52

Vol. 45. No. 1 March 2012

Research Report

Effect of Robusta coffee beans ointment on full thickness wound

healing
Yorinta Putri Kenisa1, Istiati2, and Wisnu Setyari J2
1
Dental Student
2
Department of Oral Biology
Faculty of Dentistry, Airlangga University
Surabaya - Indonesia

abstract

Background: Traumatic lesions, whether chemical, physical, or thermal in nature, are among the most common lesion in the mouth.
Wound healing is essential for the maintenance of normal structure, function, and survival of organisms. Experiments of Robusta coffee
powder on rat-induced alloxan incision wound, clinically demonstrated similar healing rate with the povidone iodine 10%. No studies
that look directly the effect of coffee extract in ointment form when viewed in terms of histopathology. Robusta coffee bean (Coffea
canephora) consists of chlorogenic acid (CGA) and caffeic acid which are belived to act as antioxidant and take part in wound healing
process. Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the enhancement of healing process of full-thickness skin wound after Robusta
coffee beans extract ointment application. Methods: Sample consisted of 20 Cavia cabaya treated with full-thickness with wounds and
was given Robusta coffee beans extract ointment concentration range of 22.5%, 45%, and 90% except the control group which was
given ointment base material. Animals were then harvested on the fourth day and made for histopathological preparations. Data were
calculated and compared by one-way ANOVA test and LSD test. Results: The study showed that Robusta coffee bean extract ointment
can increase the number of lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and blood vessels by the presence of chlorogenic
acid (CGA) and Caffeic acid. Conclusion: In conclusion Robusta coffee bean extract ointment enhance the healing process of fullthickness skin wound of Cavia cabaya.
Key words: Robusta coffee bean extract, the healing process, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid
abstrak

Latar belakang: Lesi traumatik, baik akibat rangsang kimia, fisik, atau termal, merupakan lesi yang paling umum terjadi di
dalam rongga mulut. Penyembuhan luka yang terjadi ini penting untuk pemeliharaan struktur normal, fungsi, dan kelangsungan
hidup organisme. Percobaan pemberian bubuk kopi Robusta terhadap luka sayatan pada tikus yang diinduksi aloksan, secara klinis
menunjukkan tingkat penyembuhan yang sama dengan povidone iodine 10%. Namun belum ada penelitian yang melihat secara
langsung pengaruh ekstrak kopi dalam bentuk salep bila dilihat dari segi histopatologi. Biji kopi Robusta (Coffea canephora) terdiri
dari chlorogenic acid (CGA) dan caffeic acid yang dipercaya berperan sebagai antioksidan dan mengambil bagian dalam proses
penyembuhan luka. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi peningkatan proses penyembuhan luka full-thickness
pada kulit setelah pengaplikasian salep ekstrak biji kopi Robusta. Metode: Sampel terdiri dari 20 Cavia cabaya yang diberi perlakuan
berupa luka sayat full-thickness pada kulit punggung dan diberi salep ekstrak biji kopi Robusta dengan beberapa konsentrasi, yaitu
22,5%, 45%, dan 90%, sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya diberi bahan dasar salep. Binatang coba kemudian dieksekusi pada hari
keempat dan dibuat sediaan histopatologinya. Data dihitung dan dibandingkan dengan uji One-Way ANOVA dan uji LSD. Hasil: Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salep ekstrak biji kopi Robusta dapat meningkatkan jumlah limfosit, sel plasma, makrofag, fibroblas,
dan pembuluh darah yang dipengaruhi oleh chlorogenic acid (CGA) dan caffeic acid. Kesimpulan: Disimpulkan bahwa salep ekstrak
biji kopi Robusta memiliki efek dapat meningkatkan proses penyembuhan luka full-thickness pada kulit Cavia cabaya.
Kata kunci: Salep ekstrak biji kopi Robusta, proses penyembuhan, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid

53

Kenisa, et al.: Effect of Robusta coffee beans ointment

Correspondence: Wisnu Setyari J, c/o: Departemen Biologi Oral, Fakultas Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Airlangga. Jln. Mayjen Prof.
Dr. Moestopo No. 47 Surabaya 60132, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected]

introduction

Wound can be defined as a disability or injury of living

tissue caused by physical or thermal disturbance arising
both pathologically and physiologically.1 Traumatic
lesions, whether chemical, physical, or thermal in nature,
are among the most common in the mouth. This lession to
oral-sot tissue can occur due to accidental, iatrogenic, and
factitious traumas. They may present as burns, ulcerations,
and gingival recession.2 Bastone et al.,3 also described the
aetiology of dental trauma from national and international
studies as well as the different classifications currently
used to report dental injuries. An English study determined
the incidence of trauma to permanent incisors and related
soft tissues as four cases/100 children/15 months, which
was almost twice the incidence of Australian study. Based
on those literatures, wound healing is essential for the
maintenance of normal structure, function, and survival
of organisms.4
Wound healing is a complicated pathophysiological
process. Although mucosal wounds demonstrate accelerated
healing compared to cutaneous wounds, both cutaneous and
mucosal wound healing proceed through the same stages.5
Wound healing consists of several stages, namely stage
of acute inflammation, cell proliferation, and maturation.
At the stage of proliferation, cell proliferative activity of
fibroblasts in the lesion has a central role to begin the wound
healing process. Increasing number of fibroblasts in the
dermal showed the healing ability.6 Wound healing process
may be hampered by the presence of reactive oxygen stress
(ROS) produced by microbes or neutrophils in the wound
area, through mechanisms that lead to DNA damage. This
fact strengthens the opinion that the existence of local
antioxidants in wound area became crucial factors that have
promoted the acceleration of the healing process.7-9
Several studies conducting the process of wound healing
using natural materials have been widely applied. The use of
natural materials done because it is easy to use, inexpensive,
and has an adequate bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect.10 In
addition, natural materials rarely cause adverse side effects
compared with synthetic materials.11
One of these natural materials is Robusta coffee beans.
Robusta coffee is widely spread on the island of Java,
Sumatra, and Sulawesi. Price of this coffee is cheaper than
other types of coffee and more resistant to diseases that
attack the coffee plants. Robusta coffee contains various
compounds including 42.3% sugars (polysaccharides),
7.5% protein, 11% lipid, 2.4% caffeine, and 6.4% acids.12
Also reported that the application powder of raw Robusta
coffee on rat-induced alloxan incision wound, showed
clinical cure rate similar to the application of povidone
iodine 10%.13

The polyphenols of coffee, caffeic acid and chlorogenic

acid (CGA), is believed to promote wound healing. Robusta
coffee beans have higher number of these polyphenols
than arabica coffee beans.14 Chlorogenic acid and caffeic
acid have antioxidant properties that are significantly
more potent than vitamin C and E.15 In addition to having
antioxidant potential, Robusta coffee has also been
investigated to have antibacterial ability against methicillinresistent staphylococcus aureus that can cause opportunistic
infections on the injured area. Phenolic compounds in
coffee also have been studied to reduce the effects of
histamine, bradykinin, and leukotrienes as well as to reduce
the activity of the complement system.16
Research on the potential ointment of Robusta coffee
bean extract in dosage form in wound healing has not been
reported. The extraction is done so that the active substances
are needed can be taken optimally. The purpose of this
study was to determine the potential of Robusta coffee bean
extract ointment on the healing process of full-thickness
wounds on the skin of male guinea pigs (Cavia cabaya)
which was evaluated histopathologically.

materials and methods

This research is an experimental research laboratory.

The material used is the ointment of Robusta coffee bean
extract with a range of concentration of 22.5%, 45%, and
90%. Robusta coffee beans that have been roasted and
used as a powder, then extracted using ethanol solvent. The
extract was mixed with an ointment base material (PEG 400
and PEG 4000) and is based on the required concentration.
This research used 20 male guinea pigs (Cavia cabaya),
aged 23 months, and weighing 200300 mg. Research
subjects were divided into 4 groups each consisted of 5
guinea pigs. Incision wound of 2.5 cm long with a depth of 2
mm was created on the back skin of each guinea pigs using
number 11 scalpel under the effect of 10% ether anesthesia
by inhalation. Each treatment group was given ointment
of Robusta coffee bean extract and a control group given
only simple ointment base using a syringe at a quantity of
2 cc. Then treated in a closed wound with sterile gauze
and plaster bandages. All guinea pigs in each group were
harvested on the fourth day using 10% ether as sedation.
Back skin biopsies and subsequent histopathological
preparations was done using haematoxylin eosin (HE)
staining. Then calculation of chronic inflammatory cells
(macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells), capillary blood
vessels, and fibroblasts were done.
The data obtained from histopathological examination
is quantitative data obtained by calculating the number of
cells and capillary blood vessels under light microscopy

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Dent. J. (Maj. Ked. Gigi), Vol. 45. No. 1 March 2012: 5257

Table 1. Distribution of mean and standard deviation of lymphocytes and plasma cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and capillary blood
vessels on the fourth day after treatment
Groups

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Control
13.60 8.735*
2.60 1.817
G1 (22.5%)
14.40 3.435*
6.00 4.899
G2 (45%)
25.60 8.649*
8.80 5.020
G3 (90%)
34.20 19.136*
7.60 2.702
Note: *: significant difference between groups

performed on five different fields of view with 1000

magnification. These research data were analyzed with
statistical tests of One-Way ANOVA and LSD.17

results

The largest number of lymphocytes present in the

sample group which were given ointrment of 90% Robusta
coffee beans extract, while the smalles number found in
the control group. The largest amount of plasma cells
present in the sample group which were given ointment of
Robusta coffee beans extract concentration of 45%, while
the smallest number found in the control group (Table 1).

X SD
Macrophages
39.80 21.394
19.20 11,189
27.20 8.927
27.80 6.099

Fibroblasts
148.20 22.928*
217.60 57.051*
271.00 94.557*
173.00 22.226*

Capillary blood vessels

206.00 83.896
213.20 68.766
219.80 134.908
238.00 63.075

The largest number of macrophages present in the

control group, while the smallest number of groups
present in concentrations of 22.5%. The largest number of
fibroblasts present in the sample group which were given
ointment of Robusta coffee bean extract concentration of
45%, while the smallest number found in the control group.
The largest number of capillaries present in the sample
group which were given oinment of Robusta coffee bean
extract concentration of 90%, while the smallest number
found in the control group (Table 1).
Obtaining data on the number of cells and capillary
blood vessels in each group performed One-Way ANOVA
test. Before the One-Way ANOVA test, this study shows
that the data are normally distributed after the Kolmogorov-

Figure 1. Histopathological image on the group: A) control group, B) group 1 (22.5%), c) group 2 (45%), group 3 (90%).

Note: 1) lymphocytes, 2) capillary blood vessels, 3) fibroblast, 4) macrophages, 5) plasma cells. (HE staining; magnification
1000; Olympus BX-50 microscope. Pentax optio 230; Digital Camera 2.0 megapixels).

Kenisa, et al.: Effect of Robusta coffee beans ointment

Smirnov test statistic and homogeneous after Levene test.

One-Way ANOVA test showed significant values (p<0.05)
in lymphocytes and fibroblasts. The average value of
lymphocytes and fibroblasts in the treatment group differed
significantly, whereas the other dependent variables such
as plasma cells, macrophages, and capillaries found no
significant difference.
Table 2. LSD statistical test of significance figures on the
number of lymphocytes and fibroblasts between
groups
Sig.
Sig.
Concentrations
Compared
of ointments concentrations (Lymphocytes) (Fibroblasts)
Control
22,5%
0.697
0.074
45%
0.133
0.004*
90%
0.012*
0.505
22,5%
Control
0.697
0.074
45%
0.065
0.161
90%
0.015*
0.238
45%
Control
0.133
0.004*
22,5%
0.065
0.161
90%
0.273
0.016*
90%
Control
0.012*
0.505
22,5%
0.015*
0.238
45%
0.273
0.016*
* the mean difference or significance value smaller than
0.05 (p <0.05)

To determine the effect of differences in test conducted

further Post Hoc Test LSD. Significant differences
in this table are expressed with an asterisk * on the
mean difference or significance value smaller than 0.05
(p<0.05). In lymphocytes, the data showed significant mean
differences in comparisons between the control group with
group 3 and group 1 with group 3. Whereas in fibroblasts, a
significant mean differences found in comparisons between
the control group with group 2 and between group 2 with
group 3.
discussion

Regeneration process can be seen from the cells that

play a role during the wound healing process such as poli
morpho nuclear (PMN) cells, lymphocytes, macrophages,
plasma cells, fibroblasts, and capillary blood vessels.
Observation of the results of this study was done the fourth
day after treatment for acute inflammatory cells such as
PMN, especially neutrophils which will soon be replaced
by macrophages on the third day and granulation tissue
which enter the slit incision. Gap is filled with granulation
tissue and maximum vascularization on the fifth day. The
observation of the results on this study was conducted on
the fourth day so that all cells needed can be seen.4
This study used a range of 22.5%, 45%, and 90%
concentration and is a preliminary study using ointment of
Robusta coffee bean extract. Extraction of coffee was done

55

so the active substances can be taken optimally. Ethanol

was used as extraction solvent because it can withdraw the
amount of phenolic acids higher than methanol and pure
water.18 The ointment used are made of poly ethylen glycol
(PEG) because PEG is chemically stable. Both PEG 400 and
PEG 4000 used in this study are soluble in ethanol. PEG
does not irritate skin and easy to clean by washing.19
Wound healing involves several mechanisms, such as
inflammatory phase, proliferation, and maturation. In the
inflammatory phase, the objectives are to stop the bleeding
and clean the wound area of foreign bodies, dead cells, and
bacteria to prepare for the start of healing process. PMN cells
migrate into the interstitial area to perform phagocytosis
of foreign bodies and bacteria. However, wound healing
is enhanced by the presence of stress ROS produced by
PMN or microbial infection. If ROS are produced too
much, it can cause cellular and DNA damage. CGA and
caffeic acid are contained in Robusta coffee beans extract
act as antioxidants to neutralize ROS which is the free
radicals produced in the process of wound healing. ROS
can increase lipid peroxidation which is a major cause of
damage to the cell membrane so that it can damage the cell
structure and function.20 Antioxidants have been reported
to have a significant role in the process of wound healing
and protect tissues from oxidative damage.21 Antioxidant
mechanism is expected to protect cells that play a role in
the process of wound healing. CGA and caffeic acid as
antioxidants convert free radicals into stable products. The
neutralized free radicals can not react on polyunsatured
fatty acids (PUFAs) which generate alcoxyl and peroxyl
radicals that responsible for the basic process of membrane
cell lipid peroxidation.22 In the initial adhesion process,
PMN adhere to the endothelium through the interaction of
specific molecules such as selectin and glycosylated protein
so that PMN ables to exit the endothelial transmigration as
it is called an acute inflammatory process.23
This phase continues as chronic inflammatory cells into
the injured area. Table 1 showed that the mean number of
lymphocytes in group 3 is higher than the control group,
group 1, and group 2. According to Hung et al.,24 CGA
was shown to increase lymphocytes proliferation.24 It can
be seen from the mean number of increased lymphocytes
until the highest (90%). LSD test on lymphocytes showed
that there were significant mean differences in comparisons
between the control group with group 3 and group 1 with
group 3 (Table 2). While results for the plasma cells in
table 1 showed mean number of the highest plasma cells
found in group 2 which did not differ significantly group
3. Active substances contained in coffee, namely CGA, has
been mentioned to have a role in increasing proliferation
of lymphocytes. This is probably an indirect effect of
plasma cells as these cells is the end product of activation
of B lymphocytes activation that have differentiated, then
plasma cell produce direct antibody against antigens in
inflammation.
Results of the next calculation is the amount of
macrophage cells in control group which showed a higher

56

mean than group 1, group 2, and group 3. This is presumably

due to the treatment group, the phase of chronic inflammation
will soon ends characterized by the declining number of
macrophages and the beginning phase of proliferation.
Increasing the mean number of macrophages seen in the
treated group. Group 3 has the highest mean followed by
group 2 and group 1. This is because CGA stimulates the
mobilization of macrophages, may indirectly increase the
ability of macrophage phagocytosis because it affects the
secretion of IFN g that act as macrophage activators.22,24
T lymphocytes which are activated by interaction with
macrophages that present antigen fragments on the surface
of cells can produce IFN g. These cytokines may activate
macrophages so that macrophages release other cytokines
to activate lymphocytes and causes inflammation where
there is a focus of both these cells stimulate each other to
destroy the antigen.
The next phase is the proliferative phase which
involves the proliferation of fibroblasts, collagen
synthesis, angiogenesis, granulation tissue formation, and
epithelisation.25 An important first step in this phase is
the improvement of microcirculation to supply oxygen
and nutrients needed to fill the metabolic needs of tissue
repair. Regeneration of new blood vessels (angiogenesis)
is stimulated by hypoxic injury condition as well as several
growth factors, particularly VEGF-A, FGF-2, TNF-b. At the
same time, fibroblasts migrate into the wound in response
to cytokines and growth factors produced by inflammatory
cells, among which are macrophage.26 That activated
macrophages can stimulate growth factors and cytokines
(TGF-a, TGF-b, PDGF, VEGF -A, and IL-1) on the injured
area. TGF-b plays a role in angiogenesis, reepithelisation,
and connective tissue regeneration. TGF-b which are
dominant in cutaneous wound healing is TGF-b1. TGF-b
works by activating its receptor on the cell surface and
transducing signal on target genes. Binding of a TGF-b to
its type II receptor in concert with a type I receptor leads to
formation of a receptor complex and phosphorilation of type
I receptor. Thus activated, the type I receptor subsequently
phosphorylates a receptor-regulated SMAD (R-Smad),
allowing this protein to associate with Smad4 (Co-Smad)
and move into nucleus. In the nucleus, the SMAD complex
associate with a DNA-binding partner (Fast-1) and this
complex binds to a specific enhancers in target genes so
that it can activate the gene transcription.27,28 In the injured
tissues, extracellular matrix molecules (ECM), namely
tenascin-C, expressed during the process of tissue repair.
Tenascin-C plays a role in proliferation and migration of
fibroblasts. This molecule can induce phosphorylation of
epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and stimulates
activation of mitogenic activated protein (MAP) kinase
and mitogenesis of fibroblasts. In addition, tenascin-C can
induce migration of fibroblasts through the activation of
PLCg and m-calpain.29 Those growth factors and molecules
play a role in cell proliferation and migration of fibroblasts
so that the process of wound healing can be achieved. The
counting results in graph 2 showed the mean number of

Dent. J. (Maj. Ked. Gigi), Vol. 45. No. 1 March 2012: 5257

fibroblasts in group 2 which is higher than the control group,

group 1, and group 3. LSD test on fibroblast cells showed
that there were significant mean differences in comparisons
between the control group with group 2 and group 2 with
group 3 (Table 2). The number of decreased fibroblasts
in group 3 caused by the proliferation of fibroblasts cells
which have reached the optimum effect at a concentration
of 45%. The mean results of capillary blood vessels showed
that the number of capillaries in group 3 is higher than the
control group, group 1 and group 2. An increasing number
of these occurred with increasing concentrations of the
ointment. This occurs indirectly as the influence of several
growth factors such as VEGF-A, FGF-2, TNF-b that are
produced both by macrophages and fibroblasts. TGF-b1
produced by macrophages can also induce up-regulation
of growth factor for angiogenesis such as VEGF.27
Fibroblasts are actively moving from the network
around the wound into the wound area, proliferate and
issue some substances (collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid,
fibronectin, and proteoglycans) that play a role in forming
new tissue. Collagen is a protein substance that increase the
surface tension of the wound.25Other phenolic compounds
in coffee, namely caffeic acid, has also been studied to play
a role in the healing process by stimulating the synthesis of
collage-like polymer by fibroblasts.6 Increased amount of
collagen that add strength to the wound surface can avoid
the possibility of opened wound.26
In the results of data analysis, the highest levels of
Robusta coffee bean extract ointment (90%) showed
the highest value on the mean number of lymphocytes,
macrophages, and capillary blood vessels, but not in
plasma cells and fibroblasts, although it is higher than the
concentration of 22.5%. While coffee bean extract 45%
concentration ointment showed the highest value on the
average number of plasma cells and fibroblasts compared
to ointment of coffee bean extract 90%. Overall, Robusta
coffee bean extract 45% ointment can give a good effect
on wound healing process because at this concentration
the number of fibroblasts increased significantly compared
with the control group. It can be concluded that ointment
of Robusta coffee been extract could enhance skin wound
healing process of Cavia cabaya.
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