 75 ns delay of a 4 MHz signal to a 75-ft cable with a dielectric
constant of 2.3.
a. 108 degrees b. 4.8degrees c. 52 degrees d. 250 degrees
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees

Page
22

Which of the following is a flat conductor separated by an insulating dielectric from a large ground plane that
is usually one-quarter or one-half wavelength long?
a. stripline b. microstrip c. twin-lead wire d. shielded-pair
One complete revolution around a Smith Chart represents _________ wavelengths.
a.

b.

c. 1

d. 2

: A mismatched transmission line is also referred to as a ___________ line.

a. lossy

b. lossless

c. non-resonant

d. resonant

It is the ratio of the speed of propagation on a line to that of light in free-space.

a. velocity factor b. refractive index c. dielectric constant
d. standing-wave ratio
Which of the following is the most widely used UTP cable that can carry baseband data at rates up to 100
Mbps at a range up to 100m?
a. CAT 4

b. CAT 5

c.

CAT 5e

d. CAT 6

The modulated peak value of a signal is 125V and the unmodulated carrier value is 85V. What is the
modulation index?
a.0.47

b. 1.47

c. 0.68

d. 0.32

m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax Ec = 125 85 = 40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
The total transmitted power of an AM broadcast transmitter with a carrier power of 50kW when modulated 80
percent is:
a. 62.5kW

b. 66W

c. 66kW

d. 40kW

Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
One of the advantages of DSB is the savings of great deal of power. Which of the following is the reason why
it is not widely used?
a. the signal occupies a narrow bandwidth
b. the signal has a low S/N
c. the signal is weak at high frequencies
d. the signal is difficult to demodulate
If the input in a transmitter is collector-modulated, the system is called a _______________________.
a. low level modulator
b. high-level modulator

Page
23

c. differential- amplifier modulator

d. lattice modulator
The input to an FM receiver has a S/N of 2.8. What is the frequency deviation caused by the noise if the
modulating frequency is 1.5KHz and the permitted deviation is 4KHz?
a. 1,460.8 Hz

b. 547.8 Hz

c. 2.67 Hz

d. 4,107.3 Hz

= fm
= sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz
What circuit is used to return the frequency response of a signal to its normal, flat level?
a. pre-emphasis b. de-emphasis
c. carrier-recovery d. frequency-multiplier
It is the most common means of overcoming the problems of quantizing error and noise.
a. multiplexing b. companding c. amplifying d. anti-aliasing
________________ means that the characteristics and performance of an antenna are the same whether
the antenna is radiating or intercepting an electromagnetic signal.
a. antenna reciprocity
c. antenna grounding

b. antenna polarization
d. tower sway

: Which of the following methods is used to lower the resonant frequency of a shortened vertical antenna?
a. loading coil

b. top hat loading

c.

drooping radials

d. grounding

Calculate the gain (relative to an isotropic) of a parabolic antenna that has a diameter of 3 m, an efficiency of
60% and operates at a frequency of 4 GHz.
a. 39.8 dBi

b. 41.94 dBi

c. 37.66dBi

d. 79.53 dBi

G = 2 D2/ 2
= 3x108/ 4MHz = 0.075 m
G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi
It is a phenomenon caused by any support insulators used at the ends of the wire antenna.
a. skin effect

b. end effect c. faraday effect d. miller effect

MIT EST ANTENNAS

Which of the following is not a reason why most half-wave antennas are mounted horizontally at low
frequencies

Page
24

a. physical construction is easier

b. more cost-effective
c. mounting is easier
d. support is easier
The shape of the electromagnetic energy radiated from or received by an antenna is called the
a. signal shape
b. electromagnetic pattern
c. radiation pattern
d. antenna pattern
Antennas that transmit an equal amount of energy in the horizontal direction are called
a. bi-directional
b. unidirectional
c. omnidirectional
d. unilateral
The ability of an antenna to send or receive signals over a narrow horizontal directional range is referred to
as
a. focal factor
b. permittivity
c. directivity
d. horizontal range
A basic antenna connected to a transmission line plus one or more additional conductors that are not
connected to the transmission line form a
a. parasitic array
b. bi-directional array
c. half-wave dipole
d. counterpoise
: An antenna made up of a driven element and one or more parasitic elements is generally referred to as a
a. Hertz antenna
b. Marconi antenna
c. collinear antenna
d. Yagi antenna
Which antennas usually consist of two or more half-wave dipoles mounted end to end?
a. Hertz
b. Marconi
c. collinear
d. Yagi
A stacked collinear antenna consisting of half-wave dipoles spaced from one another by one-half
wavelengths is the
a. broadside array
b. end-fire array
c. wide-bandwidth array
d. parasitic array

Page
25

When the characteristic impedance of the transmission line matches the output impedance of the transmitter
and the impedance of the antenna itself,
a. the SWR will be 10:1
b. the SWR will be 1:10
c. minimum power transfer will take place
d. maximum power transfer will take place
A one-quarter wavelength of coaxial or balanced transmission line of a specific impedance connected
between a load and a source in order to match impedances is
a. a balun
b. an autotransformer
c. a Q section
d. dummy load
MIT EST MICROWAVE
By how much should two antennas be separated for space diversity in the 11 GHz band?
a. 5.5 m

b. 7.5m

c. 9.5m

d. 11.5m

200 3 x10 8
200 c
s

d 200

5. 5 m
f
9
11x10
s

What is the phase velocity of a rectangular waveguide with a wall separation of 3 cm and a desired
frequency of operation of 6 GHz?
a. 3.45 x 108 m/s b. 4.35 x 108 m/s c. 4.53 x 108 m/s d. 5.43 x 108 m/s
A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km apart. Suppose that there is an obstacle midway between the
transmitter and receiver. By how much must the path between the towers clear the obstacle in order
to avoid diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz?
a. 17.52 m

b. 10.51 m

c. 8.76 m

d. 7.52 m

How far from the transmitter could a signal be received if the transmitting and receiving antennas
where 40 m and 20 m, respectively, above level terrain?

Page
26

a. 44.5 km b. 45.4 km c. 54.4 km d. None of the choices

A signal propagated in a waveguide has a full wave of electric intensity change between two further
walls, and no component of the electric field in the direction of propagation. The mode is
a. TE11 b. TE10 c. TM22 d. TE20
An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the
isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much power is dissipated in the load?
a. 1 W b. 851 mW c. 750 mW d. 638 mW

Pout

1W

0 .7
anti
log
10
SW R
1

0 .5
SW R
1

851.14 mW

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW

An isolator has a forward loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss of 26 dB. A source provides 1 W to the
isolator, and the load is resistive with an SWR of 3. How much power returns to the source?
a. 250 mW

b. 350 W
1W

Pout

anti
log

0.7
10

c. 535 W d. 690 W

851.14 mW

SW R
1
0. 5
SW R
1

PLOAD Pout 1 2 638.35 mW

Preflected Pout 2 212.78 mW
Preturned

212.78 mW
534.49 W
26
a nti
log
10

It is a microwave device that allows RF energy to pass through in one direction with very little loss,
but absorbs RF power in the opposite direction.
a. multiplexer b. circulator c. isolator d. wave trap
A metal wrapped around the parabolic antenna aperture to eliminate sidelobes interfering nearby
stations is called
a. radome b. shield c. shroud d. bass drum
The wavelength of a wave in a waveguide _________.
a. is greater than in free space

Page
27

b. depends only on the waveguide dimensions and the free space wavelength
c. is inversely proportional to the phase velocity
d. is directly proportional to the group velocity
MIT EST SATCOM
Geostationary satellites are located at ____ with respect to the equator.
a. 00 longitude

b. 00 latitude

c. 450 longitude

d. 900 latitude

The quality of a space-link is measured in terms of the ______ ratio.

a. S/N

b. G/T c. C/N

d. EIRP

Why does the downlink frequency appear to vary by several kHz during a low earth orbit satellite
pass?
a
b
c
d

The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Kepler effect
The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Bernoulli effect
The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Boyles Law effect
The distance between the satellite and ground station is changing, causing the Doppler effect

The most ambitious LEO constellation to date is ______.

a
b
c
d

Iridium
NAVSTAR
Teledesic
Globalstar

A satellite-dish owner has a 3 meter dish designed for C-band (4 GHz) operation. The owner wants to
use the same dish with a new feedhorn, for Ku-band (12 GHz) satellites. What effect will the change
in frequency have on the gain and beamwidth of the antenna?
a
b
c
d

Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases to 1/3 of its former value.
Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth decreases to 1/3 of its former value.
Gain increases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth increases to thrice of its former value.
Gain decreases by 9.54 dB, beamwidth increases to thrice of its former value.

The moon orbits the earth with a period of approximately 28 days. How far away is it? Assume
circular orbit.
a. 380 Mm b. 382 Mm

c. 384 Mm d. 386 Mm

Page
28

What is the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an Earth station if the angle of
elevation is 300?
a. 6400 km b. 39000 km c. 42400 km d. 46000 km

What is the nominal uplink frequency for the Ku band?

a
b
c
d

6 GHz
4 GHz
14 GHz
12 GHz

To cover all inhabited regions of the earth, the number of polar-orbit satellites required is
a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 5

MIT EST
A dipole antenna has a radiation resistance of 67 ohms and a loss resistance of 5 ohms, measured at the
feedpoint. Calculate the efficiency.
a. 90%
b. 91%
c. 92%
d. 93%
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%
Two antennas have gains of 5.3 dBi and 4.5 dBd, respectively. Which has a greater gain?
a. The first antenna has a higher gain.
b. The second antenna has a higher gain.
c. Both antennas have the same gain
d. Cannot be determined
A half-wave dipole is sometimes called:
a. Marconi antenna
b. Yagi antenna
c. Hertz antenna
d. none of the choices
An antenna's beamwidth is measured
a. from +90 to 90
b. between half-power points
c. from front to back
d. between the minor side-lobes

Page
29

"Ground Effects" refers to the effects on an antenna's radiation pattern caused by

a. radio signals reflecting off the ground
b. buildings and other structures on the ground
c. fading
d. faulty connection of the feed cable ground
An antenna can be matched to a feed line using
a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a loading coil
d. all of the choices
As the length of a "long-wire" antenna is increased
a. the number of lobes increases
b. efficiency decreases
c. the number of nodes decreases
d. none of the above
LPDA stands for
a. Low-Power Dipole Array
b. Log-Periodic Dipole Array
c. Low-Power Directed Array
d. Log Power Dipole Array
Field strength at a distance from an antenna is measured with
a. a slotted line
b. an EIRP meter
c. a dipole
d. a field-strength meter
A receiving antenna with a built-in preamplifier
a. active antenna
b. passive antenna
c. coil
d. LC antenna
NEU EST BOARD
The height above mean sea level of a satellite in a geosynchronous orbit around Earth is:
a. 35,786 miles

b. 35,786 NM

c.

35,786 feet

d. 35,786 km

The location of a satellite is generally specified in terms of

a.

azimuth & elevation b. latitude & longitude

c. true morth

d. Bearing

A point in the orbit of an object orbiting the earth that is located closest to Earth.
a. perigee

b.

apogee

c.

apex

d. subsatellite point

Page
30

Find the velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit 500 km above the earths surface.
a.

76

km/s

b.

76 m/s

c.

7.6 km/s

d.

7.6 km/s2

4 x1011
d 6400

v
Formula :

Where : v = velocity in meters per second

d = distance above earths surface in km

4 x1011
(500 6400)

= 7.6 km/s

Find the orbital period of a satellite in a circular orbit 36,000 km above the earths surface if the earths
radius is 6400 km.
a.

1440 mins

Formula :
Where :

b.

24 days

c.

3,600 sec

d. 1440 sec

C
v

T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity

C = 2r
= 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 106 m

4 x1011
3.07km /s
(36,000 6400)
C 266.4 x10 6 m

24hrs
v 3.07x10 3 m / s

or 1440 minutes

The outline of a communications satellite antenna pattern on the earth is known as:
b. propagation pattern
c. spot
d. footprint
a. beam
Calculate the length of the path to a geostationary satellite from an earth station where the angle of elevation
is 30.
(earths radius = 6400 km, height of satellite above earth is 36 X 10 3 km)
a. 36,000 km

b. 36,000 mi

c. 39,000 km

d. 39,000 mi.

Page
31

d (r h) 2 (r cos ) 2 r sin
Formula :
d = distance to the satellite in km
r = radius of the earth in km (6400 km)
h = height of satellite above equator ( 36 x 103 km)
= angle of elevation to satellite at antenna site

Solution :

d (6400 36x10 3 ) 2 (6400cos 30) 2 6400sin 30

=

39,000 km

A satellite access technique where each earth station transmits a short burst of information during a specific
time slot.
a. FDMA

b. DAMA

c.

TDMA

d.

SCADA

An earth station antenna look angle is determined by :

a. azimuth & elevation b. longitude & latitude c. bearing

d. true north

An ITU radiocommunication standards for satellite services which provides information on the range of
frequencies that can be used by fixed satellite service systems for emergency and disaster relief operations.
a. ITU-R M1854 b. ITU-R S 009 c. ITU-R S.1001-2
d. ITU-R S.004
NEU EST BROADCAST
As per Philippine standard, frequency allocation of AM Radio Broadcasting is from
.
a

535 to 1605 kHz

535 to 1705 kHz

526.5 to 1605 kHz

526.5 to 1705 kHz

Part of broadcasting in a day that refers to that period of time between 1000 UTC to 2200 UTC. UTC stands
for Universal Time Coordinates.
.
a

daytime period

experimental period

nighttime period

primetime period

An AM broadcast service area in which groundwave field of 1mV/m (60dBu) is not subject to objectionable
interference or objectionable fading.
.
a

primary service area

intermittent service area

secondary service area

none among these

In antenna mast or tower construction, the required obstruction painting and/or lighting must be imposed on
mast or tower more than from the ground level.

Page
32

.
a

100 ft

150 ft

200 ft

250 ft

Regarding the design of AM antenna, what should be the polarization of the radiator?
.
a

horizontal

vertical

circular

elliptical

As per Phillipine standard, what is the minimum frequency separation in any service area for adjacent AM
radio stations?
.
a

40 kHz

200 kHz

36 kHz

300 kHz

What is the maximum power allowable for remote pick-up stations used as broadcast auxillary services for
AM and FM broadcast stations?
.
a

10 W

15 W

35 W

200 W

What is the classification of an FM station having an ERP not exceeding 30kW?

.
a

Class A

Class B

Class C

Class D

What is the modulation used for the stereophonic subcarrier of FM composite baseband signal?
.
a

AM DSB FC

AM SSB

AM DSB SC

AM VSB

What is the pilot subcarrier frequency used in FM stereophonic transmission?

.
a

15 kHz

19 kHz

30 kHz

38 kHz

The output power of an FM transmitter is 5 kW. If the power loss in transmission line is around 10 W and the
antenna has a power gain of 6 dB, what is the ERP of the station in kW?
.
a

5 kW

30 kW

20 kW

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):

GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or 19.96 kW
Frequency allocation of FM broadcast in the Philippines
.

Page
33

19.96 kW

535 1605 kHz

50 15000 Hz

88 108 MHz

174 216 MHz

What is the color TV system adopted by the Philippines?

.
a

NTSC

SECAM

PAL

none among choices

Exact value of color subcarrier frequency (MHz) is

.
a

3.579554

3.580545

3.579455

3.579545

193.25 MHz

Determine the visual carrier frequency of TV channel 9.

.
a

175.25 MHz

187.25 MHz

199.25 MHz

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):

fNLB = 174 + (N 7)6, using Arithmetic Progression
f9LB = 174 + (9 7)6 = 174 + (2)6 = 174 + 12 = 186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
fVC = 186 + 1.25 = 187.25 MHz, visual carrier frequency of channel 9
What is the maximum allowable ERPs for channels 7 13 in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu?
.
a

100 kW

350 kW

316 kW

1 MW

At NTSC standard, the number of lines per frame = ________ lines/frame

.
a

485

525

625

585

At NTSC standard, line frequency = 15734.264 Hz. What is the equivalent line period?
.
a

66.556 usec

65.556 usec

63.556 usec

6 MHz

64.556 usec

Nominal RF bandwidth of NTSC TV channel

.
a

4.2 MHz

4.5 MHz

Page
34

5.35 MHz

A land mobile station used for the transmission of TV program materials and related communications from
the scenes of events occuring at remote points from TV broadcast station studios to TV broadcast station.
.
a

TV Pick-up station

TV Inter-city Relay station

TV STL station

TV Satellite link station

NEU EST RADIO AND WAVE PROPAGATION

For a total capacity of 36 Mbps and 64-QAM of digital modulation, what is the ideal RF bandwidth?
.
a. 4 MHz

b. 5 MHz

c. 6 MHz

d. 7 MHz

For a 64-QAM, the total number of symbol combinations is 64 symbols and the number of bits to
produce this is
n = log2 64 = 6 bits per symbol
Therefore the ideal RF bandwidth is
BW = fB / n = 36 Mbps / 6 bits
BW = 6 MHz
What is the mode of radio wave propagation that utilized ionosphere as a medium of transmission and / or
reception of radio signals?
.
a. ground wave

b. sky wave

c.

space wave

d. all of these

What is the wavelength of a radio signal travelling at a frequency of 220 MHz in a coaxial line having Teflon
foam as its dielectric, r = 2?
.
a. 1.0 m

b. 0.85 m

c. 0.96 m

d. 1.36 m

c = 3 x 108 m/sec = 300 x 106 m/sec

velocity factor vf = 1 / sqrt (r) = 1 / sqrt (2) = 0.707 = vP / c
Therefore the velocity of the radio signal in the coaxial line is
vP = 0.707c = 0.707 (300 x 106) = 212,132,034.36 m/sec (or 212 x 106 m/sec approx.)
so that the wavelength of the signal is
= vP / f = 212 x 106 / 220 x 106 = 0.963636 m or 0.96 m approx.
What is the angle of refraction in a Teflon (r2 = 2) medium of a radio wave from air (r1 = 1.0) if its angle of
incidence is 45?
.
a. 24

b. 26

c.

28

d. 30

An ionosphere layer also termed as absorption layer because it absorbs most of the frequencies above 100
kHz is known as the layer.

Page
35

.
a. D

b. E

c.

F1

d. F2

As per ITU-R Recc. V.431-6 Tables 1 & 2 Wavelength Classifications, what is the classification of Super High
Frequency?
.
a. metric

b. decimetri
c

c. centimetri
c

d. millimetri
c

SHF band: 3 GHz 30 GHz

max = 3 x 108 / 3 x 109 = 0.1 m = 100 cm
min = 3 x 108 / 30 x 109 = 0.01 m = 1 cm
SHF band wavelength classification is ranging from 1 cm to 100 cm. Therefore it is centimetric wave.
What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) separate antennas and receivers for each single transmitter?
.
a. frequency
diversity

b. space
diversity

c.

angle
diversity

d. quadrature
diversity

What is a diversity scheme that uses two (2) different frequencies in a simplex path?
.
a. frequency
diversity

b. space
diversity

c.

angle
diversity

d. quadrature
diversity

What is the critical frequency of a layer if the maximum value of electron density is 2 x 10 6 per cm3?
.
a. 11 MHz

b. 12 MHz

c. 13 MHz

d. 14 MHz

Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3

fc = 9 x sqrt (Nmax) = 9 x sqrt (2 x 1012)
fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx.
A radio communication link is to be established via the ionosphere. The maximum virtual height of the layer
is 110 km. at the midpoint of the path and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If the distance between the radio
stations is 500 km, what is the suitable value for the optimum working frequency? Use flat terrain analysis.
.
a. 8.2 MHz

b. 8.3 MHz

c. 8.4 MHz

d. 8.5 MHz

For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2hv

i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] = 66.25 angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 / 0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law
OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 (9.932) = 8.4422 MHz or 8.4 MHz approx.

Page
36

The power density is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source. This law is known
as
.
a

Faradays law

Inverse Square law

Snells law

Gauss law

The lowest portion of the ionosphere that is useful for long-distance communication by amateurs; about 100
to 115 km above the earth is known as the layer. This is often termed as the Kennely-Heavyside layer.
.
a. D

b. E

c.

F1

d. F2

A graph which shows the radiation in actual field strength of electromagnetic fields at all points which are at
equal distance from the antenna is known as
.
c

Frequency Response

Smith Chart

Radiation Pattern

FCC F(50,50) Graph

The efficiency of an antenna is 82 %. Its radiation resistance is 30 . What is the value of its loss
resistance?
.
a. 75

b. 15

c.

12

d. 6.58

= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or 6.58 approx.
A phenomenon on the surface of the sun with appearance and disappearance of dark irregularly shaped
areas.
.
a. SID

b. 11-year
sunspot

c.

Sporadic E-layer

d. Ionospheric storms

What should be done to increase the transmission distance at frequencies higher than HF bands?
.
c

increase antenna gain

increase transmitter power

increase antenna height

increase receiver sensitivity

Page
37

Which of the following factors must be considered in the transmission of a surface wave to reduce
attenuation?
.
a

electrical properties of the terrain

antenna polarization

frequency

all choices

A radio station operates at 11 meter wavelength. What is the designated band of stations frequency?
.
a. MF

c.

b. HF

VHF

d. UHF

c = 3 x 108 m/sec
= 11 m = c / f
f = 3 x 108 / 11 = 27 MHz approx., which is within 3 30 MHz range designated as HF band
What is the total radio horizon distance between an 80 ft transmitting station and a 20 ft receiving station?
.
a. 53.66
km

b. 53.66 mi

c.

18.97
km

d. 18.97 mi

dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x hT) + sqrt (2 x hR)

dRH (TOT) = sqrt (2 x 80) + sqrt (2 x 20)
dRH (TOT) = 18.97 mi
A power density of 1.57 x 10-4 W/m2 is measured 50 meters from a test antenna whose directive gain is 2.15
dB. How much power was fed into the test antenna?
.
a. 1 W

c. 3 W

b. 2 W

d. 4 W

From Inverse Square Law, PD = PR/4d2

PR = PD x 4d2 = 1.57 x 10-4 x 4(50)2 = 4.93 W approx. is the radiated power
GANT = log-1 [2.15 dB/10] = 1.64
PR = PFED x GANT
PFED = PR / GANT = 4.93 / 1.64 = 3.007 W or 3 W approx.
NEU EST WIRELINE AND WIRELESS
Identical telephone numbers in different parts of a country are distinguished by their ___.
a. language digits

b. area codes

c. central office codes

Telephone traffic is measured ____.

Page
38

d. access digits

a
b

in erlangs
c. by the relative congestion

c. with echo cancellers

d. in terms of the grade of service

In a cellular telephone system, each cell site contains a ____.

a
b

touch tone processors

control computer

c. repeater
d. direct link to a branch exchange

When the signal from a mobile cellular unit drops below a certain level, what action occurs?
a. the cell site switches antennas
b. the call is terminated

c. the unit is handed off to a closer cell

d. the MTSO increases power level

In a cellular telephone system, group of cells is called ___.

a. sector

b. cluster

c. site

d. cell segment

In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are transmissions from base stations to mobile units (Downlink)
a. forward links

b. reverse links

c. TRX

d. TRA

A CDMA mobile measures the signal strength from the base as -100 dBm. What should the mobile
transmitter power be set to as a first approximation, considering - 76 dB at mobile power contol?
a. 150 mW

b. 200 mW

c. 250 mW

d. 300 mW

A telephone signal takes 2ms to reach its destination. Calculate the via net loss required for an acceptable
amount of echo.
a. 0.2 dB

b. 0.4 dB

c. 0.6 dB

d. 0.8 dB

The typical voltage across a telephone when on-hook is:

a. 48 volts DC
b. 48 volts, 20 hertz AC

c. 90 volts DC
d. 90 volts, 20 hertz AC

Central offices are connected by:

a. local loops
c. both a and b
b. trunk lines
d. none of the above
In telephony, call blocking is:
a. cannot occur in the public telephone network
b. occurs on the local loop when there is an electrical power
c. occurs only on long-distance cables
d. occurs when the central office capacity is exceeded
The cable used for local loops in telephone system is mainly:
a. twisted-pair copper wire
b. shielded twisted-pair copper wire

c. coaxial cable
d. fiber-optic

Page
39

failure

In DTMF, the four vertical frequencies are ____.

a. 1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
b. 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz
c. 679Hz,770Hz, 852Hz, 941Hz
d. 1208Hz,1336Hz,1747Hz,1633Hz
In DTMF, the Horizontal frequencies
a. 1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
b. 697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz
c. 679Hz,770Hz, 852Hz, 941Hz
d. 1208Hz,1336Hz,1747Hz,1633Hz
In Celluar Telephone Systems, these are transmissions from mobile units to base stations (Uplink)
a. forward links b. reverse links

c. TRX

d. TRA

In DTMF, the horizontal frequencies is also known as

a. low group frequencies
b. high group frequencies
c. mid group frequencies
d. top group frequencies

In DTMF, the Vertical frequencies is also known as

a. low group frequencies
b. high group frequencies
c. bottom group frequencies
d. top group frequencies
The bandwidth of voice-grade signals on a telephone system is restricted in order to:
a. allow lines to be "conditioned"
b. prevent "singing"

c. allow signals to be multiplexed

d. all of the above

This is the highest-ranking office in the DDD network in telephony in terms of the size of the geographical
area served and the trunking options available.
a. section center
b. regional center

c. primary center
d. all of the above

In Cellular Radio, AMPS stand for:

a. American Mobile Phone System
b. Analog Mobile Phone Service

c. Advanced Mobile Phone System

d. Advanced Mobile Phone Service

In Cellular Radio, BSC stands for:

a. Base Station Controller
b. Base Signal Controller

c. Basic Service Contract

d. Basic Service Code

Page
40

In Cellular Radio, MSC stands for:

a. Mobile Switching Center
b. Mobile Service Cellular

c. Maximum Signal Carrier

d. Minimum Signal Carrier

In GSM, voice channels are called:

a. traffic channels
b. voice channels

c. bearer channels
d. talking channels

In Mobile Communications, GSM uses:

a. frequency hopping
b. direct-sequence modulation

c. CDMA
d. all of the above

In Mobile Communications, IMSI stands for:

a. Integrated Mobile Subscriber Identification
b. International Mobile Subscriber Identification
c. Interim Mobile Subscriber Identification
d. Intermodulation System Interference

NEU EST
An acoustical phenomenon wherein the sound continues to persist after the cause of sound has stopped
resulting in repeated reflections is called
.
a. echo

b. reverberati
on

c.

reflectio
n

d. diffractio
n

A group of filters has 1/3 octave of spacing. If the initial frequency is 25 Hz, what is the next frequency
available for the filter?
.
a. 50 Hz

b. 12.5 Hz

c.

75 Hz

+ 26 dBu is how many volts?

.
a. 7.75 V

b. 15.5 V

c.

31 V

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):

V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V

Page
41

d. 62 V

d. 31.5 Hz

A type of microphone that uses the principle of a capacitor as a means of transduction. It uses a polarizing
voltage of between 9 and 48 V of DC supply applied to its diaphragm by an external power supply.
.
a

Dynamic

Condenser

Ribbon

Carbon

Determine the sound power in Watts produced by the banks alarm if a by-stander heard the alarm at a
sound pressure level of 100 dB-SPL. The by-stander is 100 ft away from the bank.
.
b

55.68 W

58.56 W

58.65 W

56.
85
W
SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts
A loudspeaker produces an SPL of 85dB-SPL at 1 meter distance and input electrical power of 1 W. How
loud is the SPL at distance of 20 meters if this speaker is driven to 10 W of electrical power?
.
a. 82 dBSPL

b. 69 dBSPL

c.

65 dBSPL

d. 79 dBSPL

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM SOLVING):

SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69 dB-SPL
A number from 0 to 1 representing the ability of a surface material to absorb sound energy is known as
.
d

Sound absorption

Absorption Coefficient

Reflection coefficient

Room Constant

The difference in dB between the loudest level of sound and the softest passage of sound is known as _

Page
42

.
e

Headroom

gain

signal-to-noise ratio

dynamic range

NEU2 EST RADIATION AND wave propagation

The highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between two specific points on earths
surface.
a. Critical Frequency
d. mid frequency

b. MUF

c. Cut-off frequency

Variation in signal loss caused by natural weather disturbances.

a. attenuation
d. weather loss

b. fading

c. spreading loss

Determine the radio horizon for a transmit antenna that is 200 m high and a receiving antenna that is 100 m
high
a. 99.5km

b. 96.5 km

c. 95.87 km

d. 97.5 km

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

D = 17ht + 17hr
= 17(200) + 17(100)
= 99.5 km

The height above the earths surface from which a refracted wave appears to have been reflected
a. actual height
d. mean height

b. virtual height

c. average height

The highest frequency that can be used for skywave propagation between two specific points on earths
surface.
a. Critical Frequency
d. center frequency

b. MUF

c. Cut-off frequency

Electromagnetic waves that are directed above the horizon level.

a. ground waves
d. space waves

b. surface waves

c. sky waves

TIP EST FIBER OPTIC1

Page
43

The most common light used in fiber-optic links is

a Infrared
d. Ultraviolet

b. Red

c. Violet

In the telecommunications industry, the most commonly used fiber(s) are

a. 50 micron

b. 62.5 micron

c. 50 and 62.5 micron

d. 125 micron

The abrupt change in refractive index from core to cladding of fiber-optic cable is called the
a. Total internal reflection

b. Numerical aperture

c. Dispersion

d. Step index

A technique that is used to minimize the pulse dispersion effect is to

a. Use a higher frequency light source
b. Use plastic cladding
c. Minimize the core diameter
d. All the above
Which is not an important characteristic of a light detector?
a. Responsitivity
b. Dark current
c. Power consumption d. Response speed
The dispersion of light in fiber-optic cable caused by a portion of the light energy traveling in the cladding is
called
a. Modal dispersion
b. Material dispersion
c. Waveguide dispersion
d. Cable dispersion
Recent laser developments for fiber-optic communication include
a. Distributed feedback (DFB)
b. Vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL)
c. Heterojunction
d. Distributed feedback (DFB) and vertical cavity surface emitting (VCSEL)
Which of the following considerations is important when deciding between using a diode laser or an LED?
a. Response time
b. Power levels
c. Temperature sensitivity
d. Failure characteristics
In 1815, the correct explanation of diffraction was given by
a. Maxwell

b. Rayleigh

c. Fresnel

Page
44

d. Snell

It is the central part of the optical communication system

a. Light Source
b. Optical Fiber
d. none of the above

c. Photodetector

The light energy that is always emitted or absorbed in discrete units

a. Light Ray

b. Boson

c. Quanta

d. Light

Which of the following Ethernet fiber optic standard uses synchronous, Centralized Clock?
a. 10 Base-FL (Link)
d. Both a & c

b. 10 Base-FB (Backbone)

c. 10 Base-FP (passive)

It is a mixed, multiple-service standard to allow the transmission of voice and video over an FDDJ network.
a. FDDI - II

b. FDDI - I

c. Hi PPI

d. Escon

It is a layer of plastic that surrounds a fiber or group of fibers

a. Buffer Tube

b. Bulkhead

c. Cladding

d. Jacket

TUP-M EST (antenna)

The angular separation between the two half-power points on the power density radiation pattern.
a

Bandwidth b Beamwidth c. Footprint

d. Azimuth

Refers to the direction in space of electric vector of the electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna and
is parallel to the antenna itself.
a

Propagation b. Coordinates
c. Polarization d. Azimuth

Placing a metallic array on the antenna effects to increase the current at the base of the antenna, and also to
make the current distribution more uniform. What is this called?
.
a. Reflector b. Grounding c. Top loading d. Feeding
What principle that states that the properties of an antenna are independent of whether it is used for
transmission or reception.
.
a. Alternation b. Diplexer c. Reciprocity d. Repeatability

Calculate the beam width between nulls of a 2-m paraboloid reflector used at 6GHz. Note: such reflectors
are often used at that frequency as antennas outside broadcast television microwave links.

Page
45

.
a. 140

b. 70

c. 3.50

d. 0.8750

This is often used to cure the problem of great thickness required of lenses used at lower microwave
frequencies or for strong curved wavefronts.
.
a. Splicing b. Zoning c. Curving d. Polarizing

A structure-generally metallic and sometimes very complex-designed to provide an efficient coupling

between space and the output of a transmitter or input to a receiver.
.
a. Stub b. Antenna c. Transmission line d. waveguide

The ratio comparing the power density generated by a practical antenna in some direction, with that due to
an isotopic antenna radiating the same total power.
.
a. directivity
b. Directive gain
d. Elementary doublet

c. bandwidth

Any array that is directional at right angles to the plane of the array is said, by inference, to have
__________.
.
a. Broadside

b. Broadside array

c. Broadside action

d. End-fire array

The ratio of the focal length to the mouth diameter is called __________ of the parabola, just as in camera
lenses.
.
a. focus
d. aperture

b. resolution

c. feed

Corresponds to a resonant transmission line, and the dipole antennas describe so far have been resonant.
a. Non-resonant antenna
c. Antenna arrays

b. Resonant antenna
d. None of the above

TUP- M EST (fiber optics)

An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What numerical aperture does the fiber have?
a. 0.852

b.

0.352

c.

1.032

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

Page
46

d. 0.235

By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is:

=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
An optic fiber is made of glass with a refractive index of 1.55 and is clad with another glass with a refractive
index of 1.51. Launching takes place from air. What is the acceptance angle?
a.

22.8

b. 18.6

c. 20.6

d. 23.6

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

By equation (20.10), the fractional difference between the indexes is:
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
By equation (20.11), the numerical aperture is found to be:
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
By equation (20.8), the acceptance angle is:
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
For a single-mode optical cable with 0.25-dB/km loss, determine the optical power 100km from a 0.1-mW
light source.
a. -25dBm

b. -45dBm

c. -35dBm

d. -30dBm

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

P=0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
P(dBm)= 10log
= -35dBm
For an optical fiber 10km long with a pulse-spreading constant of 5ns/km, determine the maximum digital
transmission rates for return-to-zero.
a.

10Mbps

b. 20 Mbps

c. 50 Mbps

d. 5 Mbps

SOLUTION ( IF PROBLEM -SOLVING)

Fb=
=20Mbps
In fiber optics, it is a measure of the conversion efficiency of a photodetector. It is the ratio of the output
current of a photodiode to the input optical power and has the unit of amperes per watt
a. Dark current

b. Responsivity

c. Spectral Response

d. Light Sensitivity

A phenomenon also called stress corrosion resulting if the glass fiber is exposed to long periods of high
humidity?

Page
47

.
a

Static fatigue

Absorption

Scattering loss

Dispersion

The theory which states that when visible light or high-frequency electromagnetic radiation illuminates a
metallic surface, electrons are emitted.
.
a

Photoelectric effect

Plancks law

Photoemission effect

Ray Theory of light

The science of measuring only light waves that are visible to the human eye
a

Radiometry

Photometry

Optometry

Optics

The process of constructing an ILD that is similar to LED except that the ends are highly polished.
a.epitaxially grown

b. Planar diffusion

c. lasing d. None of the above

A phenomenon in optical fibers communication system that is caused by the difference in the propagation
times of light rays that take different paths down the fiber.
.
a

Pulse spreading

Wavelength distortion

Rayleigh scattering

Microbending

UDM EST
For an electronic device operating at a temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of 10 kHz, determine the
thermal noise power in dBm .
a. 134dBm

b. 130dBm

c. -134dBm

Page
48

d. 130dBm

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

N = KTB
B = 1 x 104 Hz

T(kelvin) = 17C + 273 = 290 K

= (1.38 x 10 -23)(290)(1 x 104) = 4 x 10-17 W

N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm

0.001
A 300 resistor is connected across the 300 antenna input of a television receiver. The bandwidth of the
receiver is 6MHz, and the resistor is at room temperature .Find the noise voltage applied to the receiver
input.
a. 5.4 V
d. 6.7 V

3.12 V

b.

4.5 V

c.

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

VN =
=
4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 )
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
The signal power at the input to an amplifier is 100W and the noise power is 1 W. At the output, the signal
power is 1W and the noise power is 30mW. What is the amplifier noise figure, as a ratio?
a.

3.5

b.

4.5

c.

d.

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

(S/N)p = 100W
1W
(S/N)o = 1W
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100
33.5

= 100
= 33.3
=3

It is desired to operate a receiver with NF = 8dB at S/N = 15 dB over a 200-KHz bandwidth at ambient
temperature. Calculate the receivers sensitivity.
a

-84dBm

b. -98dBm

c. -80dBm

d. -75dBm

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

S = Sensitivity = -74dBm + NF + 10logf + desired S/N
S = -174 + 8 + 10log(200,000) + 15
S = -98 dBm
A Satellite receiving system includes a dish antenna ( Teq = 35 K) connected via a coupling network (T eq= 40
K) to a microwave receiver (Teq=52 K referred to its input). What is the noise power to the receivers input
over a 1-MHz frequency range?

Page
49

.
a

1.75 x 10-15W

b. 1.75 x 10-12W

c. 1.15 x 10-15W

d. 1.15 x 10-12W

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

PN = KTf
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W
Equivalent temperature of a passive system having the same noise power output of a given system.
a
b
c
d

Noise figure
Total temperature
Equivalent temperature
Noise temperature

The noise voltage produced across a 50 is input resistance at a temperature of 302C with a bandwidth of
6 MHz is ______.
a

5.15 V

b. 3005mV

c. 2124mV

d. 2.24V

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

VN =
=
4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)
= 2.24V
Determine the worst-case output S/N for a broadcast FM program that has a maximum intelligence
frequency of 5 kHz. The input S/N is 2
a

2.5

b.

30

c.

d.

25

SOLUTION (IF PROBLEM-SOLVING)

= x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
75 kHz = 30
2.5 kHz
UPHSD EST Control System
The technique that uses the BPSK vector relationship to generate an output with logical 0s and 1s
determined by comparing the phase of two successive data bits is
a.

CSU/DSU b. DPSK

c. TDM

d. CVSD

A special digital modulation technique that achieves high data rates in limited-bandwidth channels is called
.
a
b
c
d

Delta modulation
Pulse-coded modulation (PCM)
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)

Page
50

FSK systems are much superior to two-tone amplitude-modulation systems with respect to
.
a
b
c
d

Noise performance
Bandwidth requirements of the channel
Ionospheric fading characteristics
Power consumption

Using an oscilloscope to display overlayed received data bits that provide information on noise, jitter, and
linearity is called a(n)
.
a
b
c
d

Eye pattern
Constellation pattern
Statistical concentration
Loopback

The type of radio transmission that uses pseudorandomly switched transmissions is known as
.
a
b
c
d

Facsimile
Spread spectrum
Synthesizing
Compression

The acronym CDMA refers to ________.

.
a
b
c
d

Channel-division multiple-access systems

Carrier-division multiple-access systems
Capture-division multiple-access systems
Code-division multiple-access systems

The acronym OFDM refers to ________.

.
a
b
c
d

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Over Frequency Division Multiplexing
Optional Frequency Division Modulation
Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation

Using radio to transmit gathered data on some particular phenomenon without human monitors is known as
.
a
b
c
d

Radio facsimile
Radio telemetry
Radio teletype
Radio multiplexing

Page
51

The acronym for the form of data transmission in which the modulating wave shifts the output between two
predetermined frequencies is _____.
.
a
b
c
d

FSK
PSK
FPF
FSA

Pseudorandom implies a sequence that can be _____ but has the properties of randomness.
a
b
c
d

decoded
detected
re-created
minimized

______ implies that both analog and digital signals share the same channel bandwidth.
a
b
c
d

AM
Hybrid
FM
RF

Telemetry may be defined as _____ metering.

.
a
b
c
d

distance
specialized
remote
data

Which is not a type of pulse modulation?

.
a
b
c
d

Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)

Pulse-width modulation (PWM)
Pulse-frequency modulation (PFM)
Pulse-position modulation (PPM)

PPM and PWM are superior to PAM systems in

.
a
b
c
d

Noise characteristics
Bandwidth characteristics
Simplicity in design
Frequency response of the intelligence signal

A procedure that decides which device has permission to transmit at a given time is called
.
a
b
c

Line control
Protocol
Flow control

Page
52

d Sequence control
The major difficulty faced by delta modulators is
.
a
b
c
d

Excessive noise producing errors

Slope overload
Insufficient frequency response of the intelligence signal
Complexity of design

The AT&T T1 lines

.
a
b
c
d

Use 16-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels

Use delta modulation and include 48 voice channels
Use 8-bit PCM code and include 24 voice channels
Use delta modulation and include 24 voice channels

The ground wire in a USB cable is ______.

a
b
c
d

Yellow
Blue
Red
Brown

A(n) ________ is used to allow a digital signal to be transmitted on an analog channel.

.
a
b
c
d

codec
alias
modem
PSK

The bit ________ is the amount of power in a digital bit for a given amount of time.
.
a
b
c
d

error
energy
joule
hp

The relationship for bit rate to ________ bandwidth is defined by the Shannon-Hartley theorem.
.
a
b
c
d

modem
codec
channel
amplifier

In an S/H circuit, the time that it must hold the sampled voltage is
.
a

Aperture time

Page
53

b
c
d

Acquisition time
Flat-top time
Dmin

Error signals associated with the sampling process are called

.
a
b
c
d

Foldover distortion
Aliasing
Nyquist rate
Foldover distortion and aliasing

A(n) ________ is a single LSI chip containing both the ADC and DAC circuitry.
a
b
c
d

modem
DSP
codec
ASIC

The NRZ digital signal-encoding format has a ________ component in the waveform.
a
b
c
d

dc
sinusoidal
harmonic
parity

ReedSolomon codes utilize a technique called ________ to rearrange the data into a nonlinear ordering
scheme to improve the chance of data correction.
.
a
b
c
d

pseudorandom
BSC
interleaving
quantizing

UST - EST ELECTRONICS

The electric field intensity is measured in:
a. V/m b. V-m
c. C/m
d. V/C
It is a result of an increase in the charge density in dielectric materials.
a. polarization b. dipole moment
d. potential difference

c. potential

It refers to the maximum antenna gain.

a. directivity
d. power density

b. directive gain c. power gain

Page
54

The maximum horizontal distance between the transmitter and the receiver for line of sight propagation is
known as:
a. radio horizon

b. range

c. single hop distance d. service region

Typical mode of radiation of helical antenna is:

a. end fire
b. normal
d. differential mode

c. common mode

The electric field is perpendicular to the earths surface, the polarization is:
a. vertical
d. circular

b. normal

c. horizontal

In what major RF band is ground wave basically applied?

a. MF

b. HF

c. VHF

d. UHF

A measure of mismatch in a transmission line

a. reflection coefficient
c. standing wave ratio

b. propagation delay
d. all of these

The highest frequency that can be set back to earth by the ionosphere, if wave is sent vertically upward.
a. maximum usable frequency (muf)b.propagating frequency
c. critical frequency
d. cut-off frequency

Travel in a straight line from the transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna.
a. ground wave b. scatter
d. sky wave

c. space wave

VLF waves are for some types of services because

a. of low powers required
c. they are very reliable

b. the transmitting antennas are of convenient size

d. they penetrate the ionosphere easily

It is the distance between two wave fronts having the same phase at any given instant.
a. wavefront

b. wavelength c. wave distance

d. field intensity

It is a piece of transmission line which is normally short-circuited at the far end.

a. terminator

b. stub c. quarter wave transformer

Page
55

d. none of these

A 50 ohms transmission line is connected to a 30 ohm resistive load. Calculate the reflection coefficient.
a. 0.35

b. 0.25

c. 0.10

d. 0.15

The characteristic impedance of a transmission line does not depend upon

a. conductor spacing
c. length

b. conductor diameter
d. conductor radius

Characteristic impedance of a transmission line is the impedance measured at the _______ when its length
is infinite.
a. input b. shorted end of the line c. output

d. midsection

Which region of the ionosphere is mainly responsible for long-distance night time communications?
a. D layer

b. E layer

c. A layer

d. F layer

Which is properly terminated antenna?

a. rhombic

b. dipole

c. marconi

d. Hertz

Occurs when the radio beam is at point of grazing over an obstacle.

a. diffraction b. Refraction

c. Absorption d. reflection

A microwave communications system, space loss calculation formula is

a. 92.4 + 10 log F + 20 log D
c. 92.4 + 20 log F + 20 log D

b. 94.2 + 10 log F + 20 log D

d. 94.2 + 20 log F + 20 log D

UST EST DATA COMMUNICATION

Is an OSI Layer which is responsible for providing error-free communications across the physical link
connecting primary and secondary stations (nodes)
a.Data Link Layer b. Transport Layer c. Session Layer
d. Presentation Layer

Is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible magnitude that can be decoded by the
digital-to-analog converter.
a. Step size
b. Quantization Error
d. Dynamic range

c. Resolution

Page
56

Is a PCM system which uses a single bit PCM code to achieve digital transmission of analog signals.
a.Trellis Coding

b. Delta modulation

c. Differential PCM

d. QAM

Is a redundancy error detection scheme that uses parity to determine if a transmission error has occurred
within a message and is sometimes called message parity.
a. Longitudinal redundancy check
b. Vertical redundancy check
c. Character Parity Check
d. Checksum

Is an n-bit data register inside the UART that keeps track of the UARTs transmit and receive buffer registers.
a. Control Register
c. Control and Status Register

b. Status Word register

d. Command register

Is an access method used primarily with LANs configured in a bus topology.

a

CSMA/CD

b. CSMA

c. CSMA/CA

d. MA

c. 40 bits

d. 48 bits

IP version 4 address length is

a

32 bits

b.

24 bits

Is a multiport bridge that provides bridging function.

a. Repeater

b. hub

c. Router

d. Switch

Is a device which operates in the Network layer and it makes forwarding decisions on the basis of network
addresses.
a. Repeater

b. hub

c. Router

d. Switch

OC-1 (STS-1) line rate is

a. 51.84 Mbps

b. 1.544 Mbps

c. 3 Mbps

d. 2.048 Mbp

Is one in which all computers share their resources with all the other computers on the network.
a. Dedicated client server network
b. Peer-to-peer client/server network
c. Peer-to-peer network
d. All of the above
Is used to interface DTEs to digital transmission channels
a. Data modem
b. Router
c. Splitter
d. Channel service unit
Modulation which combines encoding and modulation to reduce the

Page
57

probability of error.
a. DPSK

b. FSK

c.

QAM

d. TCM

Is an empirical record of a systems actual bit error performance

a.

ER

b. BER

c. EER

d. BERT

Is an error-correcting code used for correcting transmission errors in synchronous data streams.
a. Trellis Code
d. Hamming code

b. EBCDIC

c.

Bisync Code

Page
58