A Guide for the Political Analysis of Movies

Here we explore several approaches to writing about movies from a political standpoint. At the
outset, it is important to bear in mind that there is no one approach that will suit all purposes and
situations. Rather, we hope that the ideas we discuss here will serve as heuristic devicesuseful,
but not ends in themselvesfor students who want to (or have to) write about politics and film.
As a starting point, we discuss the analysis of an individual film, although you may be interested
in writing about several movies that evoke a particular theme. Consistent with the theme of this
text, our general purpose will be identifying political messages in movies.
When applied to writing about film, analysis is an ambiguous term. Most instructors
will expect more from students than a mere review of a movie (although that may be one
assignment in some classes). Analysis means going beyond a simple evaluation (review) of a
movie to a level of explanation. It may be as straightforward a task as explaining in greater depth
and detail your opinion of a film. By reflecting in a sustained manner on your own response to a
film and connecting that response to the films constructionits use of lighting, for example, or
particular lines of dialogueyou can put together an argument about a films political
expression. As William H. Phillips writes in a useful guide on the subject, Film analysis is a
way of explaining what the viewer sees and hears in a film, and how and why the viewer
reacts.1 Comparing and contrasting several films at once provides another analytic springboard,
but we will begin with the task of analyzing a single film.
Political analysis means a focus on the political meanings, implications, and messages
that a film contains. Because political also is an ambiguous term, the burden may fall upon the

writer to demonstrate how a film conveys political ideas, events, and values. One consideration
to bear in mind is that political analysis, although it may focus exclusively on a movie itself, also
may link a film to external events, individuals, and institutions. Similarly, when conducting a
political analysis of a film, you may wish to bring political ideology and values to bear upon it.
For example, you may examine a films support or rejection of individualism as an ideological
value. You might also construct a spectrum of individualism versus communal action on either
end and argue an interpretation of a film that puts its political message somewhere in the middle
of that spectrum.

Watching Movies

Although most films students analyze are viewed via DVD on a television screen, the ideal
setting is to screen a movie at least once in a cinema with an audience. As we discussed in
Chapter 2, moviegoing is a social activity, and you can learn much about a movie from the
reactions of fellow attendeeseven if they are strangers. Additionally, movies are generally
intended to be viewed on a large screen, and some elements of the cinematic art (e.g., the
framing of a scene) are much more difficult to appreciate on a small screen. In fact, many DVD
versions of popular movies cut out screen space to fit the dimensions of television screens, so
when possible, it is preferable to watch a letterboxed (rectangular) version of a film.
Ideally, also, it is best to watch a movie twice before attempting to analyze or write about
it. (Of course, this is much easier to do with a DVD player or Netflix account, so some trade-offs
are involved!) If you have enough time, the first viewing should be devoted to just enjoying the
movie without a great deal of analysis. Keep a notebook handy, though, to jot down first

impressions or questions as they pop up. The first screening of a movie will probably mold your
initial evaluation; that is, you will know whether and basically why you did or did not like the
movie.
Although your personal affinity for a movie is quite important, the point of a political
film analysis is to speak to a films ideological positioning and political messaging. It is essential
to maintain a certain amount of distance between your opinion of the movie as entertainment and
what it may represent politically. That said, after viewing a movie it is a good idea to reflect
upon your opinion. Exactly why did you like or dislike it? What did you like the most? What
about the movie bothered you? Confused you? Surprised you? Your answers to these sorts of
questions can provide a means of imagining how the movie might affect others and perhaps
constitute a springboard for deeper analysis.
After seeing a film once, you should be able to initially categorize it according to the
typology of political films discussed in Chapter 1 by determining to what extent political content
and intent are embodied in it. Political content is generally easy to identify. Does the movie
involve major characters who are politicians or government officials of any type, such as police
officers? Is the setting for the film a political institution, such as Congress or the presidency? Is it
a legal institutional setting like a courthouse? Are political and social issues debated or part of
the setting? Identifying political intent can be much more challenging. To what extent does the
film seem to be intent on sending political messages? Do characters discuss what seem to be
political issues? Does a character clearly identified with a particular social value or political
viewpoint perish or prosper? Are political values or ideologies represented in the script? Is the
message, if any, clear and straightforward or subtle and/or murky?
If a movie seems to be low in terms of both political content and intent, it may still yield

interesting reflections of social and political reality. For example, how does the movie portray
characters of different races and gender? How are social classes depicted, if at all? Does the
movie seem to judge certain kinds of characters because of their race, class, and so on? Is the
movie consistent with prevailing ideas about the economic and social system, or does it question
them?
The answer to these and many other possible indicators of political messages may
become clearer upon a second viewing of the film, when you can worry less about following the
plot and more closely scrutinize the details. A second view also will enable you to study the
individual components of the film. You will probably want to take more detailed notes, too.
One convenient way of organizing a political film analysis is to consider the elements of
film production discussed in Chapter 2 as they apply to the film you are analyzing. The
following sections provide some suggestions along those lines.

Conception

Understanding the conceptual origins of a movie may put it in political perspective. Information
about a films conception may be relatively obvious (e.g., a remake or a sequel) or may require
some investigation. Whose idea was the movie? Is it based on a novel or other preexisting source
material? Is it based on a true or historical story, or is it purely fictional? After answering these
sorts of questions, consider whether they provide any political perspective on the movie.

Production

As discussed in Chapter 2, a films producers may wield significant influence over its content.
Find out which company and individuals controlled its production. Do they have obvious
political ties or a history of producing politically significant movies? Is the movie from one of
the major Hollywood studios or is it an independent film? What was its budget? The answers to
these kinds of questions may provide cues with respect to its political orientation.

Screenplay and Story

At the heart of most political film analyses will be a careful exploration of its content.
Presumably at this point, you will already have a good idea if the film carries an overt political
message or if it is merely reflective of social and political reality. But how was this message
created?

Genre and Subject Matter

Choice of genre can be a significant factor in identifying a films political messages. If the movie
falls clearly into a recognizable genre (western, romantic comedy, etc.), how do its plot and
characters square with the expectations that this genre creates? For example, in a western, who
are the good and bad guys? How does the movie comment about their goodness or lack thereof?
If the movie seems to subvert the genre (perhaps with an unconventional hero or unexpected plot
twist), what message does that imply?
If the films subject matter is openly political, how are political institutions and actors
treated? Does the movie tend to rely upon the movie conventions discussed in Chapter 2

(personalization, sugarcoating, the unlabeled bottle, ambivalence)? Does the story seem to
reinforce a particular political ideology or value, and if so, how? Of particular interest here will
be the films ending. Endings typically provide the most compelling judgment of a films
characters (and the ideas they represent). How does the film reconcile the issues it raises?
If the film is based on historical events, how does it appear to comment on those events?
Does it represent a departure from popular understanding or does it reinforce conventional
wisdom?

Direction

As noted in Chapter 2, direction is commonly thought to constitute the creative centerpiece of

modern films. Identify the director of the movie and learn whether he or she has any history of
creating politically significant movies. If the director has an avowed political affiliation or
ideological orientation, bear this in mind as you view the film. Does the movie you are analyzing
contain any obvious trademarks of this directors past works? If it seems to represent a departure
from past work, make note of the differences and try to understand why the director has chosen
to use a different approach.
Try to determine whether the film takes a formalistic or a realistic approach. If it seems to
be formalistic, identify the techniques the director uses to create an alternate reality and how this
reality may impinge upon the movies message. If the film seems to be striving for realism, how
is this achieved? Are there any obvious lapses in the films sense of reality? Do you accept this
version of reality? Why or why not? (Be carefulsome films create a very realistic feeling by
using formal and ultimately artificial techniques!)

Try to identify specific aspects of the movies art that reinforce its political message. In
some movies, it will be difficult to identify and to document all these components, so you might
need to closely observe a few key scenes that seem to be at the core of the movies political
meaning.

Titles

Opening titles prepare an audience for a films content. How are the titles in your film consistent
with the political themes you have identified?

Sound and Dialogue

Sound may be the most difficult aspect of a film to link to political analysis. William H. Phillips
suggests running a scene without the picture so that you can focus on the use of sound.2 In a
book that provides many useful ideas about analyzing films, Timothy Corrigan suggests
consideration of the following questions:3

Does the sound ever become more important than the image, and what is the reason for
this unusual strategy?

What role does silence play in the movie?

Are there sound motifs that identify the characters or actions?

If you had to pick three key sound sequences from this movie, what would they be and
why?

Perhaps the answers to these questions will relate to the political messages you have identified.

Music

Music may be a little easier to link to political message-making, particularly because modern
moviemakers are increasingly likely to use rock songs with identifiable lyrics. How do the songs
chosen for the soundtrack coincide with (or perhaps provide counterpoint to) a films political
message? Do songs in the movies soundtrack themselves represent political commentary of
some kind? If the soundtrack is mostly instrumental, how does the music reinforce political
messagingare certain characters or events associated with particular musical themes? For
example, it is hard to miss the point of D.W. Griffiths use of Richard Wagners famous Ride of
the Valkyries in the climactic scene of The Birth of a Nation (1915) when the Ku Klux Klan
rides to the rescue. Almost sixty years later, Francis Ford Coppola inserted the same music now
to ironic effect in Apocalypse Now (1979).

Editing and Montage

Although the editing of a movies individual shots is a key element of the art of a film, it may be
difficult in practice to link to political themes. Nevertheless, you should consider how the way a
film is put together might contribute to its political impact, if any. Many Hollywood films
purposely contain very subtle editing that may be almost undetectable.4 But more artistically
inclined directors typically use editing techniques to heighten the impact of their films. One
variable to focus on is a movies editing pace, which refers to the rhythm of the flow of various

shots. Directors will sometimes use a choppy editing technique to create a sense of disorientation
or confusion, as opposed to the smoother, more standard approach.
Try selecting a critical scene from the movie and carefully observe how it is put together.
Is there a long, single shot or is it broken into many shorter ones? How does the cutting
contribute to the feeling and meaning of the scene? In addition to pacing, pay attention to the
juxtaposition of images edited together: how do these images forced together suggest similarity
not obvious at first glance? Or how do they create tension in their strangeness to each other?

Composition and Mise-en-scne

Composition also is a typically subtle, yet important component of many movies. The way
characters and objects are placed together in the frame of a film allows the director to achieve
various sorts of commentary about its contents. Yet even in a formalistic movie, this is often
done in such a way as to make us believe the frame occurred naturally. Obviously, composition
may vary considerably over the course of a single movie, so you may want to select a critical
scene for further analysis. Try pausing shots to isolate particular compositions. How does the
way characters and objects are placed in the scene contribute to the directors evaluation of
them? Does this composition seem consistent with the movies political meanings? Pay
particular attention to the placement of symbolically weighted objects such as guns or flags or
badges.

Lighting and Color

We do not normally think about how directors alter and vary lighting in a movie, but as in real
life, lighting can do much to affect the mood of a scene or our perception of characters. Dark
lighting sets an ominous tone, suggesting danger or corruption; bright lighting seems safe or
even happy. One of the easier lighting techniques to analyze is the use of color filters, which can
make an entire scene appear to be drenched in a particular color. Does the film include the use of
specific colors to comment on its characters and events? Typically, of course, white and lighter
colors will signify goodness, but some directors may counter our expectations with other
combinations. Some directors opt to shoot modern movies in black-and-white, in part because of
the ways light can be manipulated in that medium. One memorable sequence of Steven
Spielbergs Schindlers List (1993) is shot in black-and-white, except for a little girl whose red
coat is the only color. Spielberg uses these scenes to help establish how the title character begins
to see the humanity in the Jewish victims of the German occupation of Poland.

Camera Angles and Placement

Directors use camera angles to accentuate how they want an audience to react to a given scene.
Pay particular attention to how good and bad characters are viewed by the camera. When the
camera is aimed down on characters, they may look threatened or submissive; conversely, if the
camera looks up to characters, they may look dominating and even threatening. In the run of
superhero movies after 2010, characters like Iron Man and Batman are seen in low-angle shots to
emphasize their physical prowess and revved-up masculinity. Close-up shots, of course, tend to
accentuate a characters emotional condition or the importance of dialogue. A more remote
camera tends to lessen the importance of the dialogue and focus our attention on action or an

interpretation of a character as alienated.

Sets, Props, and Special Effects

Careful viewing of the sets, props, and special effects in a movie is an excellent means of
discerning whether the director is trying to achieve realism or a more expressive formalism. If
the sets do not appear to be particularly realistic, try to imagine what the director is trying to
achieve with the artificial setting. It might be part of an effort to make the message of the film
less about the specific characters and more allegorical, for example. Special effects, of course,
tend to be associated with action films and generally detract from the realism that might be
associated with a more serious political message; however, the opposite may be true, as movies
like Natural Born Killers are rife with artificial elements (animation, extreme camera movement,
etc.) that seem intended to heighten the films messages.

Product Placement

Keep an eye out for recognizable brand names, particularly of consumer products. Do such
products seem natural within the setting of the film or are they obvious attempts to help sell the
product? Some directors use product placements ironically, perhaps to both comment on
consumerism and distance the film from commercialism.

Acting

As discusses in Chapter 2, actors and acting can constitute an important part of a films political
message. Consider, for example, the star power represented by Kevin Costner in Thirteen Days
(2000). The movie is ostensibly about President Kennedy and the Cuban missile crisis of 1962,
but Costners starring role as Kenneth P. ODonnell makes it more of a tribute to the skills of the
relatively unknown presidential aide. Actors, including their star status, roles, and names,
should be scrutinized carefully for clues about a films political meaning.

Casting

Casting can provide some obvious cues about political messages. As noted in Chapter 2, some
actors (e.g., Tom Hanks) seem to symbolize patriotism or traditional American virtues as
construed by Hollywood. Others (e.g., Ben Affleck, George Clooney, Tim Robbins) are clearly
identified with a more critical perspective and often participate in films with a similar mind-set.
It is also possible that an actor or actress will be cast against type (e.g., Jane Fonda in the role of
Nancy Reagan in The Butler, 2013).

Characters

Watch especially for roles that represent politicians, elected officials of any kind, bureaucrats,
police officers, judges, and other government figures. Are they portrayed sympathetically or as
negative stereotypes? Similarly, how are minorities and female characters portrayed, and how are
they treated in the story line?

Names

Be sure to write down the names of key characters because directors often use symbolism in their
choices of names. Reflect upon the possible connotations of the characters names and how the
names might relate to the characters respective roles. In Children of Men (2006), the woman on
whom the fate of humanity rests is named Kee (pronounced key) and her savior is Theo (Greek
for god).

Distribution and Promotion

Take a look at the marketing for the movieis it being promoted as a political movie or as
something else? Is it receiving mass distribution or is it available for viewing only in certain
cities (usually New York, Los Angeles, and a few others) and certain types of theaters? The
answers to these questions will determine to what extent mass audiences are going to see the
movie. At the same time, posters and trailers can provide clues to a filmmakers or at least a
studios intentions by highlighting some aspects of a film and omitting others. The styling, font,
and costuming featured in the poster for American Hustle (2013) emphasize its setting in the
1970s, during the Abscam political scandal on which the film is based. The posters arrangement
of the main characters all in a line, from politician to FBI agent to con artists, suggests a moral
equivalence among them, a theme emphasized in the tagline beneath their portrait: Everyone
hustles to survive.

Viewing

If you see the movie in a cinema, try to be aware of how fellow attendees react to various parts
of the movie. Is there any applause at key lines? Is there laughter at moments in the film that do
not appear to be intentionally funny? Sometimes audiences clap at the end of the movie, which
might signal explicit approval of political content in some instances. Consider, too, your own
reactions to the movie. Did it make you feel good or bad, happy or sad, hopeful or cynical
particularly with respect to political phenomena?

External Factors

Contemporary students of political films have a trove of riches when it comes to researching how
films have interacted with the political world. In addition to the many books and journals that
address films and their political significance, the Internet provides a great deal of potentially
useful information. Appendix 2 offers an introduction to film-related websites.

Notes
1. William H. Phillips, Analyzing Films: A Practical Guide (New York: Holt, Rinehart
and Winston, 1985), p. 8.
2. Ibid., p. 110.
3. Timothy Corrigan, A Short Guide to Writing About Film, 8th edition (New York:
HarperCollins, 2011), p. 76.
4. Ibid., p. 69.