San Unit 1 Introduction Complete Notes Compiled
San Unit 1 Introduction Complete Notes Compiled
San Unit 1 Introduction Complete Notes Compiled
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UNIT 1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION: Server Centric IT Architecture and its Limitations; Storage Centric IT Architecture and its advantages. Case study:
Replacing a server with Storage Networks; The Data Storage and Data Access problem; The Battle for size and access.
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Although the storage density of hard disks and tapes is increasing all the time due to ongoing technical
development, the need for installed storage is increasing even faster. It is necessary to connect ever more storage
devices to a computer. But each computer can accommodate only a limited number of I/O cards (for example, SCSI
cards). Furthermore, the length of SCSI cables is limited to a maximum of 25 m. This means that the storage capacity
that can be connected to a computer using conventional technologies is limited.
In server-centric IT environments the storage device is statically assigned to the computer to which it is connected.
In general, a computer cannot access storage devices that are connected to a different computer. This means that if a
computer requires more storage space than is connected to it, it cannot still use the free space present in another
computer.
Storage devices are often scattered throughout an entire building or branch. Computers may be consciously set up
where the user accesses the data in order to reduce LAN data traffic. The result is that the storage devices are
distributed throughout many rooms, which are neither protected against unauthorized access nor sufficiently airconditioned.
Paragraphs 3,4,5,6 contain the limitations.
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More and more companies are converting their IT systems to a storage-centric IT architecture. It has now become a
is still storage space free on server 1 and server 3
permanent component of large data centers and the IT systems of large companies. More and more medium-sized
companies and public institutions are now considering storage networks.
Depending upon the source, it is predicted that by the end of 2004 two-thirds of external storage capacity will be
connected by means of storage networks.
(8-10marks)
In a production environment an application server is no longer powerful enough. The ageing computer must be
replaced by a higher-performance device. The procedure is complicated in a conventional, server-centric IT
architecture; it can be carried out very elegantly in a storage network.
Before the exchange, the old computer is connected to a storage device via the storage network, which it uses
partially (Figure 1.4 shows stages 1, 2 and 3).
First, the necessary application software is installed on the new computer. The new computer is then set up at
the location at which it will ultimately stand. With storage networks it is possible to set up the computer and
storage device several kilometers apart.
Next, the production data for generating test data within the disk subsystem is copied. Modern storage systems
can (practically) copy even terabyte-sized data files within seconds. This function is called instant copy.
Then the copied data is assigned to the new computer and the new computer is tested intensively.
After successful testing, both computers are shut down and the production data assigned to the new server.
The assignment of the production data to the new server also takes just a few seconds.
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Figure 1.5 Old server and new server share the storage system. The
new server is intensively tested using the copied production data (4)
Figure 1.6 Finally, the old server is powered down (5) and the new server is started up with the
production data (6)
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Most business applications dont consider the complexity of storage performance factors in their design
activities.
Business applications will show non linear performance.
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Therefore configurations can be developed so a fixed number of users will be serviced within an acceptable
response-time window.
Figure 1.10 shows the no of user transactions accessing storage resource will correspond linearly to the amount
of time each transaction takes to complete.
Figure 1.11 shows the users logged into their client computers and accessing the N/W server. The N/w server is
used to store information and process the same.
The C/S storage model provides data storage capabilities for the server component as well as storage for the
network clients.
When online storage is used with high performance servers, (increased RAM and cache) storage devices are
used by clients for faster access of data.
Servers reach its maximum capacity as client demand increases.
Sharing information on server increased the need for capacity, requiring networks to use multiple servers.
This is due to the need for online storage to handle the growing amount of data. So no of servers increased.
This led to server specialization. The N/W servers had handle clients, keep their profiles & manage N/W
resources which led to the demand for database server.
The relational database model became pervasive; the amount of databases within the N/W grew exponentially.
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The database server model needed servers to be more robust & powerful. This involved large amounts of RAM,
caches & storage resources.
As data grows storage solutions with client/server storage model continued to be problematic.
Growth rates began to show a varied and asymmetrical growth trend, some servers were deployed with more
storage than required, wasting space or in other cases some servers may not perform due to less space.
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Internet service providers (ISP) support web based applications & provide access to the internet for the users.
The data traverses from online storage on web server A, where user authentication & access takes place, then
moves to online storage on web user servers where profiles & home pages are stored.
If the request is to check email, the web user transfers the request to the web mail server where request is
placed in an index & transferred to the location of the users mail.
If the requested web page is not present in the web server A & B it will locate the web page in the outside
servers & transmit the web page to the customers PC.
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Storage Networking has 2 models. Network Attached Storage (NAS) & Storage Area Networks (SAN).
NAS allows storage to be placed onto an existing client/ server network based on Ethernet standards using
TCP/ IP protocols (Figure 1.16).
SAN creates a unique network for storage which is based on a protocol called Fibre Channel (Figure 1.17).
(4marks)
Many IT organizations comment on their applications we have bigger data, more sources and need a single
distribution strategy.
Bigger data: The data stored and transferred between storage and server is larger in size, the amount of data
transferred between server and client is also larger.
More sources: The application must work on several sources of data to satisfy the client transaction. I.e. server
has to connect with several storage sources.
Single distribution strategy: the results of the application need to be placed in a central location for access.
This means internet accessibility.
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Wider bandwidth is needed: the connection between server and storage unit requires a faster data transfer
rate. In Client server storage model the data transfer rate is limited to about 10MBPS.
The problem is size: The database and supporting online storage has limitations, resulting in lagging requests
for data & subsequent unresponsive applications.
Solution: Storage networking enables faster data transfers as well as the capability for servers to access larger
data stores.
The Problem: Access
Many IT organizations say the real problem is access; we dont have sufficient resources to access the application
server. This will get worse if we go to a single distribution strategy.
The Problem is Access: There are too many users for the supported configuration. A large number of user
transactions cannot be delivered to the server by the network and cannot be responded in a timely manner.
The single distribution strategy: A single distribution strategy can create an information bottleneck.
Solution: With storage networking, user transactions can access data more directly, bypassing I/O operations
and overhead involved with server.
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A third process in the application development cycle is post- implementation analysis & understanding of real
storage & data access requirements of the application system.
The third process requires 2 major pieces of information. First is the availability of storage solutions to offer to
the application designers. Secondly a detailed model understanding of input & output processes.
(10marks)
(JUNE/JULY 2011)
Scalability of access to business application data:
Figure 1.19 demonstrates the shift from centralized data access to networked data access for SAN & NAS
configurations. Here more servers can connect and utilize storage devices concurrently, thereby reduces the
complexities and overhead involved in maintaining multiple copies of data from each server. Allows centralized access
to the data associated to the application & eliminates single point of failure problem of applications.
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