When were OSI model developed and why its standard called

802.XX and so on?

OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX Standard (Notice 80 means
==> 1980, 2means ==> February)

What is Full form of ADS?

Active Directory Structure

How will you register and activate windows?

If you have not activated windows XP, you can do so at any time by clicking the windows Activation icon in the
system tray to initiate activation. Once you have activated windows XP, this icon disappears from the system
tray.
For
registration
Start ==> Run ==> regwiz /r

Where do we use cross and standard cable?

Computer
to
Switch/hub
to
Computer to switch/hub ==>standard

computer

==>

cross
==>cross

switch/hub

How many pins do serial ports have?

In computer it's known as com port and could be available in 9pin or 25 pin. On router it have 60 pins.

How will check ip address on 98?

Start ==> Run ==> command ==> winipcfg

How will you make partition after installing windows?

My
computer
==>
right
click
==>
select free space ==> right click ==> New partition

manage

==>

disk

management

==>

What is IP?
It's a unique 32 bits software address of a node in a network.

What is private IP?

Three ranges of IP addresses have been reserved for private address and they are not valid for use on the
Internet. If you want to access internet with these address you must have to use proxy server or NAT server
(on normal cases the role of proxy server is played by your ISP.).If you do decide to implement a private IP
address
range,
you
can
use
IP
addresses
from
any
of
the
following
classes:
Class
A
10.0.0.0
10.255.255.255
Class
B
172.16.0.0
172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

What is public IP address?

A public IP address is an address leased from an ISP that allows or enables direct Internet communication.

What's the benefit of subnetting?

Reduce
the
size
of
the
routing
Reduce network traffic. Broadcast traffic can be isolated within a single logical
Provide a way to secure network traffic by isolating it from the rest of the network.

tables.
network.

What are the differences between static ip addressing and dynamic

ip addressing?
With static IP addressing, a computer (or other device) is configured to always use the same IP address. With
dynamic addressing, the IP address can change periodically and is managed by a centralized network service

What is APIPA?
Automatic private IP addressing (APIPA) is a feature mainly found in Microsoft operating systems. APIPA
enables clients to still communicate with other computers on the same network segment until an IP address
can be obtained from a DHCP server, allowing the machine to fully participate on the network. The range of
these IP address are the 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with a default Class B subnet mask of 255.255.0.0.

What are the LMHOSTS files?

The LMHOSTS file is a static method of resolving NetBIOS names to IP addresses in the same way that the
HOSTS file is a static method of resolving domain names into IP addresses. An LMHOSTS file is a text file that
maps NetBIOS names to IP addresses; it must be manually configured and updated.

What is DHCP scope?

A scope is a range, or pool, of IP addresses that can be leased to DHCP clients on a given subnet.

What is FQDN?
An FQDN contains (fully qualified domain name) both the hostname and a domain name. It uniquely identifies
a host within a DNS hierarchy

What is the DNS forwarder?

DNS servers often must communicate with DNS servers outside of the local network. A forwarder is an entry
that is used when a DNS server receives DNS queries that it cannot resolve locally. It then forwards those
requests to external DNS servers for resolution.

Which command will you use to find out the name of the pc in
networks?
NSLOOKUP
[Ip of target computer]

[192.168.0.1]

How will enable sound service in 2003?

By
default
this
service
remain
disable
to
enable
this
Start ==> administrative tools ==> service ==> windows audio ==> start up type ==> automatic

service

How will enable CD burning service in 2003?

By
default
this
service
remain
disable
to
enable
this
service
Start ==> administrative tools ==> service ==> IMAPI CD burning com service ==> start up type ==>
automatic

What is Heat Sink? What is its use? If it is not in the system what will happen?
A heat sink is a component used to lower the temperature of a device.It is most commonly there on the
microprocessor. If it is not properly fixed the system, the system will shutdown automatically to prevent further
damage to the processor.
32) A CPU fan should be placed in system. Why?
To make the system cool and more functioning.

33) What is Upgrading a microprocessor? Why we have to do it?

34) Upgrading a microprocessor is just physically replacing a processor with a new one. Before doing so we have
to make sure that the processor we want to use for your upgrade is physically compatible with the socket on
your computer's motherboard. We also have to make sure that the motherboard has the internal logic to
support the processor.
35) What are the causes of overheating of microprocessor?
a) Processor fan may not be properly connected.
b) Heat sink may be not contacted with the processor.
c) Jumpers may be configured to over clock the CPU.
d) Voltage supply incompatible
36) No Display. What is the problem?
a) CPU fan problem
b) Heat sink related issue
c) Power related issues
d) Improper Jumper settings
37) What is the use of Conventional memory in the system?
The size of conventional memory is 640KB. It is also called DOS memory or Base memory. This memory is
used by some small programs like Word star, Lotus etcDOS cannot use more than 640KB.
38) What is main memory in a computer?
The main memory in a computer is called Random Access Memory. It is also known as RAM. This is the part
of the computer that stores operating system software, software applications and other information for the
central processing unit (CPU) to have fast and direct access when needed to perform tasks.
39) What is Cache memory? What is the advantage if a processor with more cache memory you are using?
Cache memory is the memory area between RAM and Processor. If cache memory increases the speed of
the system will also improved.
40) What are the different types of RAM?
SRAM, DRAM, VRAM, SGRAM, DDR-SDRAM etc.
41) Differentiate SRAM and DRAM.
SRAM
Static RAM stores each bit of data on six metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors, or MOSFETs.
SRAM is used in devices that require the fastest possible data access without requiring a high capacity. Some
examples are CPU caches and buses, hard drive and router buffers and printers.
DRAM
Dynamic RAM stores data using a paired transistor and capacitor for each bit of data. Capacitors constantly
leak electricity, which requires the memory controller to refresh the DRAM several times a second to maintain
the data.

42) What are the different DRAM types?

FPMDRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR-SDRAM
43) What is the difference between DDR-I and DDR-II?
DDR2 is the successor to DDR RAM. DDR 2 incorporates several technological upgrades to computer system
memory, as well as an enhanced data rate.DDR 2 is capable of achieving twice the data transfer rate of DDRI memory because of its higher clock speed. It operates at a lower voltage than DDR-I as well: 1.8 volts
instead of 2.5.
44) Which is the latest DDR version? Which processor of Intel will support it?
The latest DDR version is DDR-III. Intels all latest processors such as Core i3,i5 and i7 will support it.
45) What are VRAM and SGRAM?
VRAM is Video Random Access Memory. Video adapter or video system uses VRAM. VRAM is dual ported. It
is costly. But SGRAM is not dual ported and not costly. It is a less expensive approach to graphics functions.
Most commonly all low cost graphics cards are using it.
46) What is SODIMM memory module?
Small outline dual in-line memory module (SODIMM or SO-DIMM) is a type of random access memory
(RAM). It is a smaller version of a dual in-line memory module (DIMM).It is the type of the memory module
can be used in laptop.
47) Which is the memory packaging suitable for a sub-note book system?
Micro DIMM
48) What is ECC/EPP?
EPP/ECP (Enhanced Parallel Port/Enhanced Capability Port) is a standard signaling method for bi-directional
communication between a computerand peripheral devices that offers the potential for much higher rates of
data transfer than the original parallel signaling methods. EPP is for non-printer peripherals. ECP is for
printers and scanners. EPP/ECP is part of IEEEStandard 1284.
49) What is over clocking?
Over clocking is the process of forcing a computer component to run at a higher clock rate.
50) What is memory bank?
Sets of physical memory modules is referred to as memory banks. A memory bank serves as a repository for
data, allowing data to be easily entered and retrieved.
51) What we need to consider before connecting a memory to the system?
a) Capacity of the RAM required
b) Check if installed memory is supported by motherboard and processor
c) Form factor of the RAM
d) Type of RAM needed
e) Warranty of the RAM
52) What is Upgrading the memory?
Adding a memory module to the existing bank on the available slot or replacing the previous one with the
increased memory size is also called upgrading memory. This will surely increase the performance of the
computer.

53) What is BIOS beep code? What it does mean?

BIOS beep codes are the signs of different issues of the computer. The beep code may vary depends on the
manufacture of BIOS. For example in case of Award BIOS the beep code will be,
1 long beep- shows memory problem
1 long beep and 2 short beeps- failure of DRAM parity
1 log beep and 3 short beeps- signifies Video error
Continuous beep- signifies failure in memory or Video memory.
54) Write any 5 BIOS codes and their indications?

AMERICAN MEGATRENDS (AMI) BEEP CHART

BEEPS
1 Beep
2 Beeps
3 Beeps
4 Beeps
5 Beeps
6 Beeps
7 Beeps
8 Beeps
9 Beeps
10 Beeps
11 Beeps
55) What is RDRAM?
Short for RAMBUS DRAM, a type of memory (DRAM) developed by Rambus, Inc.
56) What is SIMM? Is it is using now?
Acronym for Single In line Memory Module, a small circuit board that can hold a group of memory chips.
Typically, SIMMs hold up to eight (on Macintoshes) or nine (on PCs) RAM chips. On PCs, the ninth chip is
often used for parity error checking. Unlike memory chips, SIMMs are measured in bytes rather than bits.
Now a days this memory module is not used.
57) Why do we call motherboard a motherboard?
Motherboard is the basic integrated board of the computer on which all other components are connected. So
that usually we call motherboard a "motherboard".
58) What is motherboard? What are the different types of it?
Motherboard is the basic integrated board of the computer on which all other components are connected. This
is classified mainly into three Desktop, Laptop and Server motherboard.
59) What is the difference between integrated and non-integrated motherboard?
In integrated motherboard all of the external ports will be present. But in case of non-integrated motherboard
only some important ports will be available instead of all. The non-integrated motherboard is an old type of
motherboard which now a day's not commonly available.

60) How a server motherboard different from a desktop?

A server motherboard is different from a desktop in features and performance. The number of processor
support, RAM slots ,Expansion card slots etc...are more. For example the Intel Server Board S5000PSL has
the performance and features for growing businesses demand. It provides excellent data protection, and
advanced data management. It support 64-bit Multi-Core Intel Xeon processor. Eight fully
buffered 533/667 MHz DIMMs. Up to six SATA 3Gb/s ports.
61) What is form factor of motherboard?
The form factor of a motherboard determines the specifications for its general shape and size. It also specifies
what type of case and power supply will be supported, the placement of mounting holes, and the physical
layout and organization of the board. Form factor is especially important if you build your own computer
systems and need to ensure that you purchase the correct case and components.
62) What is ATX? How it is different from AT? Which is using now?
AT is a short for advanced technology, the AT is an IBM PC model introduced in 1984. It includes an Intel
80286 microprocessor, a 1.2MB floppy drive, and an 84-key AT keyboard. The ATX form factor specified
changes to the motherboard, along with the case and power supply. Some of the design specification
improvements of the ATX form factor included a single 20-pin connector for the power supply, a power supply
to blow air into the case instead of out for better air flow, less overlap between the motherboard and drive
bays, and integrated I/O Port connectors soldered directly onto the motherboard. The ATX form factor was an
overall better design for upgrading.
63) What is the need of expansion slot in motherboard?
Alternatively referred to as an expansion port, an expansion slot is a slot located inside a computer on
the motherboard or riser board that allows additional boards to be connected to it.
64) What is PCI slot? How is different from PCI Express (PCI-E)?
Short for PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT, a local bus standard developed by Intel
Corporation. PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe, is
a computer expansion card standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards.
65) What is AGP slot? What is its use?
The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching
a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.
Since 2004 AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe).
66) What is jumper? What is the need?
A metal bridge that closes an electrical circuit. Typically, a jumper consists of a plastic plug that fits over a pair
of protruding pins. Jumpers are sometimes used toconfigure expansion boards. By placing a jumper plug over
a different set of pins, you can change a board's parameters.
67) What CMOS and CMOS battery?
Short for complementary metal oxide semiconductor. Pronounced see-moss. The CMOS chip holds the date,
time, and system setup parameters. This chip is powered by a 3Volt CMOS battery.
68) What is chipset?
A number of integrated circuits designed to perform one or more related functions. This is one of the
processing device in a computer.

69) Explain any three Intel chipset?

a) Intel P55 Express Chipset.-Desktop PC platforms based on the Intel P55 Express Chipset combined with the
Intel Core i7-800 series processors and Intel Core i5-700 series processors create intelligent
performance for faster multi-tasking, digital media creation and gaming.
b) Intel HD55 Express Chipset- a new architecture designed to deliver quality, performance, and industry-leading
I/O technologies on platforms powered by the Intel Core i7-800, Intel Core i5, and Intel Core i3
processors.
c) Intel E7500 Chipset- a volume chipset supports dual-processor (DP) server systems optimized for the Intel
Xeon processor.
70) Which is the chipset needed for Intel Core i7 and Core i5 processors?
Intel Core i7 900-series uses x58 chip set and Core i7 800-series and Core i5 processors runs on P55
chipset.
71) Which is the socket used by Intel Core i7 and i5 processors?
Intel Core i7 900-series uses LGA1366 socket and Core i5 CPUs--all three run on Intel's latest P55 chipset
and LGA1156 socket.
72) What are the motherboard manufacturing companies?
Intel, Gigabyte, ASUS, Mercury, HP, Acer, Biostar, Compaq, Digital, IBM, AMI.
73) Before upgrading/replacing a motherboard what you need to consider?
a) Power Connectors
b) Memory Support
c) Hard Disk Support
d) System Case
74) Can you upgrade motherboard?
Yes
75) One system is not starting, but the fan is working. What is the problem?
76) What is Intel LGA 1155 Socket?
LGA 1155, also called Socket H2, is an Intel microprocessor compatible socketwhich supports Intel Sandy
Bridge and the up-coming Ivy Bridgemicroprocessors.LGA 1155 is designed as a replacement for the LGA
1156(known as Socket H).
77) What is power supply unit?
A power supply unit (PSU) supplies direct current (DC) power to the other components in a computer. It
converts general-purpose alternating current (AC) electric power from the mains to low-voltage (for a desktop
computer: 12 V, 5 V, 5VSB, 3V3, 5 V, and 12 V) DC power for the internal components of the computer.
78) What are the different types of Form Factors of Power Supply?
AT , ATX, Flex ATX, Micro ATX etc
79) What is NLX?
NLX (New Low Profile Extended) was a form factor proposed by Intel and developed jointly with IBM, DEC.
80) What is Switching Mode Power Supply?
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher) is an
electronic power supply that incorporates a switching regulator in order to be highly efficient in the conversion
of electrical power. Like other types of power supplies, an SMPS transfer power from a source like the
electrical power grid to a load (e.g., a personal computer) while converting voltageand current characteristics.
An SMPS is usually employed to efficiently provide a regulated output voltage, typically at a level different
from the input voltage.
81) What is the use of Molex Power connector?

Molex is a four pin power connector found in SMPS. It is used to supply power to HDD, CD Drive, DVD Drive
etc
82) What is Berg (mini Molex) connector is used to.
To provide power to Floppy Disk Drive.
83) What are the different color cables found in Molex connector? What is the Power of it.
-12V Blue, -5V White, 0V Black, +3.3V Orange, +5V Red, +12V Yellow.
84) What are the methods used in a system for cooling?
a) Large System Case
b) Arrangement of Internal Components
c) Keeping the System Clean.
d) Proper Working of the System Case Fan.
85) Power supply fan is not working and it emits a lot of sound. What will the probable cause?
Most of the time this issue arises due to lots of dust is accumulated on the fan motor.
86) What is the capacity of a Floppy Disk?
1.44MB
87) Which is the medium used in a floppy for storing data?
Magnetic Media.
88) What is write protected notch in a floppy? What is its use?
This is a switch used to eliminate the accidental deletion of data from the floppy.
89) How many tracts and sectors found in a normal floppy dick?
80 tracks and 18 sectors.
90) Which is the file system of a floppy disk?
FAT
91) How can you format a floppy? What is happening if you do so?
Insert the floppy to the system and open my computer. There we can find the icon. Just right click and select
format option. Otherwise we can use format command . Formatting a floppy will creates sectors and tracks on
the floppy.
92) System is not showing floppy disk drive icon in Mycomputer.What will the probable cause?
The device is not detected or disabled.
93) I have inserted a new floppy disk into my drive. The data can be read. But not able to make modifications.
Why?
The disk may be in write protected mode.
94) What is HDD? What are the different types available in the market now?
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive or hard disk) is a non-volatile, random access digital magnetic data
storage device. It is the secondary storage media. There are different types of hard disk, based on the the
intefaces they used we can classify them as IDE, SATA, SCSI etc...
95) What is SATA?
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer businterface for
connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA
was designed to replace the older parallel ATA(PATA) standard (often called by the old name IDE), offering
several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors instead of
40),native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling rates, and more efficient transfer
through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.
96) In Speed how SATA is different from IDE?

SATA- Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) is high speed serial interface designed to replace IDE
and EIDE drive standard SATA has a seven pin connector. SATA transfer speed of data up to 600 MB per
second. Now a day use SATA.
IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) it has a 40/80 pins connector. IDE transfer speed of data up to
100/133 MB per second few time ago mostly use IDE.
97) What is eSATA?
External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or eSATA is an external interface for SATA
technologies. eSATA cables are narrow and can be up to 6.56 feet (2 meters) in length. eSATA requires its
own power connector. It is still an excellent choice for external disk storage.
98) What is SCSI? Is the SCSI Hard Disk is needed for a home purpose?
SCSI is Small Computer System Interface , is a type of interface used for computer components such as
hard drives, optical drives, scanners and tape drives. SCSI is a faster, more robust technology than IDE amd
SATA, and has traditionally been utilized in servers. Aside from speed, another great advantage over IDE and
SATA is that the SCSI card can connect 15 or more devices in a daisy chain. The controller assigns each
device its ownSCSI ID, allowing for great flexibility towards expanding any system. It is more costly. It is not
needed for a home purpose.

99) Is there is USB HDD? If yes what is the speed?

Yes. If your HDD is based on USB 3.0 it can offer a maximum transmission speed of up to 5 Gbit/s (640
MB/s), which is over 10 times faster than USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s, or 60 MB/s).
100) What is IEEE 1394 Interface?
The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications. The interface is
also known by the brand names of FireWire (Apple), i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments). IEEE 1394
replaced parallel SCSI in many applications, because of lower implementation costs and a simplified, more
adaptable cabling system. The original release of IEEE 1394-1995 specified what is now known as FireWire
400. It can transfer data between devices at 100, 200, or 400Mbit/s. EEE 1394c-2006 was published on June
8, 2007 that provides 800 Mbit/s.
101) What are Solid State Drive means?
A solid-state drive (SSD), sometimes called a solid-state disk or electronic disk, is adata storage device that
uses solid-state memory to store data. SSDs use microchipswhich retain data in non-volatile memory chips
and contain no moving parts. Compared to electromechanical HDDs, SSDs are typically less susceptible to
physical shock, are silent, have lower access time and latency, but are more expensive per gigabyte (GB).