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Cambridge A Level Programme
Mark Scheme : Paper 4 - Structure
Exam
: A2 Trial (August2016)
Intake
: July 2015
Examiner
: Mr Arvinraj
No
Answer
Mar
k
SECTION A (STRUCTURE QUESTIONS)
17. Selection and Evolution
1(a) isolating mechanism: geographical / mountains / physical barrier
type of speciation: allopatric
1(b)
mouse populations separated by mountains ;
no, breeding / gene flow, between populations ;
mutations occur ; different selection pressures / different (environmental) conditions ;
genetic change ; e.g. different alleles selected for / change in allele frequency / change
in gene pool / advantageous alleles passed on ;
(results in) different chromosome numbers ;
genetic drift ;
(different populations ultimately) cannot interbreed ;
[CIE Nov 2009, P42, Q2]
Total
2(a)
2(b)(i)
14.Homeostatis and 19.Genetic Technology
increases, cellular uptake of glucose (from blood) / membrane permeability to
glucose ;
(by), liver / muscle / adipose, cells ;
increased, respiration / metabolism, of glucose ; A increased glycolysis
causes conversion of glucose to, glycogen / fat ; A inhibits glycogenolysis
(blood glucose concentration maintained between) 80120 mg per 100 cm3
[CIE June 2009, P4, Q6]modified
single target site will be in correct resistance gene ;
(gene to be inserted has) complementary sticky ends to target site sticky ends
more cuts would fragment plasmid ;
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2(b)(ii)
3
circle of DNA taken up by
bacteria
bacteria resistant to
ampicillin
bacteria resistant to
tetracycline
unaltered plasmids
recombinant plasmids that have
taken up the wanted gene
circles of the wanted gene
2(c)(i)
risk spread of resistance to other bacteria ;
spread of resistance makes the use of antibiotics less effective / AW ;
via, conjugation / transformation / uptake of plasmids ; A description
via, phage / transduction ; A description
ref. R plasmid multiple resistance (MDR) / extreme resistance (XDR) ;
2(c)(ii)
gene for fluorescent substance ;
source of gene ; e.g. from jellyfish
substance fluoresces when exposed to appropriate light ;
or
lacZ gene / gene for -galactosidase ;
splits non-blue substrate ;
product is blue ;
[CIE June 2009, P4, Q6] modified
same band of DNA as, first / affected, child ;
father and mother, have normal and mutant alleles / are heterozygous ;
mutant / CF, DNA is, shorter / lighter ;
therefore travels further
[CIE Nov 2009, P4, Q6] modified
Total
2(d)(i)
2(d)(ii)
1
2
15
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12 .Energy and Respiration
3(a)(i) cytoplasm / cytosol
3(a)(ii) NAD regenerated ;
so glycolysis can continue ;
to produce ATP ;
1
2
3(a)(iii) lactate dehydrogenase
3(a)(iv) reaction - condensation / polymerisation ;
bond - glycosidic
1
2
3(b) in yeast
decarboxylation / CO2 removed ;
ethanal (as intermediate step) ;
ethanol produced ;
two steps (from pyruvate) ;
ethanol dehydrogenase ;
not a reversible reaction / ethanol cannot be converted back to pyruvate ;
idea of process less energy efficient ;
allow ora for mp1, mp4, mp5, mp6 and mp7
3(c)(i) carbon dioxide produced divided by oxygen consumed ;
volume / number of moles (of both gases) ;
3(c)(ii) carbohydrate = 1.0
lipid = 0.7 ;
3(c)(iii) increase / go above one / infinity ;
[CIE Nov 2012, P42, Q8]
Total
4(a)(i)
4(a)(ii)
16. Inherited Change & 18.Biodiversity
Is always expressed/shown (in the phenotype);
Reject is always present
CBCB, CBCP and CBCY;
Or
CBCB, CPCB and CYCB;
4(b)
Max
4
2
2
1
15
4
1. Two genotypes (as parents) shown as CP CY
2. Two sets of gametes shown as CP and CY;
3. Genotypes of offspring shown as CP CY, CP CP and CY CY;
4. Above genotypes of offspring correctly linked to phenotypes i.e. pink and yellow;
4(c) 1. Correct answer of 42%;;;
2. q2 = 0.49/49% OR q = 0.7/70%;
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3. Shows understanding that 2pq = heterozygotes / carriers / shows answer is derived
from 2pq;
[AQA/ JUNE 2012, UNIT4, Q2(a-d)]
4(d)(i) test / back, cross ;
4(d)(ii) if all offspring red, homozygous ;
if some offspring copper, heterozygous ;
ref. equal proportions of offspring ;
[CIE,Nov 2006, P4, Q2]
Total
5(a)
15. Control and Coordination
1. myelin sheath insulates axon ;
2. idea of depolarisation / action potentials, only at nodes of Ranvier ;
3. ref. saltatory conduction / AW ;
5(b)(i) 1. (impulse from TENS) causes release of endorphins ;
2. endorphins attach to morphine receptors ;
3. slows / stops, ACh release ;
4. no / less, binding of ACh on receptors ;
5. in postsynaptic membrane ;
6. fewer / no, action potentials/ impulses, to pain centre (in brain) ;
7. AVP ; e.g. ref role of Ca2+
5(b)(ii) any two from
1. no need to use drugs ;
2. no addiction to drugs ;
3. patient can control the treatment / AW ;
4. fewer / no, side effects ;
5. cheaper ;
[CIE/ NOV 2011, P43, Q9]
1
3
13
Max
3
max
4
Max
2
5(c)
3
5(d) 1. Cant form myosin/thick filaments;
2. Cant pull/cant move actin/slide actin past / (myosin) have to be joined/fixed to
pull actin;
Max
3
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3. Myosin moves /if attached doesnt move;
4. Cant move actin towards each other/middle of sarcomere/between myosin/ cant
shorten sarcomere/cant pull Z lines together; [AQA/JUNE 2015, P4, Q1 a and b]
Total
18.Biodiversity and 15.Control and Coordination
6(a)(i) 1 habitat loss / urbanisation / roads / agriculture ; R deforestation
2 human damage (to plants) ; e.g. trampling / camping / picking
3 climate change ; e.g. drought / storms
4 soil erosion ;
5 loss of pollinators ;
6 use of herbicides ;
7 competition with / eaten by, introduced species ;
8 pollution
6(a)(ii) 1 to maintain biodiversity ;
2 to maintain, food chains / food webs / stability of ecosystems ;
3 to maintain, genetic diversity / genetic variation / gene pool ;
4 resources (for humans) ; e.g. biofuel / food / medicines / wood
5 aesthetic reasons / (eco)tourism ;
6 to maintain, nutrient cycle / soil structure / climate stability ;
7 idea of ethical duty ;
15
max
2
6(b) 1 gibberellin moves (from embryo) to aleurone layer ;
2 gene, switched on / transcribed / used to make mRNA ;
3 amylase produced ; I released / stimulated
4 (amylase), hydrolyses / digests, starch to maltose ; I breaks down / converts /
glucose
5 for, respiration / ATP / energy ;
6 for, growth / development / cell division / mitosis, in embryo ;
7 AVP ; e.g. role of, DELLA / PIF
Max
4
6(c) survival:
1. less risk of extinction (for high seed survival compared with low survival) ;
Max
3
germination percentage:
for low survival
2 as % germination increases, risk of extinction decreases ;
for high survival:
3 as % germination increases risk of extinction decreases until,
3036 % germination, then risk of extinction increases ;
4 use of paired figures ; e.g. quote % germination and risk of extinction for each of:
high v low [mp1]
2 points on low survival line [mp2]
2 points on high survival line [mp3]
allow one grid square for figures
[CIE/June 2015, P41, Q4]
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Total
12
14. Homeostatis
7(a)(i)
posterior pituitary ;;
7(a)(ii) for one mark ;
any 2 from
urine
sweat
water vapour (from exhaled air)
faeces
bleeding
Max
1
tears
7(b)
affects collecting duct, (cells / wall) ; A distal convoluted tubule cells
binds to receptors on cell surface membranes ;
activates series of enzyme controlled reactions ;
(phosphorylase causes), vesicles / aquaporins, to move to cell surface membrane
Max
4
(on lumen side) ;
7(c)
vesicles / aquaporins, fuse with cell surface membrane ;
cells / wall, more permeable to water ;
water moves out of lumen (of collecting duct) ;down water potential gradient ;
Max
2
produce, a lot of urine / dilute urine ;
dehydration / thirsty ;
cramps / loss of salts ;
[CIE/June 2014, P42,Q7 ]
Total
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SECTION B (ESSAY)
13. Photosynthesis
8(a) 1. (photosynthetic pigments) arranged in light harvesting clusters ;
2. primary pigments / chlorophyll a ;
3. at reaction centre ;
4. P700 / Pl, absorbs light at 700nm ;
5. accessory pigments / chlorophyll b / carotenoids ;
6. surround, primary pigment / reaction centre / chlorophyll a ;
7. absorb light ;
8. pass energy to, primary pigment / reaction centre / chlorophyll a ;
9. (light absorbed results in) electron excited / AW ;
10. emitted from, chlorophyll / primary pigment / reaction centre ;
11. passes to electron, acceptor / carrier ;
12. (electron) passes along, chain of electron carriers / ETC ;
13. ATP (synthesis) ;
14. electron returns to, P700 / Pl ;
[CIE,June 2011,P42,Q10a
8(b) 1 Calvin cycle/stroma ;
2 carbon dioxide fixed by RuBP ;
3 rubisco ;
4 2 molecules of GP formed ; A PGA
5 (GP) forms TP ; A GALP/PGAL
6 use of ATP ;
7 use of, reduced NADP/NADPH ;
8 from light dependent stage ;
9 some TP forms, hexose/sucrose/starch/cellulose/glycerol ;
10 some TP converted to acetyl CoA ;
11 some TP used to regenerate RuBP ;
12 using ATP ;
[CIE June 2010,P41,Q9b]
Total
Max
8
Max
7
15
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10(a)
15. Control and Coordination; 19. Gene Technology
1. (CF caused by) mutation ;
2. of CFTR gene ;
3. (CFTR) protein defective ;
4. (so) insert, normal / dominant, (CFTR) allele ;
5. into DNA ; A chromosome
6. in cells of respiratory system ; A named part of airway Ignore alveoli
7. ref. to vector ;
8. taken as spray / inhaled ;
9. use liposomes ;
10. use harmless virus ;
11. not all cells take up virus ;
12. may have unpleasant side-effects ;
13. effects are short-lived / treatment needs repeating ;
[CIE/ ON 2013, P43, Q10(a)]
(b) 1. synthetic hormones used ;
2. as they do not get broken down quickly / act for longer ;
3. oestrogen / progesterone, concentrations remain high ;
4. inhibits secretion of, FSH / LH / GnRH ; I stops
5. from anterior pituitary gland ;
6. ref. to negative feedback ;
7. inhibits ovulation / no ovulation ;
8. alters cervical mucus to stop sperm ;
9. prevents implantation / effect on endometrium ;
10. AVP ; e.g. taken daily for 21 days / stops for 7 days to allow menstruation
11. (or) taken daily throughout month.
Max
9
Max
6
[CIE/ ON 2015, P41, Q9(a)]
Total
15
